Rondo |

ital. i-rondo, i-rondeau yesiFulentshi, evela ku-rond - indilinga

Enye yezinhlobo zomculo ezisakazeke kakhulu ezidlule indlela ende yokuthuthukiswa komlando. Isekelwe kumgomo wokushintshanisa itimu eyinhloko, engaguquki - iziqephu zokunqanda nezibuyekezwa njalo. Igama elithi "refrain" lilingana negama elithi ikhorasi. Ingoma yohlobo lwekhorasi, embhalweni lapho ikhorasi ebuyekezwa njalo iqhathaniswa nekhorasi ezinzile, ingenye yemithombo yefomu lika-R. Lolu hlelo olujwayelekile lwenziwa ngokuhlukile enkathini ngayinye.

Esikhathini esidala, esiyingxenye ye-preclassic. Esikhathini samasampuli e-R., iziqephu, njengomthetho, azizange zimelele izihloko ezintsha, kodwa zazisekelwe emculweni. refrain material. Ngakho-ke, u-R. wabe esemnyama-nye. Ekuwohlokeni. izitayela namasiko esizwe ayenezinkambiso zawo zokuqhathanisa nokuxhumanisa otd. izingxenye R.

Franz. o-harpsichordists (F. Couperin, J.-F. Rameau, nabanye) babhala izingcezu ezincane ngendlela ethi R. ezinezihloko zohlelo (I-Cuckoo ka-Daquin, Abavuni ka-Couperin). Indikimba ye-refrain, eshiwo ekuqaleni, yaphinde yakhiqizwa kuzo ngokuqhubekayo ngokhiye ofanayo futhi ngaphandle kwezinguquko. Iziqephu ezazizwakala phakathi kwemidlalo yayo zazibizwa ngokuthi “amavesi”. Inombolo yabo yayihluke kakhulu - kusukela kwababili ("Abakhi Bamagilebhisi" ngu-Couperin) kuya kwabayisishiyagalolunye ("i-Passacaglia" yombhali ofanayo). Ngefomu, i-refrain kwakuyinkathi yesikwele yesakhiwo esiphindaphindiwe (ngezinye izikhathi siphindaphindwa ngokuphelele ngemva kokusebenza kokuqala). Lezi zithandani zashiwo kokhiye bezinga lokuqala lokuhlobana (okugcina ngezinye izikhathi kukhiye oyinhloko) futhi kunomlingiswa othuthukayo omaphakathi. Kwesinye isikhathi baphinde baveze izindikimba ze-refrain kukhiye ongabalulekile (“The Cuckoo” by Daken). Kwezinye izimo, kwavela ama-motifs amasha kuma-couplets, okuthi, noma kunjalo, awazange akhe azimele. labo (“Othandekayo” Couperin). Usayizi wama-couplets angase angazinzi. Ezimweni eziningi, kancane kancane kwanda, okwahlanganiswa nokuthuthukiswa kwesinye sezisho. kusho, ngokuvamile isigqi. Ngakho-ke, ukungahambisani, ukuzinza, ukuzinza komculo owethulwe ku-refrain kwahlelwa ukuhamba, ukungazinzi kwama-couplets.

Eduze nalokhu kuchazwa kwefomu abambalwa. rondo JS Bach (isibonelo, ku-2nd suite ye-orchestra).

Kwamanye amasampuli R. ital. abaqambi, isibonelo. G. Sammartini, i-refrain yenziwa ngokhiye abahlukene. Ama-rondo we-FE Bach axhumene nohlobo olufanayo. Ukubonakala kwamathoni akude, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nezindikimba ezintsha, ngezinye izikhathi kwakuhlanganiswe kuzo ngokubonakala kokungafani okungokomfanekiso ngisho nangesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kokuyinhloko. Izihloko; ngenxa yalokhu, u-R. wadlulela ngale kwezinkambiso zasendulo ezijwayelekile zaleli fomu.

