Umculo |

I-Greek moysikn, kusukela ku-mousa - muse

Uhlobo lobuciko olubonisa okungokoqobo futhi oluthinta umuntu ngokulandelana kwemisindo okunenjongo futhi ehlelwe ngokukhethekile ngokuphakama nesikhathi, okuhlanganisa ikakhulukazi amathoni (imisindo yobude obuthile, bheka umsindo womculo). Eveza imicabango nemizwelo yomuntu ngendlela ezwakalayo, i-M. isebenza njengendlela yokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu futhi ithonye ingqondo yabo. Ukuba nokwenzeka kwalokhu kulandela ukuxhumana okunesimo ngokomzimba nangokwebhayoloji kokubonakaliswa komsindo womuntu (kanye nezinye izidalwa eziningi eziphilayo) nengqondo yakhe. impilo (ikakhulukazi imizwa) kanye nomsebenzi womsindo njengento ecasulayo kanye nesignali eya esenzweni. Ezicini eziningana, i-M. ifana nenkulumo, ngokuqondile, iphimbo lenkulumo, lapho ext. isimo somuntu nesimo sakhe sengqondo emhlabeni sivezwa ngokushintsha kwephimbo nezinye izici zomsindo wezwi ngesikhathi sokukhuluma. Lesi sifaniso sisivumela ukuthi sikhulume ngesimo sezwi lika-M. (bheka i-Intonation). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-M. ihluke kakhulu enkulumweni, ngokuyinhloko ngezimfanelo ezitholakala kuyo njengobuciko. Phakathi kwazo: ukuxoxisana kokubonakaliswa kweqiniso, imisebenzi yokuzikhethela ye-utilitarian, indima ebaluleke kakhulu yobuhle. imisebenzi, art. inani lakho kokubili okuqukethwe kanye nefomu (imvelo ngayinye yezithombe kanye nokubonakaliswa kwazo, ukubonakaliswa kobuciko, ubuciko obujwayelekile kanye nethalente lomculo lombhali noma umculi, njll.). Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela ezijwayelekile zokuxhumana zomsindo womuntu - inkulumo, ukucaciswa kuka-M. kubuye kubonakale ekungenzeki kokuveza imiqondo ethile ngokungaguquki, ekuhlelekeni okuqinile kwephimbo kanye nobudlelwano besikhashana (okungenasigqi) kwemisindo (ngenxa yephimbo eligxilile. kanye nobude besikhathi ngasinye sazo), okwandisa kakhulu ukuvezwa kwayo ngokomzwelo nobuhle.

Njengoba "iwubuciko bencazelo yezwi" (BV Asafiev), umculo ukhona futhi usebenza emphakathini kuphela ngomsindo ophilayo, ekusebenzeni. Eziningi zobuciko, i-M. ihlanganisa, okokuqala, nokungezona izithombe (izinkondlo ze-lyric, i-architecture, njll.), okungukuthi okunjalo, okungadingekile ukukhiqiza kabusha ukwakheka kwezinto ezithile, futhi, okwesibili, kuya kwesikhashana. (umdanso, izincwadi, ithiyetha, icinema), okungukuthi, i-to-rye iqhubeka ngesikhathi, futhi, okwesithathu, nokucula (umdanso ofanayo, ithiyetha, icinema), okungukuthi edinga abaxhumanisi phakathi kokusungula nokubona. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kokubili okuqukethwe kanye nohlobo lobuciko kuqondile maqondana nezinye izinhlobo zobuciko.

Okuqukethwe kwe-M. kwakhiwa izithombe zobuciko-ngokwezwizwe, okungukuthi ezithwetshulwe ngemisindo ezwakalayo (izwi elizwakalayo), imiphumela yokubonisa, ukuguqulwa kanye nobuhle. ukuhlolwa kweqiniso lenhloso engqondweni yomculi (umqambi, umculi).

