Imfundo yomculo |

Inhloso futhi ihlelekile. ukuthuthukiswa komculo. isiko, amakhono omculo womuntu, imfundo kuye yokusabela ngokomzwelo kumculo, ukuqonda kanye nolwazi olujulile lokuqukethwe kwawo. M. v. kukhona inqubo yokudluliselwa komlando wezenhlalo-mlando. isipiliyoni somculo. imisebenzi yesizukulwane esisha, kuhlanganisa izici zomculo. imfundo nomculo. Izikhova. ithiyori yomculo.-yobuhle. ukukhuliswa kuhlukaniswa ukukholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukwakheka kwama-muses. amakhono enhlobonhlobo yabantu. M. ekhulwini, olwenziwa emfundweni evamile. isikole, inkulisa nezinye izikhungo ezingaphandle kwesikole ngokusebenzisa ikhwaya. ukucula, ukudlala izinsimbi, ukulalela umculo nomculo. ukufunda nokubhala, kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kombono wezwe, ezobuciko. imibono nokuthandwa, imfundo yemizwa nezimfanelo zokuziphatha zentsha yaseSoviet. Ucwaningo lwezikhova. izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo (AN Leontiev, BM Teplov, GS Kostyuk, VN Myasishchev) wabonisa ukuthi ukwakheka isithakazelo umculo kuncike ezintweni eziningi. izici ezisebenzisanayo. Phakathi kwazo: izici zeminyaka, i-typological ngayinye. idatha, isipiliyoni esikhona sombono womculo. icala; izici zenhlalo yabantu ezihlotshaniswa nemininingwane yomuntu ohlala endaweni ethile, umsebenzi wakhe, nokunye. I-M. v. ixhumene kakhulu nezinqubo ezenzeka kwezobuciko, umkhuba womculo. Ukujwayela umculo othile. iphimbo liyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngakho-ke, uhlobo lwekhulu le-M.. kuncike “emculweni wansuku zonke. umoya” ozungeze isilaleli.

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, umculo ubusetshenziswa ukufundisa izizukulwane ezincane. Ukubaluleka kwayo kwanqunywa imisebenzi ejwayelekile yemfundo, eyabekwa phambili yinkathi ngayinye maqondana nezingane zemiphakathi ethile. amakilasi, izindawo noma amaqembu. E-India, inganekwane iyaziwa, iqhawe elifuna ukuzuza inkazimulo nesihe sonkulunkulu, ukufunda ubuciko bokucula enyoni ehlakaniphile - "Umngane Wengoma", njengoba ukwazi ubuciko bokucula kusho ukuqeda. yemizwa nezifiso ezimbi. E-India yasendulo, kwakukhona imibono, ngokusho komculo waseCrimea kanye nekhulu leminyaka le-M. neqhaza ekuzuzeni ukuhlonipha uNkulunkulu, ingcebo, ukunikeza injabulo. Izimfuneko zenzelwe umculo oklanyelwe ukuthonya abantu beminyaka ethile. Ngakho-ke, ezinganeni, umculo ojabulisayo osheshayo wawubhekwa njengowusizo, entsheni - ngokwesilinganiso, kubantu abakhulile - ngemvelo ehamba kancane, ezolile futhi enesizotha. Ezincwadini zomculo zamazwe aseMpumalanga Yasendulo, kwashiwo ukuthi uM. Kucelwa ukuthi kulinganiswe izimfanelo ezinhle, kuthuthukiswe ubuntu, ubulungisa, ubuhlakani nobuqotho kubantu. Imibuzo kaM. eChina yasendulo yayingaphansi kombuso. Kusho. indawo ababekuyo ezimisweni zokuziphatha. izimfundiso zeminye imikhomo. isazi sefilosofi uConfucius (551-479 BC). Wabeka umculo ngaphansi kwemithetho eqinile, efinyelela kumbono we-M. v. wepolitiki yombuso, wenqabela ukusebenza komculo ophishekela umgomo ngaphandle kwemfundo yokuziphatha. Lo mqondo wathuthukiswa emibhalweni yabalandeli bakaConfucius - Mencius noXunzi. Ngo-4th c. BC e. Imfundiso yobuConfucian ngomculo yagxekwa isazi sefilosofi esingu-utopian uMo-tzu, owabhikishela indlela yokusebenzisa umculo nomculo womculo.

Ku-antique aesthetics enye yezinto zentando yeningi. Uhlelo lwemfundo kwakuwumculo, owawusetshenziswa njengendlela yokuzwana. ukuthuthukiswa kobuntu. Imibuzo M. ekhulwini. e-Dr. Greece yanikezwa ngaphandle. Qaphela: e-Arcadia, zonke izakhamizi ezingaphansi kweminyaka engama-30 kwadingeka zifunde ukucula nomculo wezinsimbi; e-Sparta, eThebes nase-Athens - funda ukudlala ama-aulos, uhlanganyele ekwayeni (lokhu kwakubhekwa njengomsebenzi ongcwele). I-M. v. e-Sparta yayinomlingiswa ophinyiselwe osetshenziswa kwezempi. “Kwakukhona into evusa isibindi emaculweni eSpartan, evusa umdlandla futhi ebiza izigigaba…” (Plutarch, Comparative Biographies, St. Petersburg, 1892, Lycurgus, 144).