Emisebenzini yama-Viennese yakudala (J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven), R., njengamanye amafomu asekelwe ku-harmonic ye-homophonic. ukucabanga komculo, ithola uhlamvu olucace kakhulu, oluyalwe ngokuqinile. R. banesimo esijwayelekile sesiphetho se-sonata-symphony. umjikelezo nangaphandle kwawo njengozimele. ucezu luyivelakancane kakhulu (WA ​​Mozart, Rondo a-moll yepiyano, K.-V. 511). Umlingiswa ojwayelekile womculo ka-R. wanqunywa imithetho yomjikelezo, isiphetho sawo esabhalwa ngesivinini esijabulisayo kuleyo nkathi futhi sasihlotshaniswa nomculo we-Nar. ingoma nomdanso umlingisi. Lokhu kuthinta okwakudala kwe-thematic R. Viennese futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo. ichaza ukuqamba okusha okubalulekile - isihloko. umehluko phakathi kwe-refrain kanye neziqephu, inani lazo eliba lincane (ezimbili, akuvamile ukuba zibe zintathu). Ukuncipha kwenani lezingxenye zomfula kunxeshezelwa ngokunyuka kobude bazo kanye nendawo enkulu yangaphakathi. ukuthuthukiswa. Ku-refrain, ifomu elilula lezingxenye ezi-2 noma ezi-3 liba yinto evamile. Uma kuphindaphindwa, ukugodla kwenziwa ngokhiye ofanayo, kodwa kuvame ukuhambisana nokuhlukahluka; ngesikhathi esifanayo, isimo sayo singabuye sincishiswe sibe yinkathi.

Amaphethini amasha nawo ayasungulwa ekwakhiweni nasekubekweni kweziqephu. Izinga leziqephu ezihlukile ku-refrain liyakhula. Isiqephu sokuqala, esidonsela ku-tonality ebusayo, siseduze maphakathi nefomu elilula ngokwezinga lokuqhathanisa, nakuba ezimweni eziningi libhalwa ngendlela ecacile - inkathi, elula 2- noma 3-ingxenye. Isiqephu sesibili, esidonsela embonweni wegama elingaziwa noma elingaphansi, siseduze ngokungafani nengxenye yesithathu yefomu eliyinkimbinkimbi elinezingxenye ezi-3 nesakhiwo sayo sokuqamba esicacile. Phakathi kwe-refrain kanye neziqephu, njengomthetho, kukhona ukwakhiwa kokuxhuma, inhloso yokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwama-muses. ukuthuthukiswa. Kuphela ngezikhathi zezinguquko ze-nek-ry zesithungu kungase kungabi khona — ngokuvamile kakhulu ngaphambi kwesiqephu sesibili. Lokhu kugcizelela amandla okugqama okuwumphumela futhi kuhambisana nethrendi yokuqamba, okuya ngokuthi okubalulekile okusha kokugqamayo kwethulwa ngokuqondile. iziqhathaniso, futhi ukubuya kwento yokuqala kwenziwa ngenqubo yoguquko olubushelelezi. Ngakho-ke, ukuxhumana phakathi kwesiqephu kanye ne-refrain cishe kuyisibopho.

Ekuxhumaniseni izakhiwo, njengomthetho, i-thematic isetshenziswa. ukuzibamba noma okubalulekile kwesiqephu. Ezimweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kokubuya kwe-refrain, isixhumanisi siphetha ngesilandiso esinamandla, okwenza umuzwa wokulindela okukhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukubonakala kwe-refrain kubonakala njengesidingo, okunomthelela epulasitiki kanye ne-organicity yefomu lilonke, ukunyakaza kwayo okuyisiyingi. I-r. ngokuvamile ithweswe umqhele nge-coda enwetshiwe. Ukubaluleka kwayo kungenxa yezizathu ezimbili. Esokuqala sihlobene nokuthuthuka kwe-R. yangaphakathi—ukuqhathanisa okubili okuqhathanisayo kudinga ukwenziwa okuvamile. Ngakho-ke, esigabeni sokugcina, kungenzeka, njengokungathi, ukuhamba nge-inertia, okubilisa ekushintsheni kwekhodi ye-refrain kanye nesiqephu sekhodi. Enye yezimpawu zekhodi iku-R. - okuthiwa. "izingcingo zokuvalelisa" - izingxoxo zokuphimisa zamarejista amabili adlulele. Isizathu sesibili ukuthi u-R. ukuphela komjikelezo, futhi i-coda ka-R. iqeda ukuthuthukiswa kwawo wonke umjikelezo.

I-R. yenkathi ye-post-Beethoven ibonakala ngezici ezintsha. Isasetshenziswa njengendlela yesiphetho somjikelezo we-sonata, i-R. isetshenziswa kaningi njengefomu elizimele. iyadlala. Emsebenzini ka-R. Schumann, ukuhluka okukhethekile kwe-multi-dark R. kubonakala ("kaleidoscopic R." - ngokusho kwe-GL Catuar), lapho indima yemigqa iyancipha kakhulu - ingase ingabikho ngokuphelele. Kulokhu (isibonelo, engxenyeni yokuqala ye-Vienna Carnival), uhlobo lomdlalo lusondela ku-suite yama-miniatures athandwa ngu-Schumann, abanjwe ndawonye ngokusebenza kwawokuqala. Schumann nabanye amakhosi ekhulwini le-1. Izinhlelo zika-R. zokuqamba kanye nethoni ziba ngokukhululeka. I-refrain ingenziwa futhi hhayi kukhiye oyinhloko; enye yemidlalo yakhe ikhishwa, lapho iziqephu ezimbili zilandelana ngokushesha; inani leziqephu alinqunyelwe; zingaba ziningi.