Indima eyinhloko kokuqukethwe kwe-M. idlalwa "ubuciko. imizwelo” – ekhethwe ngokuhambisana namathuba nezinjongo zesimangalo, kusulwe izikhathi ezingahleliwe kanye nezimo zemizwa nezinqubo ezinengqondo. Indawo yabo ehamba phambili emculweni. okuqukethwe kunqunywa kusengaphambili ngomsindo (intonation) kanye nemvelo yesikhashana ka-M., evumela ukuthi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ithembele ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka yokuhlangenwe nakho ekudaluleni ngaphandle imizwelo yabantu futhi iyidlulisele kwamanye amalungu omphakathi, ikakhulukazi futhi. Ch. ar. ngemisindo, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuveza ngokwanele isipiliyoni njengokunyakaza, inqubo enazo zonke izinguquko zayo kanye nama-shades, ashukumisayo. ukuphakama nokuwa, ukuguquguquka kwemizwa kanye nokushayisana kwayo.

Kusukela ngoDisemba. izinhlobo zemizwa M. ngaphezu kwakho konke kuvame ukuhlanganisa imizwa - izimo zomzwelo zomuntu, ezingaqondisiwe, ngokungafani nemizwa, kunoma yikuphi okuqondile. isihloko (nakuba kubangelwa izizathu eziqondile): ubumnandi, ukudabuka, ukujabula, ukudangala, ububele, ukuzethemba, ukukhathazeka, njll. , ukuzimisela, amandla, ukungalawuleki, ukuxhamazela, ukuzibamba, ukubekezela, ukuntula intando, ukungathí sina, ukwenza izinto ezingenangqondo, njll. Lokhu kuvumela uM. ukuthi aveze hhayi nje ngokwengqondo kuphela. izimo zabantu, kodwa futhi nezinhlamvu zabo. Emazwini aphathekayo kakhulu (kodwa angahunyushwa olimini lwamagama), inkulumo ecashile futhi “ethathelwanayo” yemizwa, uM. akazi okulinganayo. Kungenxa yaleli khono ukuthi incazelo yalo ebanzi ngokuthi "ulimi lomphefumulo" (AN Serov) isekelwe.

Emculweni Okuqukethwe kufaka phakathi “Ubuciko. imicabango” ekhethiwe, njengemizwa, futhi ehlobene eduze nokwakamuva, “wazizwa”. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngezindlela zabo siqu, ngaphandle kosizo lwamagama, njll vnemuz. izici, M. akakwazi ukuveza zonke izinhlobo zemicabango. Akaphawulwa ngemiyalezo ecatshangwayo eqine ngokwedlulele efinyeleleka kalula ukuze ichazwe ngamagama, equkethe ulwazi nganoma imaphi amaqiniso, futhi engabonakali ngokwedlulele, engabangeli ukuhlotshaniswa kwemizwa nokubonwayo. Kodwa-ke, i-M. ifinyeleleka kakhulu emicabangweni enjalo-generalizations, i-to-rye evezwe emicabangweni ehlobene nokuguquguqukayo. ohlangothini lwenhlalo nengqondo. izenzakalo, ezimfanelweni zokuziphatha, izici zomlingiswa kanye nezimo ezingokomzwelo zomuntu nomphakathi. Nge-instr emsulwa. Imisebenzi yabaqambi abakhulu bezinkathi ezihlukene yayihlanganisa ngokujulile nangokucacile imibono yabo mayelana nokuvumelana noma ukungezwani komhlaba, ukuzinza noma ukungazinzi kobudlelwane bomphakathi emphakathini othile, ubuqotho noma ukuhlukana kwemiphakathi. kanye nokwazi komuntu siqu, amandla noma ukungabi namandla komuntu, njll. Indima enkulu ekufanekisweni kwemicabango engacacile-generalization idlalwa idramaturgy yomculo, okungukuthi ukuqhathanisa, ukungqubuzana nokuthuthukiswa kwezithombe zomculo. Amathuba amahle kakhulu wokuveza imibono ebalulekile yokuhlanganisa iminyuziyamu efanele. kusho ukunikeza i-symphonism njenge-dialectical. ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lwezithombe, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwekhwalithi entsha.