E-Dr. Greece M. v. babephethe umculo wangasese kanye ne-gymnastics. izikole. Imfundo yomculo yayihlanganisa izingane ezineminyaka engu-7 kuya kwengu-16; kwakuhlanganisa ukufunda izincwadi, ubuciko, nesayensi. Isisekelo sekhulu leminyaka le-M.. bekuyikwaya. ukuhlabelela, ukubetha umtshingo, ihabhu necithara. Ukucula bekuhlobene kakhulu nokwenza umculo futhi kunomunye wemisebenzi yokulungiselela amakhwaya ezingane nentsha ukuthi abambe iqhaza emiqhudelwaneni (ama-agons) ehambisana namaholide asemthethweni. AmaGreki asungula imfundiso ethi "ethos", lapho indima yokuziphatha nemfundo yama-muses yaqinisekiswa. icala. KuDkt Rome ku-akhawunti. izikhungo, ukucula kanye nezinsimbi zokudlala akuzange kufundiswe. Lokhu kwakubhekwa njengendaba yangasese futhi ngezinye izikhathi kwakuphikiswa iziphathimandla, ngezinye izikhathi ezaziphoqa amaRoma ukuba afundise izingane umculo ngasese.

Muses. i-pedagogy yabantu baseMpumalanga Eseduze naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, kanye neminyuziyamu. ubuciko, obuthuthukisiwe ekulweni nokungena kwabefundisi bamaSulumane abasabelayo, abazama ukukhawulela imisebenzi yabantu kule ndawo yobuciko bobuciko nemfundo.

Wed-century. icala, kanye nalo lonke ikhulu le-Wed. isiko, elakhiwe ngaphansi kwethonya likaKristu. amabandla. Izikole zakhiwa ezindlini zezindela, lapho umculo wawuhlala endaweni evelele. Lapha abafundi bathole ukulungiselelwa kwethiyori kanye nokusebenza. I-Churchmen (uClement wase-Alexandria, u-Basil Omkhulu, uCyprian, uTertullian) babekholelwa ukuthi umculo, njengabo bonke ubuciko, ungaphansi kwe-didactic. imisebenzi. Injongo yawo iwukusebenza njengesiyengo esenza izwi lemiBhalo likhange futhi lifinyeleleke. Lokhu kuwuhlangothi olulodwa lwemisebenzi yeBandla. MV, ongazange athathe nar. umculo, owawuqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwamagama ngaphezu kokucula. Kusukela ku-M. kuya. isici sobuhle sasicishe siqedwe; ukujabulisa izinkanuko zomculo kwakubhekwa njengokuvumelana nobuthakathaka bemvelo yomuntu.

Kusukela ngekhulu le-15 umculo wasungulwa. I-Renaissance Pedagogy. Kule nkathi, intshisekelo emculweni. u-art-woo wema phakathi kwezinye izicelo eziphuthumayo zomuntu omusha. Amakilasi omculo nezinkondlo, umculo kanye ne-antique. i-lit-roy, umculo nomdwebo oxhumene nabantu bayabola. imibuthano efakwe emculweni kanye nesankondlo. commonwealth - academy. Encwadini edumile ayibhalela uZenflu (1530), uM. Luther wababaza umculo ngaphezu kwesayensi nobunye ubuciko futhi wawubeka endaweni yokuqala ngemva kwemfundiso yenkolo; isiko lomculo salesi sikhathi sesifinyelele ezingeni elithile. ezichumayo ezikoleni. Kwakunanyathiselwe ukubaluleka okukhulu ekufundeni ukucula. Kamuva, u-J. J. Rousseau, ephuma embonweni omayelana nezingozi zempucuko, wajabulela ukucula njengokubonakaliswa okuphelele kwamamyuziyemu. imizwa ngisho nesihlakaniphi esiba nayo. Encwadini yokufundisa inoveli ethi "Emil" Rousseau wathi imfundo, kuhlanganisa. nezomculo, zivela ekudaleni. Ekuqaleni, wafuna iqhawe ukuthi yena ngokwakhe uqambe izingoma. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzwa, weluleka ukuphimisa ngokucacile amagama. Kwadingeka ukuthi uthisha azame ukwenza izwi lomntwana lilingane, liguquguquke futhi libe nomsindo, ukuze ajwayelane nesigqi somculo nokuvumelana. Ukuze enze ulimi lomculo lufinyeleleke kubantu abaningi, u-Rousseau wakha umqondo wokuqanjwa kwedijithali. Lo mbono wawunabalandeli emazweni ahlukene (isibonelo, uP. Galen, E. Sheve, N. Pari - eFrance; uLN Tolstoy noSI Miropolsky - eRussia; I. Schultz noB. Natorp - eJalimane). Imibono ka-Pedagogical Rousseau yathathwa othisha be-philanthropist eJalimane. Bangenisa ukufundwa kwama-bunks esikoleni. izingoma, hhayi nje ibandla. ukucula, ukufundiswa ukudlala umculo. amathuluzi, anake ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuciko. ukunambitheka, njll.