Ifomu lika-R. liphinde lingene ku-wok. izinhlobo – i-opera aria (i-rondo ka-Farlaf evela ku-opera ethi “Ruslan and Lyudmila”), ezothando (“Inkosazana Elalayo” ka-Borodin). Izikhathi eziningi izigcawu ze-opera nazo zimelela ukwakheka okumise okwe-rondo (ukuqala kwesigcawu sesine se-opera ethi Sadko kaRimsky-Korsakov). Ngekhulu lama-4 isakhiwo esimise okwe-rondo sitholakala ku-otd. iziqephu zomculo we-ballet (isibonelo, endaweni yesine ye-Stravinsky's Petrushka).

Umgomo ongaphansi kuka-R. ungathola ukuphikiswa okukhululekile nokuvumelana nezimo ngezindlela eziningi. okumise okwerondo. Phakathi kwabo kukhona ifomu eliphindwe kabili le-3-part. Kuwukuthuthuka ngobubanzi befomu elilula elinezingxenye ezi-3 elinomaphakathi okhulayo noma ohluke ngokwengqikithi. Ingqikithi yayo ilele eqinisweni lokuthi ngemva kokuphothulwa kokuphindwaphindwa, kukhona enye - eyesibili - ephakathi nendawo bese kuba i-reprise yesibili. Impahla yemaphakathi yesibili iwukuhluka okukodwa noma okunye kokuqala, okwenziwa ngokhiye ohlukile, noma ngesinye isidalwa. shintsha. Emkhatsini othuthukayo, ekuqalisweni kwayo kwesibili, izindlela ezintsha ze-motive-thematic nazo zingase ziphakame. imfundo. Ngomunye ophikisanayo, izidalwa zingenzeka. ukuguqulwa kwetimu (F. Chopin, Nocturne Des-dur, op. 27 No 2). Ifomu lilonke lingaba ngaphansi kwesimiso esisodwa sokuthuthukiswa kokushintshashintsha kokushintshashintsha, ngenxa yalokho kokubili okuyinhloko. izindikimba nazo zingaphansi kwezinguquko ezibalulekile. Ukwethulwa okufanayo kwendawo yesithathu ephakathi nendawo yesithathu kwakha ifomu elinezingxenye ezi-3 eziphindwe kathathu. Lawa mafomu amise okwerondo asetshenziswa kakhulu nguF. Liszt kufi yakhe. imidlalo (isibonelo se-double 3-part yiPetrarch's Sonnet No. 123, i-triple yiCampanella). Amafomu ane-refrain nawo angawamafomu amise okwe-rondo. Ngokuphambene ne-normative r., i-refrain kanye nokuphindaphinda kwayo kwenza ngisho nezigaba kuzo, mayelana nazo zibizwa ngokuthi "ngisho nama-rondos". Isikimu sabo sithi ab no-b no-b, lapho u-b eyireferensi. Yile ndlela ifomu elilula lezingxenye ezi-3 elinekhorasi (F. Chopin, Seventh Waltz), ifomu eliyinkimbinkimbi elinezingxenye ezi-3 elinekhorasi (WA ​​Mozart, Rondo alla turca from sonata for upiano A-dur, K .-V. 331) . Lolu hlobo lwekhorasi lungenzeka kunoma iyiphi enye indlela.

References: Catuar G., Ifomu lomculo, ingxenye 2, M., 1936, p. 49; Sposobin I., Ifomu lomculo, M.-L., 1947, 1972, p. 178-88; Skrebkov S., Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi yomculo, M., 1958, p. 124-40; UMazel L., Isakhiwo semisebenzi yomculo, M., 1960, p. 229; Golovinsky G., Rondo, M., 1961, 1963; Ifomu Lomculo, ed. Yu. Tyulina, M., 1965, p. 212-22; Bobrovsky V., Ngokuhlukahluka kwemisebenzi yefomu lomculo, M., 1970, p. 90-93. Bheka futhi lit. ku-Art. Ifomu lomculo.

VP Bobrovsky