Emzamweni wokwandisa ububanzi bomhlaba wemibono yefilosofi nezenhlalo, abaqambi bavame ukuphendukela ekuhlanganisweni komculo negama njengesithwali sokuqukethwe komqondo othile (vok. kanye nohlelo instr. M., bheka umculo woHlelo), kanye nomculo wasesiteji. isenzo. Ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwegama, isenzo, nezinye izici ezingezona ezomculo, amathuba omculo anda. Izinhlobo ezintsha zeminyuziyamu zakhiwa kuyo. izithombe, i-to-rye ihlotshaniswa kancane kancane emiphakathini. ukwazi ngemiqondo nemibono evezwa ezinye izingxenye ze-synthesis, bese idlulela “kuhlanzekile” M. njengabathwali bemiqondo nemibono efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaqambi basebenzisa izimpawu zomsindo (izimpawu ezivamile) ezivele emiphakathini. umkhuba (izinhlobo ezehlukene zamasignali, njll.; lokhu kuhlanganisa nezingoma noma izingoma ezikhona endaweni ethile yezenhlalo futhi ezithole incazelo ezinzile ecacile kuyo, eseziphenduke “izifanekiselo zomculo” zanoma yimiphi imiqondo), noma zakha ezazo. , “umculo. izimpawu.” Ngenxa yalokho, okuqukethwe kwe-M. kufaka phakathi umbuthano omkhulu futhi othuthukisiwe wemibono.

Indawo elinganiselwe ku-M. ithathwe yizithombe ezibonakalayo zezenzakalo ezithile ezingokoqobo, eziqukethwe emculweni. izithombe, okungukuthi emisindweni, i-to-rye iveza izimpawu ezivusa inkanuko zalezi zenzakalo (bheka umdwebo womsindo). Indima encane yokumelela kwezobuciko ingenxa yekhono elincane kakhulu lokuzwa, uma kuqhathaniswa nokubona, ukwazisa umuntu ngezici ezithile zezinto ezibonakalayo. Noma kunjalo, imidwebo yemvelo kanye "nezithombe" zivame ukutholakala ngo-M. dec. abantu, nezithombe noma "izigcawu" kusukela empilweni yangoDisemba. uhlaka lomphakathi wezwe nesikhathi esithile. Zethulwa njengokuqondile noma okuncane okuqondile (nakuba ngokungenakugwemeka kungaphansi kokunengqondo komculo) isithombe (ukukhiqizwa kabusha) kwemisindo yemvelo (umsindo womoya namanzi, ukuhlabelela kwezinyoni, njll.), umuntu (iphimbo lokukhuluma, njll.) kanye umphakathi (imisindo engeyona eyomculo kanye nezinhlobo zomculo zansuku zonke eziyingxenye yokuphila okungokoqobo), nokuzilibazisa kwezinto ezibonakalayo nezinye izici ezizwakalayo zento ngosizo lwezinhlangano (ingoma yezinyoni - isithombe sehlathi), ama-analogies (i-wide hamba ngomculo womculo - umbono we-uXNUMXbuXNUMXbspace) kanye ne-synesthesia - ukuxhumana phakathi kokuzwa okuzwakalayo nokubonakalayo, okuthintekayo, imizwa yesisindo, njll. , bukhulu). Izethulo zendawo, ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinhlangano, ama-analogies nama-synesthesias, ahambisana nombono we-M., nokho, akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuba khona kulo mkhiqizo. izithombe njengezithombe ezibonakalayo ezibalulekile zezinto ezithile. Uma izithombe zitholakala emculweni. imikhiqizo, ke, njengomthetho, isebenza kuphela njengendlela eyengeziwe yokwembula okuqukethwe kwemibono nemizwa, okungukuthi imicabango nemizwa yabantu, abalingiswa babo kanye nezifiso zabo, imibono yabo kanye nokuhlola okungokoqobo. Ngakho, ethize. Isihloko somculo esiboniswa yisimo sengqondo (ch. arr. emotional) somuntu nomphakathi emhlabeni, esithathwe ekuguquguqukeni kwawo.