ERussia ngekhulu le-18-19. Isistimu yekhulu leminyaka kaM. yayisekelwe ekilasini kanye nokukhethwa kwefa, enhlanganweni yayo kusho. indawo kwakungeyohlelo oluzimele. Umbuso uhlale uzidelile ngokusemthethweni ebuholini bamamyuziyamu. imfundo kanye nokukhuliswa. Ngaphansi kwamandla ezinhlaka zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi imfundo ye-Min-va, kwakukhona indawo eyodwa kuphela engu-M. yekhulu leminyaka. kanye nemfundo - ukucula emfundweni ejwayelekile. izikole. Esikoleni samabanga aphansi, ikakhulukazi abantu, imisebenzi yesifundo yayinesizotha futhi ihlanganiswe nenkolo. imfundo yabafundi, futhi uthisha wokucula wayevame ukuba yi-regent. Inhloso kaM. in. yancishiswa ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhono okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukucula esikoleni nasesontweni. ikhorasi. Ngakho-ke, kwagxilwa ekuqeqeshweni kwekhwaya. ukucula. Izifundo zokucula bezingekho impoqo ezikoleni zamabanga aphezulu. Uhlelo, futhi lwasungulwa kuye ngezinga lentshisekelo kulo lobuholi besikole.

In noble ivaliwe uch. izikhungo, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane, i-Mv yayinohlelo olubanzi, ngaphezu kwe-choral (yamasonto ne-secular) nokucula yedwa, lapha babefundisa ukudlala upiyano. Nokho, lokhu kwenziwa ngenkokhelo futhi akwenziwanga yonke indawo.

Mayelana ne-M. v. njengenye yezindlela zobuhle. imfundo esikalini sikahulumeni, umbuzo awuzange uphakanyiswe, nakuba isidingo salokhu saqashelwa yizibalo ezihamba phambili zama-muses. isiko. Othisha abaculayo ezikoleni bafuna ukwandisa ububanzi nokuthuthukisa izindlela zokufundisa nokufundisa ngomculo. Lokhu kufakazelwa abaningi abanyatheliswa ngaleso sikhathi methodical. izinzuzo.

Ukuvela kanye nokuthuthukiswa Russian. imfundiso yekhulu le-M.. ibhekisela kuma-60s. Imiphakathi yekhulu le-19. ukunyakaza kwalesi sikhathi kwaholela ekukhuleni kweRussia. isayensi pedagogical. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kusukela Petersburg. umculo wamahhala waqala ukusebenza ku-conservatory. isikole (1862) ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka. MA Balakireva kanye nekwaya. umqhubi G. Ya. Lomakin. Ngama-60-80s. kwavela ithiyori. imisebenzi eyabeka isisekelo. izinkinga zomculo. i-pedagogy. Encwadini. "Emfundweni Yomculo Yabantu baseRussia naseNtshonalanga Yurophu" (uhlelo lwesi-2, 1882) u-SI Miropolsky wafakazela isidingo kanye nokwenzeka kobuciko bomculo bomhlaba wonke. Imibuzo M. ekhulwini. ngandlela thile, isebenza ngu-AN Karasev, PP Mironositsky, AI Puzyrevsky. Encwadini. "Indlela yokucula ikwaya yesikole mayelana nesifundo esisebenzayo, unyaka woku-1" (1907) u-DI Zarin waphawula ukuthi ukucula kunomphumela wokufundisa kubafundi, ekwazini kwabo, enkumbulo, emcabangweni wabo, entandweni yabo, emcabangweni wobuhle kanye nokukhula komzimba. Kulandele kulokhu ukuthi umculo (ikakhulukazi ukucula) ungasebenza njengezindlela eziningi zemfundo, futhi umthelela wawo ubamba izinhlangothi ezijulile zangaphakathi. umhlaba womuntu. Ukunaka okuningi emculweni. VF Odoevsky unake ukukhanyiselwa kwabantu. Wayengomunye wabokuqala eRussia ukuveza ukuthi i-M. v. kufanele isekelwe ngazo zonke izindlela emculweni. umkhuba, ukuthuthukiswa kokuzwa kwangaphakathi, ukuxhumanisa ukuzwa nokucula. Okuningi kwaba nesandla ekhulwini le-M.. imisebenzi VV Stasov kanye AN Serov. U-DI Pisarev kanye no-LN Tolstoy bagxeka inkolelo-mbono nemfundo eyayibusa ikhulu leminyaka le-M. “Ukuze ukufundisa komculo kushiye umkhondo futhi kwamukelwe ngokuzithandela,” kusho uTolstoy, “kubalulekile ukufundisa ubuciko kusukela ekuqaleni, hhayi ikhono lokucula nokudlala …” (Sobr. soch., vol. 8, 1936, ikhasi 121).

Okuhlangenwe nakho okuthakazelisayo ekusebenzeni kwekhulu le-M.. Ngo-1905-17, umsebenzi we-VN Shatskaya wavela ekoloni labantwana elithi "Ukuphila Okujabulisayo" nasenkulisa ye-Society "Children Labor and Rest". Izingane zekoloni elithi "Cheerful Life" zasizwa ukuba ziqongelele umculo. okuvelayo, kwagxilisa futhi kwahlanganisa isidingo sokuxhumana nesimangalo, ukuqonda ingqikithi yaso.