Okuqukethwe ku-M. (emphakathini wekilasi) kuwubunye bomuntu ngamunye, isigaba kanye nendawo yonke. U-M. uhlala eveza hhayi kuphela isimo sengqondo somuntu siqu sombhali ngokoqobo, i-ext yakhe. emhlabeni, kodwa futhi ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu, ejwayelekile. izici ze-ideology futhi, ikakhulukazi, i-psychology yeqembu elithile lomphakathi, kuhlanganisa. uhlelo lwakhe lwemizwa, "ithoni yengqondo" evamile, ijubane layo lemvelo lokuphila nangaphakathi. isigqi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokuvamile idlulisela umbala ongokomzwelo, ijubane, isigqi senkathi iyonke, imicabango nemizwelo esondelene hhayi eyodwa, kodwa eziningana. izigaba (isibonelo, imibono yoguquko lwentando yeningi emphakathini, inkululeko yezwe, njll.) noma ngisho nabo bonke abantu (isibonelo, imizwelo evuswa imvelo, uthando, nokunye okuhlangenwe nakho kwezingoma), ihlanganisa izimiso eziphakeme zomhlaba wonke. Kodwa-ke, njengoba indawo yonke emhlabeni wemibono nengokomzwelo yomuntu ayihlukanisiwe nobuntu bakhe bomphakathi, khona-ke indawo yonke ku-M. izuza ngokungenakugwenywa ukuthambekela komphakathi.

Iqiniso futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ithayiphiwe, okungukuthi ukuhlanganisa i-generalization ne-socio-historical, nat. kanye nokuba khona kwengqondo komuntu ngamunye, ukubonakaliswa kwemizwa nezinhlamvu zabantu njengamalungu encazelo. umphakathi usebenza njengokubonakaliswa kwamaqiniso emculweni. Ukungabikho okuphelele ekukhiqizeni okuqukethwe kwemibono nemizwa (kuhlanganise nezwe lengqondo yomuntu), "ukudlala" okungasho lutho ngemisindo noma ukuguqulwa kwayo kube indlela yokuphila kuphela. amathonya kubalaleli aletha "ukwakhiwa okuzwakalayo" okunjalo ngaphezu kwemingcele ye-M. njengobuciko.

M. okuqukethwe okutholakalayo ngoDisemba. I-Genus: i-epic, idrama, i-lyrical. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, nokho, ngenxa yemvelo yayo engeyona engokomfanekiso, amagama asondelene nawo, ahlinzekela ukubusa "kokuziveza" phezu kwesithombe sezwe langaphandle, "izithombe ezizimele" ezingokwengqondo ngaphezu kwezimpawu zabanye. abantu. Okuqukethwe kwe-M. sekukonke kubuswa izithombe ezinhle ezihambisana nezimiso zokuziphatha nezobuhle zombhali. Nakuba izithombe ezingezinhle (kanye nazo ezihlekisayo, i-caricature, kanye ne-grotesque) nazo zangena emhlabeni womculo kudala—ikakhulukazi kabanzi kusukela esikhathini sokuthandana—bezilokhu ziwumkhuba ohamba phambili emculweni. okuqukethwe, kusasele ukuthambekela ekuqinisekiseni, “ukucula”, hhayi ekuphikeni, ukugxeka. Ukuthambekela okunjalo kwe-organic M. ukuveza nokugcizelela okuhle kakhulu kumuntu kuthuthukisa ukubaluleka kwakho njengomkhulumeli wesintu. isiqalo nomthwali womsebenzi wokuziphatha nowokufundisa.

Ingqikithi yokuqukethwe kwe-M., indlela yokuba khona kwayo umculo. ifomu - uhlelo lomculo. imisindo, lapho imicabango, imizwa kanye nezithombe ezifanekiselwayo zomqambi zenziwa khona (bheka Ifomu Lomculo). Muses. ifomu lingelesibili kokuqukethwe futhi ngokuvamile lingaphansi kwalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inezici ezihlobene. ukuzimela, okuyinto enhle kakhulu ngoba ubuciko, njengazo zonke izinhlobo zobuciko ezingezona izithombe, bulinganiselwe kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zangempela futhi ngenxa yalokho ngokungagwemeki bubangela izinhlobo zabo ngezinga elikhulu ezingaphindi zemvelo. eyodwa. Lawa mafomu akhethekile adalwe ukuveza okuqondile. okuqukethwe komculo, nakho, kunomthelela kukho, "kulolonge". Ifomu lomculo (kanye nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lobuciko) libonakala ngokuthambekela ekuzinzeni, ekuzinzeni, ekuphindaphindweni kwezakhiwo kanye nezakhi ngazinye, ezingqubuzana nokuhlukahluka, ukuhamba, kanye nokuvela kwamamuse. okuqukethwe. Lokhu kuyi-dialectic. ukungqubuzana phakathi kohlaka lokuxhumanisa kanye nobumbano kuxazululwa isikhathi ngasinye ngendlela yayo ohlelweni lokudala iminyuziyamu ethile. ukukhiqizwa, lapho, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ifomu lendabuko lenziwa umuntu ngamunye futhi livuselelwa ngaphansi kwethonya lokuqukethwe okusha, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, okuqukethwe kufanekiselwa futhi izikhathi zembulwe futhi zifakwe ngamakristalu kulo ezihambisana nezici ezizinzile ze ifomu elisetshenzisiwe.

Isilinganiso emculweni. ubuciko nokusebenza phakathi kokuzinza nokushintsha ngezindlela ezahlukene emculweni. amasiko ezinhlobo ezahlukene. Ngosiko lwe-M. oral (indabuko yawo wonke amazwe, u-prof. othi isimiso sokuthuthukiswa (isikhathi ngasinye ngesisekelo semikhuba ethile yesitayela), ifomu lihlala livuliwe, "livuliwe". Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izakhiwo ezijwayelekile ze-Nar. Umculo zinikeziwe (bheka I-Improvisation).

Ngaphezu kokulungiswa kwezinto zokuqukethwe, ifomu ku-M. futhi lenza umsebenzi wokudlulisa, "umlayezo" emphakathini. Lo msebenzi wokuxhumana futhi unquma izici ezithile ezibalulekile zamamuse. amafomu, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke - ukuhambisana namaphethini ajwayelekile okubona komlaleli kanye (ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ethile) uhlobo namandla akhe enkathini ethile.

Ngisho ezithathwe ngokwehlukana iminyuziyamu. imisindo isivele inemisho yokuqala. amathuba. Ngamunye wabo uyakwazi ukubangela bokuphila. umuzwa wentokozo noma wokungajabuli, injabulo noma ukuzola, ukungezwani noma ukuphuma, kanye ne-synaesthetic. imizwa (ubunzima noma ukukhanya, ukushisa noma ukubanda, ubumnyama noma ukukhanya, njll.) kanye nokuhlotshaniswa kwendawo okulula kakhulu. Lawa mathuba asetshenziswa ngendlela eyodwa noma enye kunoma yimuphi umculo. prod., kodwa ngokuvamile njengohlangothi oluhlobene nalezo zinsiza zokusebenza kwengqondo. kanye namathonya obuhle, aqukethwe ezingqimbeni ezijulile zefomu lomculo, lapho imisindo isivele isebenza njengezakhi zezakhiwo ezihlelekile ezihlangene.