Izinguquko eziyisisekelo ekhulwini le-M. kwenzeka ngemva kwenguquko ka-Okthoba ka-1917. Ngaphambi kweSoviet. Isikole sabeka umsebenzi - hhayi ukunikeza ulwazi nokufundisa kuphela, kodwa futhi nokufundisa ngokugcwele kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuthambekela kokudala. Imisebenzi yezemfundo yekhulu le-M.. okuhlangene nomculo nokufundisa, okwakungokwemvelo, kusukela eminyakeni yokuqala yangemva kokuguquguquka emzileni wekhulu leminyaka le-M. ibandakanya inqwaba yabasebenzi.

Kwaba nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa isikhundla esaziwayo sika-K. Marx ngesidingo sobuciko. ukuhlola umhlaba. “Into yobuciko…,” kubhala uMarx, “idala izethameli eziqonda ubuciko futhi ezikwazi ukujabulela ubuhle” ( K. Marx kanye noF. Engels, On Art, vol. 1, 1967, p. 129). UMarx wachaza umbono wakhe ngesibonelo somculo: “Umculo kuphela ovusa umuzwa womculo womuntu; endlebeni engeyona eyomculo, umculo omnandi kakhulu awusho lutho, awuyona into yakhe…” (ibid., p. 127). U-VI Lenin wagcizelela ngokuqhubekayo ukuqhubeka kwesikhova esisha. amasiko anamagugu acebile esikhathi esedlule.

Kusukela eminyakeni yokuqala yamandla kaSoviet M. athuthukiswe ngesisekelo semibono kaLenin yobuciko obukhulu. imfundo yabantu. U-VI Lenin, engxoxweni no-K. Zetkin, wenza ngokucacile imisebenzi yobuciko, futhi ngenxa yalokho, yobuciko bobuciko: "Ubuciko bungobobantu. Kufanele ibe nezimpande zayo ezijulile ekujuleni kobuningi obusebenzayo. Kumele iqondwe yilaba bantu abaningi futhi bayithande. Kumele ihlanganise umuzwa, umcabango kanye nentando yalezi zixuku, ibakhulise. Kufanele ivuse abaculi kuzo futhi ibathuthukise ”(K. Zetkin, encwadini ethi:“ Memories of Lenin ”, eqoqweni: Lenin VI, On Literature and Art, 1967, p. 583).

Ngo-1918, kwahlelwa isikole somculo. umnyango wePeople's Commissariat for Education (MUZO). Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko ukujwayeza abantu abasebenzayo ngamagugu eminyuziyamu. isiko. Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni womculo wesikole saseRussia wafakwa ku-akhawunti. ukuhlela “njengesici esidingekayo semfundo evamile yezingane, ngokulingana nazo zonke ezinye izifundo” ( Resolution of the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education of July 25, 1918). Kwazalwa i-akhawunti entsha. isiyalo futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhlelo olusha lwekhulu leminyaka le-M. Isikole saqala ukwenza abantu, izinguquko. izingoma, ukukhiqiza okungasoze kwabuna. Inani elikhulu ohlelweni lwekhulu lekhulu le-M. yayinamathele enkingeni yokubona umculo, ikhono lokuwuqonda. Kwatholakala uhlelo olusha lwemfundo nokuthuthukiswa komculo, lapho inqubo yekhulu leminyaka le-M. kuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwesimo sengqondo sobuhle emculweni. Ekufinyeleleni lo mgomo, kwagxilwa kakhulu ekufundiseni iminyuziyamu. ukuzwa, ikhono lokuhlukanisa izindlela zomculo. ukuzwakalisa. Omunye wemisebenzi eyinhloko yekhulu le-M.. kwakuyimyuziyamu enjalo. ukulungiselela, okungavumela umbono wokuhlaziya womculo. Ilethwe kahle ikhulu leminyaka le-M. ukuvumile lokhu, ngamamuze e-Krom. imfundo nokuqeqeshwa okuvamile kwakuxhumene ngendlela engenakuhlukaniswa. Uthando nokuthakasela emculweni okwakhiwe ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaheha umlaleli kuwo, futhi ulwazi namakhono atholwe kwasiza ukuba abone ngokujulile futhi ezwe okuqukethwe kwawo. Emkhiqizweni omusha wesikole uM. ekhulwini. uthole ukubonakaliswa kwentando yeningi yangempela kanye nobuntu obuphakeme. izimiso zezikhova. izikole, lapho ukuthuthukiswa okuphelele kobuntu bengane ngayinye kungenye yezinhloso eziyinhloko. imithetho.

Phakathi kwezibalo emkhakheni we-M. ekhulwini. – BL Yavorsky, N. Ya. UBryusova, VN Shatskaya, NL Grodzenskaya, MA Rumer. Kube khona ukuqhubeka kwefa lesikhathi esidlule, isisekelo sakhona esasiyi-methodical. izimiso VF Odoevsky, DI Zarin, SI Miropolsky, AA Maslov, AN Karasyov.

Omunye wabafundi bokuqala be-M. leminyaka. U-Yavorsky ungumdali wesistimu esekelwe ekuthuthukisweni okuzungezile kwesimiso sokudala. Indlela eyathuthukiswa u-Yavorsky yayihlanganisa ukucutshungulwa kombono, ukwenza umculo (ukucula ikwaya, ukudlala ku-orchestra yokushaywa), ukuthuthela emculweni, umculo wezingane. indalo. “Enqubweni yokuthuthukiswa kwengane … ukuqamba umculo kubiza kakhulu. Ngoba inani layo alikho "emkhiqizweni" ngokwawo, kodwa ohlelweni lokusebenzisa inkulumo yomculo "(Yavorsky B., Memoirs, articles, letters, 1964, p. 287). I-BV Asafiev iqinisekise imibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu yendlela yokusebenza nokuhlelwa komculo womculo; wayekholelwa ukuthi umculo kufanele ubonwe ngenkuthalo, ngokuqaphela. U-Asafiev wabona isihluthulelo sempumelelo ekuxazululeni le nkinga ngokusondelana okukhulu kwabaculi abaqeqeshiwe "kanye noquqaba, bomele umculo" (isihloko se-Izbr mayelana nemfundo yomculo nemfundo, 1965, p. 18). Umqondo wokwenza kusebenze ukuzwa komlaleli ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokusebenza (ngokuhlanganyela komuntu siqu kukho) ugijima njengentambo ebomvu emisebenzini eminingi ka-Asafiev. Baphinde bakhulume ngesidingo sokushicilela izincwadi ezidumile ngomculo, mayelana nokwenza umculo kwansuku zonke. U-Asafiev wakubheka njengokubalulekile ukuthuthukisa phakathi kwezingane zesikole, okokuqala, ubuhle obubanzi. umbono womculo, okuyinto, ngokusho kwakhe, "... kuyisimo esithile emhlabeni, esidalwe ngumuntu, hhayi isiyalo sesayensi esifundwayo" (ibid., p. 52). Imisebenzi ka-Asafiev mayelana ne-M. v. idlale kahle kakhulu. indima ku-20s Imicabango yakhe ngesidingo sokuthuthukiswa kobuciko bomculo iyathakazelisa. ukusabela kwezingane, mayelana nezimfanelo uthisha womculo okufanele abe nazo esikoleni, mayelana nendawo yokulala. izingoma ku-M. v. izingane. Umnikelo omkhulu ebhizinisini lika-M. izikhova. izingane zalethwa ngu-NK Krupskaya. Uma ucabangela ikhulu leminyaka le-M. ezizukulwaneni ezikhulayo njengenye yezindlela ezibalulekile zokudlondlobala kwamasiko ezweni, njengendlela yokuthuthukisa yonke indawo, udonse amehlo ekutheni ubuciko bube nolimi lwalo, okumele luphathwe kahle. izingane ezisezingeni eliphakathi nephezulu lemfundo evamile. izikole. “… Umculo,” kuphawula u-NK Krupskaya, “usiza ukuhlela, ukwenza ngokuhlanganyela … unenani elikhulu lokuhlela, futhi kufanele uvele emaqenjini amancane esikoleni” ( Pedagogich. soch., vol. 3, 1959, p. 525- 26). I-Krupskaya ithuthukise ngokujulile inkinga yamaKhomanisi. ukujwayela ubuciko kanye, ikakhulukazi, umculo. imfundo. U-AV Lunacharsky unamathisele ukubaluleka okukhulu enkingeni efanayo. Ngokusho kwakhe, ubuciko. ukukhuliswa kuyisici esikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ubuntu, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhuliswa okuphelele komuntu omusha.

Kanyekanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemibuzo M. yekhulu leminyaka. emfundweni ejwayelekile esikoleni kwakunakwa kakhulu umculo ojwayelekile. imfundo. Umsebenzi wokwazisa umculo. isiko phakathi koquqaba olubanzi linqume uhlobo lokuhlelwa kabusha kwekhulu leminyaka le-M. ezikoleni zomculo, futhi yembula isiqondiso nokuqukethwe kwemisebenzi yamamuse asanda kwakhiwa. izikhungo. Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni yokuqala ngemva kuka-Okthoba ukuvukela umbuso kwadalwa abantu. izikole zomculo ezazingenaye u-prof., kodwa ofundisayo. uhlamvu. Esitezi sesi-2. Ngo-1918 ePetrograd kwavulwa indlu yokugezela yokuqala. isikole somculo. imfundo, lapho kokubili izingane kanye nabantu abadala bamukelwa. Ngokushesha izikole zalolu hlobo zavulwa eMoscow nakwamanye amadolobha. Okunjalo “nar. izikole zomculo”, “izikole zomculo. imfundo", "nar. I-Conservatory ”, njll. ihloselwe ukunikeza abalaleli umculo ojwayelekile. ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokufunda. Izidalwa. ingxenye yekhulu le-M.. lezi zikole zaqala ukufundisa umculo. ukuqonda ohlelweni lwezifundo zalokho okubizwa ngokuthi. lalele umculo. Izifundo zazihlanganisa ukujwayelana nemikhiqizo ethile. kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwekhono lokubona umculo. Kwagxilwa ekwenzeni umculo okusebenzayo njengesisekelo sekhulu le-M.. (imvamisa ukusebenza kahle kwezingoma zomdabu zaseRussia). Kwakhuthazwa ukwakhiwa kwezingoma eziphansi, izingoma ezilula kakhulu. Indawo nencazelo yenothi yomculo kwacaciswa ngokucacile, abafundi bazi kahle izici zokuhlaziya umculo.