Ukugcina ukufana okuthile nemisindo yempilo yangempela, ama-muses. umsindo ngesikhathi esifanayo uhluke kakhulu kuwo ngokuthi ufakwe ezinhlelweni ezisungulwe ngokomlando ezakhiwe iminyuziyamu. umkhuba womphakathi othile (bheka i-Sound System). Umculo ngamunye. isistimu yomsindo (i-trichord, i-tetrachord, i-pentatonic, i-diatonic, isistimu enomsindo olinganayo wemisindo eyishumi nambili, njll.) inikeza izimfuneko zokuvela kwezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene ezinzile zamathoni ezingaphinde zenziwe ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokuvundlile nangokuqondile. Ngendlela efanayo esikweni ngalinye kukhethwa futhi kwengezwe ohlelweni lwesikhathi semisindo, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwakha izinhlobo ezizinzile zokulandelana kwazo kwesikhashana.

Ku-M., ngaphezu kwamathoni, futhi imisindo engapheli isetshenziswa. ukuphakama (umsindo) noma okunjalo, ukuphakama kwakho okunganakwa. Kodwa-ke, badlala indima encikile, eyesibili, njengoba, njengoba isipiliyoni sibonisa, ukuba khona kwephimbo elingaguquki kuphela kuvumela ingqondo yomuntu ukuthi ihlele imisindo, isungule ubudlelwano phakathi kwayo, iyilethe ohlelweni futhi ibumbe ngendlela ehlelekile, enenjongo futhi enengqondo. ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo zemisindo ezithuthuke ngokwanele. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo eziphuma emsindweni wodwa (ngokwesibonelo, ezivela emisindweni yenkulumo “okungeyona ezomculo” noma izinsimbi ezishaywayo ngaphandle kwephimbo elithile) kungaba “ezomculo wangaphambi komculo” (kumasiko akudala), noma zidlulele ngale kobubanzi bomculo. icala ngalowo mqondo, owawugxilile kumlando wezenhlalo-mlando. umkhuba wabantu abaningi iminyaka eminingi. amakhulu eminyaka.

Emculweni ngamunye onikeziwe. emsebenzini, amathoni akha uhlelo lwawo lokulandelana okuvundlile kanye (nge-polyphony) ukuxhumana okuqondile (ongwaqa), okwenza isimo sawo (bheka i-Melody, Harmony, Polyphony). Kuleli fomu, umuntu kufanele ahlukanise phakathi kwezinhlangothi zangaphandle (ngokomzimba) kanye nezangaphakathi (“zolimi”). Uhlangothi lwangaphandle luhlanganisa ukuguqulwa kwama-timbres, isiqondiso se-melodic. ukunyakaza kanye nephethini yayo (bushelelezi, i-spasmodic), enamandla. ijika (izinguquko kumsindo omkhulu, bheka Amandla), i-tempo, uhlamvu olujwayelekile lwesigqi (bona Isigqi). Lolu hlangothi lwamafomu omculo lubonwa ngendlela efanayo nenkulumo ngolimi olungajwayelekile, olungase lube nomthelela ongokomzwelo kumlaleli (emazingeni okusebenza ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo aphansi) nomsindo wawo ojwayelekile, ngaphandle kokuqonda okuqukethwe kwawo. Ingxenye yangaphakathi (“yezilimi”) yomculo. amafomu yizwi layo. ukwakheka, okungukuthi ukubhanqa kwemisindo okunenjongo okufakwe kuyo (ukuphenduka kwe-melodic, harmonic kanye nesigqi), osekuvele kwaziwa ngaphambili imiphakathi. ukwazi (noma okufana nalezo ezinolwazi), izincazelo ezingase zibe khona ngokuvamile ezaziwa ngabalaleli. Lolu hlangothi lwamafomu omculo lubonwa ngendlela efanayo nenkulumo yolimi olujwayelekile, olungathinti nje kuphela umsindo walo, kodwa nangencazelo yalo.

M. wesizwe ngasinye enkathini ngayinye ibonakala ngokuthile. inkimbinkimbi yezinhlobo ezizinzile zenhlanganisela yomsindo (izwi lokuthonisa) kanye nemithetho (izimiso) zokusetshenziswa kwazo. Inkimbinkimbi enjalo ingabizwa ngokuthi (ngokomfanekiso) iminyuziyamu. “ulimi” lwalesi sizwe nenkathi. Ngokungafani nolimi olukhulunywayo (lwezwi), alinazo izidalwa ezithile. izimpawu zesistimu yezimpawu, ngoba, okokuqala, izakhi zayo azizona ukwakheka okuzinzile okuqondile (izimpawu), kodwa izinhlobo kuphela zokuhlanganiswa komsindo, futhi okwesibili, ngayinye yalezi zakhi inencazelo engaphezu kweyodwa. inani, kodwa isethi yamanani angenzeka, inkambu yawo engenayo imingcele emiswe ngokunembile, okwesithathu, uhlobo lwe-elementi ngayinye ayinakuhlukaniswa namanani ayo, ngeke ithathelwe indawo enye, noma ishintshwe ngokuphawulekayo ngaphandle kokushintsha inani; ngakho-ke, ku-M. akunakwenzeka ukudlulisa kusuka kumamuse owodwa. ulimi komunye.

Inkambu yamanani angaba khona yanoma iyiphi into yolimi lomculo incike, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kumzimba wayo. (acoustic) izakhiwo, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusukela kokuhlangenwe nakho kokusetshenziswa kwayo emiphakathini yomculo. ukuzijwayeza nokuxhumana kwakho, ngenxa yalokhu okuhlangenwe nakho, nezinye izenzakalo. Banjalo i-vnemuz. izinhlangano (ngemisindo yenkulumo, imvelo, njll., futhi ngazo ngezithombe ezihambisanayo zabantu kanye nezehlakalo zemvelo) kanye ne-intra-musical, yona, ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlangano ezengeziwe (neminye imisebenzi yomculo) kanye I-intra-text (zivela ngaphakathi komsebenzi onikeziwe ngesisekelo sezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuxhumanisa kwezwi, ukufana kwetimu, njll.). Ekwakhekeni kwe-semantic. amathuba ehlukene. izakhi zomculo. Ulimi ludlala indima enkulu ekusetshenzisweni kwabo ngokuphindaphindiwe ku-M. nsuku zonke, kanye naku-M. ngegama nesiteji. isenzo, lapho izibopho zabo eziqinile zakha nezimo zempilo kanye nalezo zici zokuqukethwe ezihlanganiswe ngaphandle komnyuziyamu. kusho.

Ezicini eziphindaphindayo zomculo. amafomu, ama-semantics. amathuba oku-rykh ancike emasikweni okusetshenziswa kwawo emiphakathini yomculo. ukuzijwayeza, akuzona nje kuphela izinhlobo zamagama (“amagama” omculo), kodwa futhi nobunye obunjalo bezinkulumo zomculo. kusho, yiziphi izinhlobo (ukumasha, ukudansa, ingoma, njll., bheka uhlobo lomculo). Imbiza. Izincazelo zohlobo ngalunye zinqunywa ikakhulukazi imisebenzi yazo yansuku zonke, okungukuthi indawo yalo ekuphileni.