Ngokwemisebenzi, izidingo zothisha, ababebizelwe ukwenza i-M. yobuciko, zashintsha. Kwakufanele babe kanyekanye. abaculi bamakhwaya, ababhali bamathiyori, abadwebi bezithombe, abahleli nabafundisi. Esikhathini esizayo, iminyango yomculo kanye ne-pedagogical yadalwa. kuwe, u-f-wena ohambelanayo kanye neminyango eminyuziyamu. uch-shchah kanye nama-conservatories. Isingeniso emculweni nakubantu abadala ngaphandle kohlaka luka-prof. ukufunda nakho kwaqhubeka ngamandla futhi kwathela izithelo. Izinkulumo zamahhala namakhonsathi ahlelelwe abalaleli abangakulungele, imibuthano yobuciko yasebenza. amakhonsathi ayimfundamakhwela, izitudiyo zomculo, izifundo.

Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka le-M.. okuthandwayo kwanikezwa ukujwayelana nemikhiqizo evusa imizwa ejulile neqinile, imicabango kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho. Ngakho-ke, ukushintsha kwekhwalithi okunquma isiqondiso sekhulu le-M. kuleli zwe, kakade senziwe eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala ye-Sov. iziphathimandla. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinkinga ze-M. zekhulu leminyaka. kwaqhubeka eminyakeni eyalandela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, okwakugcizelelwa ngokuyinhloko kwakuwukwakheka kwezinkolelo zomuntu zokuziphatha, ubuhle bakhe. imizwa, ubuciko. izidingo. isikhova esidumile. uthisha u-VA Sukhomlinsky wayekholelwa ukuthi “isiko lenqubo yemfundo esikoleni linqunywa kakhulu ukuthi ukuphila kwesikole kugcwele kangakanani nomoya womculo. Njengoba nje i-gymnastics iqondisa umzimba, kanjalo nomculo uqondisa umphefumulo womuntu" ( I-Etudes on Communist Education, umagazini othi "People's Education", 1967, No. 6, p. 41). Wabiza ukuqala M. ekhulwini. mhlawumbe ngaphambi kwalokho - ngokombono wakhe ubuntwana buyiminyaka efanelekile. Intshisekelo emculweni kufanele ibe wuphawu lomlingiswa, imvelo yomuntu. Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yekhulu le-M.. - ukufundisa ukuzwa ukuxhumana komculo nemvelo: ukuhwashaza kwamahlathi e-oki, ukukhala kwezinyosi, ingoma ye-lark.

Wonke ama-R. 70s uhlelo lwekhulu le-M. olwakhiwe ngu-DB Kabalevsky lwathola ukusatshalaliswa. Uma ubheka umculo njengengxenye yokuphila ngokwawo, uKabalevsky uthembele kumamuse asakazeke kakhulu futhi amaningi. izinhlobo - ingoma, imashi, umdanso, okunikeza ukuxhumana phakathi kwezifundo zomculo nempilo. Ukuthembela "emikhomo emithathu" (ingoma, imashi, umdanso) kunomthelela, ngokusho kukaKabalevsky, hhayi nje kuphela ekuthuthukiseni ubuciko bomculo, kodwa futhi nokwakhiwa kwama-muses. ukucabanga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imingcele phakathi kwezigaba ezenza isifundo iyasuswa: ukulalela umculo, ukucula nomculo. idiploma. Iba yinto ephelele, ehlanganisa ukungezwani. izakhi zohlelo.

Kukhona izipesheli ezitudiyo zomsakazo nomabonakude. imijikelezo yemfundo yomculo. izinhlelo zezingane nabantu abadala: “Kuzintambo nokhiye”, “Ezezingane mayelana nomculo”, “I-Radio University of Culture”. Uhlobo lwezingxoxo zabaqambi abadumile lusabalele: DB Kabalevsky, kanye no-AI Khachaturian, KA Karaev, RK Shchedrin, nabanye. intsha - uchungechunge lwezinkulumo zethelevishini-amakhonsathi "Ubusuku bomculo bontanga", inhloso yawo ukujwayelana nemisebenzi emikhulu. umculo odlalwa abaculi abahamba phambili. I-Miss M. in. yenziwa ngomculo ongaphandle kwesikole. amaqembu: amakhwaya, amaqoqo ezingoma nomdanso, amakilabhu abathandi bomculo (ikwaya yezingane ye-Institute of Art. Imfundo ye-Academy of Pedagogical Sciences yase-USSR, umholi uProf VG Sokolov; iqembu lekhorasi le-Pioneer Studio, umholi u-G. A. (Struve, Zheleznodorozhny, Moscow Region; Ellerhain Choir, conductor X. Kalyuste, Estonian SSR; Orchestra of Russian Folk Instruments, umqhubi NA Kapishnikov, Mundybash village, Kemerovo Region, njll.) . Phakathi kwezibalo ezaziwayo emkhakheni wezikhova . M. v. - TS Babadzhan, NA Vetlugina (enkulisa), VN Shatskaya, DB Kabalevsky, NL Grodzenskaya, OA Apraksina, MA Rumer, E. Ya. Gembitskaya, NM Sheremetyeva, DL Lokshin, VK Beloborodova, AV Bandina (esikoleni) Imibuzo ka-M. e-USSR ilabhorethri yomculo nomdanso we-N.-i. Institute of Arts. imfundo ye-Academy of Pedagogics. isayensi ye-USSR, imikhakha ye-N.-ne-Institute of Pedagogy in the Union IRiphabhulikhi, Ilabhorethri Yobuhle, imfundo Isikhungo semfundo yasenkulisa Yesikole y wePedagogical. Isayensi ye-USSR, amakhomishana omculo kanye nobuhle. imfundo yezingane kanye nentsha ye-CK ye-USSR kanye namaRiphabhulikhi wezinyunyana. Izinkinga zika-M. zicutshungulwe yi-International ob-vom emculweni. imfundo (ISME). Ingqungquthela yesi-9 yalo mphakathi, eyayiseMoscow (usihlalo wesigaba samaSoviet uDB Kabalevsky), yayiyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwemibono mayelana nendima yomculo empilweni yabantu abasha.

M. v. kwenye i-socialist. amazwe aseduze neSoviet. ECzechoslovakia, izifundo zomculo esikoleni zifundiswa emabangeni 1-9. Imfundo ehlukahlukene yomculo. umsebenzi wenziwa ngaphandle kwamahora esikole: zonke izingane zesikole ziya emakhonsathini izikhathi ezingu-2-3 ngonyaka. Inhlangano Yentsha Yomculo (eyasungulwa ngo-1952) ihlela amakhonsathi futhi isabalalise okubhaliselwe ngentengo efinyelelekayo. Isebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho kukaProfesa L. Daniel ekufundiseni ukufunda umculo ngokucula “izingoma zokusekela” eziqala ngezinga elithile lesikali. Kunezingoma ezinjalo eziyisikhombisa ngokwenani lezinyathelo. Uhlelo lwenza kube nokwenzeka ukufundisa izingane ukucula izingoma eshidini. Indlela yeChorus. ukufundisa kukaProfessor F. Lisek kuwuhlelo lwamasu okuhloswe ngawo ukuthuthukisa umculo wengane. Isisekelo sesu ukwakheka kwama-muses. ukuzwa, noma, emagameni ka-Lisek, “umuzwa wezwi” wengane.

E-GDR, abafundi abafunda izifundo zomculo bafunda ngokohlelo olulodwa, bahlanganyela ekwayeni. ukucula. Okubaluleke kakhulu ipholigoni. ukusebenza kwezingoma zomdabu ngaphandle kokuhambisana. Ukujwayelana nezakudala nezamanje. umculo uyenzeka ngokuhambisana. Uhlelo olukhethekile lushicilelwa othisha. umagazini othi “Musik in der Schule” (“Umculo Esikoleni”).

Ku-NRB, imisebenzi ka-M. c. zihlanganisa ekwandiseni isiko lomculo jikelele, ukuthuthukiswa komculo nobuhle. ukunambitheka, imfundo yomuntu othuthuke ngokuvumelana. Izifundo zomculo esikoleni ziqhutshwa kusukela kumabanga woku-1 kuye kwele-10. Umculo ongaphandle kwesikole ubaluleke kakhulu eBulgaria. imfundo (ikhwaya yezingane ethi “Bodra Smyana”, umqondisi B. Bochev; iqoqo lezinganekwane zeSofia Palace of Pioneers, umqondisi uM. Bukureshtliev).

EPoland, izindlela eziyinhloko zekhulu le-M.. hlanganisa nekhwaya. ukucula, ukudlala umculo wezingane. izinsimbi (izigubhu, amarekhodi, amandolin), umculo. ukuthuthukiswa kwezingane ngokohlelo luka-E. Jacques-Dalcroze no-K. Orff. Muses. ubuhlakani buqhutshwa ngendlela yokuthuthukiswa kwamahhala ngokwakho. umbhalo wenkondlo, esigqini esithile, ukwakha imiculo yezinkondlo nezinganekwane. Iqoqo labafundi bephono lenzelwe izikole.

Ngekhulu leminyaka le-VNR M.. ihlotshaniswa ngokuyinhloko namagama ka-B. Bartok no-Z. Kodaly, ababebheka umqhele wama-muses. icala nar. umculo. Kwakuwukufunda kwayo okwaba kokubili izindlela kanye nomgomo wekhulu lokuqala le-M. Emaqoqweni okufundisa ezingoma zika-Kodai, isimiso se-M. v. siqhutshwa ngokuqhubekayo. ngokusekelwe emasikweni kazwelonke - abantu kanye professional. Ukucula ikhwaya kubaluleke kakhulu. I-Kodai ithuthukise indlela ye-solfeggio esetshenziswa kuzo zonke izikole ezweni.

I-M. v. emazweni onxiwankulu ihluke kakhulu. Ngamunye M. abathanda. kanye nemfundo phesheya kwakha izinhlelo zokuqala ezisetshenziswa kakhulu. Isistimu yesigqi eyaziwayo. i-gymnastics, noma isigqi, iSwitzerland evelele. uthisha-umculi u-E. Jacques-Dalcroze. Wabona ukuthi, ukuthuthela emculweni, izingane kanye nabantu abadala bawubamba ngekhanda kalula. Lokhu kwamenza wafuna izindlela zokuxhumanisa ukunyakaza kwabantu nesigqi nomculo. Kuhlelo lokuzivocavoca olwakhiwe nguye, ukunyakaza okuvamile - ukuhamba, ukugijima, ukugxuma - kwakuhambisana nomsindo womculo, i-tempo yawo, isigqi, imisho, amandla. E-Institute of Music and Rhythm, eyakhelwe yena e-Hellerau (eduze kwaseDresden), abafundi bafunde isigqi ne-solfeggio. Lezi zici ezimbili - ukuthuthukiswa kokunyakaza nokuzwa - zanikezwa ukubaluleka okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwesigqi ne-solfeggio, i-M. v. Jacques-Dalcroze yayihlanganisa ubuciko obuhle. i-gymnastics (i-plasticity), umdanso, i-choir. ukucula nokuthuthukiswa komculo ku-fp.

Uhlelo lwezingane lwe-M. lwekhulu leminyaka lwazuza udumo olukhulu. K. Orff. E-Salzburg kune-Institute of Orff, lapho umsebenzi wenziwa khona nezingane. Kwenziwe ngesisekelo semanuwali enevolumu engu-5 ngekhulu leminyaka le-M. "Schulwerk" (ama-vols. 1-5, 2nd ed., 1950-54), ebhalwe ngu-Orff ngokuhlanganyela. ngo-G. Ketman, uhlelo lubandakanya ukukhuthazwa kweminyuziyamu. ubuciko bezingane, bunomthelela ekwenzeni umculo ohlangene wezingane. U-Orff uthembele kusigqi somculo. ukunyakaza, ukudlala izinsimbi zokuqala, ukucula nomculo. ukuphindaphinda. Ngokusho kwakhe, ubuciko bezingane, ngisho nokuqala kakhulu, okutholwa yizingane, ngisho nesizotha kakhulu, kuzimele. umcabango wobuntwana, ngisho nongenangqondo kakhulu, yiwo odala isimo senjabulo futhi ukhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono okudala. Ngo-1961, i-international mayelana ne-"Schulverk".

I-MV iwuhlelo olukhulayo, oluguqukayo. Izisekelo eziyisisekelo zezikhova. Izinhlelo ze-M. organically uhlanganise ubukhomanisi. imibono, ubuzwe, amaqiniso. ukuqondisa kanye nentando yeningi.

References: Imibuzo yomculo esikoleni. Sat. izihloko, ed. I. Glebova (Asafyeva), L., 1926; I-Apraksina OA, Imfundo yomculo esikoleni samabanga aphakeme saseRussia, M.-L., 1948; Grodzenskaya NL, Umsebenzi wokufundisa ezifundweni zokucula, M., 1953; wakhe, Izingane zesikole zilalela umculo, M., 1969; I-Lokshin DL, ukucula Kwamakhwaya esikoleni saseRussia sangaphambi kwenguquko neseSoviet, M., 1957; Imibuzo yohlelo lokufundisa ukucula emabangeni I-VI. (Sb. Izihloko), ed. MA Rumer, M., 1960 (Izinqubo ze-Academy of Pedagogical Sciences ye-RSFSR, ukukhishwa kwe-110); Imfundo yomculo esikoleni. Sat. izihloko, ed. O. Apraksina, no. 1-10, M., 1961-1975; Blinova M., Eminye imibuzo yemfundo yomculo yezingane zesikole …, M.-L., 1964; Izindlela zemfundo yomculo yezingane zesikole zamabanga e-I-IV, M.-L., 1965; Asafiev B., Fav. izihloko eziphathelene nokukhanyiselwa komculo nemfundo, M.-L., 1965; I-Babadzhan TS, Imfundo yomculo yezingane ezincane, M., 1967; I-Vetlugina HA, Ukuthuthukiswa komculo wengane, M., 1968; Kusukela kokuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzi wokufundisa esikoleni somculo wezingane, M., 1969; I-Gembitskaya E. Ya., Imfundo yomculo neyobuhle yabafundi bamabanga V-VIII esikoleni esibanzi, M., 1970; Uhlelo lwemfundo yomculo yezingane ngu-K. Orff, (iqoqo lezindatshana, elihunyushwe lisuka kusiJalimane), ed. LA Barenboim, L., 1970; Kabalevsky Dm., Cishe imikhomo emithathu nokunye okuningi. Incwadi ekhuluma ngomculo, M., 1972; wakhe, Umuhle uvusa okuhle, M., 1973; Imfundo yomculo emhlabeni wanamuhla. Izinto zeNgqungquthela ye-IX ye-International Society for Musical Education (ISME), M., 1973; (Rumer MA), Okuyisisekelo semfundo yomculo kanye nemfundo esikoleni, encwadini: Imfundo yobuhle bezingane zesikole, M., 1974, p. 171-221; Umculo, amanothi, abafundi. Sat. Izihloko zomculo nezokufundisa, uSofia, 1967; Lesek F., Cantus choralis infantium, Brno, No 68; Bucureshliev M., Sebenza nePioneer Folk Choir, uSofia, 1971; Sohor A., ​​indima yokufundisa yomculo, L., 1975; Beloborodova VK, Rigina GS, Aliyev Yu.B., Imfundo yomculo esikoleni, M., 1975. (Bheka nezincwadi ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi Imfundo yomculo).

Yu. V. Aliev