Umqambi angasebenzisa emisebenzini yakhe. njengamaphethini ajwayelekile omculo. “ulimi” lwesizwe nenkathi, kanye nezici zalo eziqondile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izakhi ezithile zidlula ngaphakathi kwesitayela esinikeziwe kusukela emsebenzini ukuya emsebenzini futhi kusukela kumbhali oyedwa kuya komunye ngaphandle kokuba. izinguquko (ukuthuthukisa ukuphenduka kwe-melodic ne-harmonic, ama-cadence, amafomula anesigqi wezinhlobo zansuku zonke, njll.). Ezinye zisebenza kuphela njengezibonelo zokwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha, esimweni ngasinye, izakhi zangempela zamamuse. amafomu (okufana nokuphenduka okuyinhloko kwezindikimba - "izinhlamvu" zazo, kanye nokuphinyiswa kokugcina). Uma uvula noma iyiphi ingxenye yomculo. ulimi lube umsebenzi, umkhakha wezincazelo zalo uyashintsha: ngakolunye uhlangothi, luyancipha ngenxa yendima yokuhlanganisa yama-muses. umongo, kanye namagama noma izigcawu. isenzo (ezinhlotsheni zokwenziwa), ngakolunye uhlangothi, siyakhula ngenxa yokuvela kokuxhumana kwe-intratextual. Ukusebenzisa izakhi nemithetho yamamuse akhona. izilimi, ukuziguqula, ukudala ezintsha, umqambi ngaleyo ndlela wakha siqu sakhe, ngandlela-thile umculo oyingqayizivele. ulimi eludingayo ukuze luhlanganise okuqukethwe kwalo koqobo.

Muses. izilimi ezahlukene. izinkathi, izizwe, abaqambi bahluke ngokungavamile, kodwa bonke banezimiso ezijwayelekile zokuhlela amathoni - iphimbo nesikhathi. Eningini elikhulu lamasiko nezitayela zomculo, ubudlelwano bephimbo lamathoni buhlelwa ngesisekelo semodi, futhi ubudlelwano besikhashana buhlelwa ngesisekelo semitha. I-Fret nemitha zisebenza ngesikhathi esifanayo njengokujwayelekile kwayo yonke into yangaphambilini-isigqi. izinqubo nezilawuli zokusungula okuqhubekayo, eziqondisa ukuhamba kokumataniswa komsindo okukhiqizwa ukwazi komqambi eshaneli ethile. Ukuthunyelwa okuhambisanayo nokuzwakalayo (nge-monophony) yokuphakama okuphezulu nobudlelwano besikhashana beminyuziyamu. Imisindo esekelwe kumsindo kanye nemitha yakha umculo, okubaluleke kakhulu ku-express. kusho uM., umphefumulo wakhe.

Ukuhlanganisa umculo wangemuva oyinhloko. ukuzwakalisa (iphimbo, iphimbo, ukuhleleka kwesigqi kanye ne-syntactic), umculo uwasebenzisa ngendlela egxilile nengayodwa. I-Relief kanye ne-originity melodic. izinto ezisetshenziswayo zisebenza njengemibandela ebalulekile yokubaluleka kwamamuse. isebenza, inomthelela omkhulu ekuboneni kwayo nasekubambeni ngekhanda.

Emculweni ngamunye onikeziwe. umsebenzi wezakhi zomuntu ngamunye wesimo sawo ukhiwa ohlelweni lokuhlanganisa nokubeka phansi isakhiwo esijwayelekile, esihlanganisa iqoqo lezakhiwo ezizimele. Lezi zamuva zihlanganisa i-melodic, rhythmic, fret-harmonic, textural, timbre, dynamic, tempo, njll. Okubaluleke kakhulu yitimu. isakhiwo, izakhi zazo kukhona iminyuziyamu. themes kanye ne-diff. izinhlobo nezigaba zokushintsha nokuthuthuka kwazo. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zomculo, yizindikimba okuyizona ezithwala izinto ezibalulekile zamamuse. izithombe, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, itimu. isakhiwo somculo. amafomu ngezindlela. Idigri isebenza njengokuvezwa kwangaphandle kwesakhiwo esingokomfanekiso sokuqukethwe. Kokubili, ukuhlanganisa, kwakha isihloko esingokomfanekiso. ukwakheka komsebenzi.

Zonke izakhiwo eziyimfihlo zamamuse. amafomu axhunyaniswe ndawonye futhi adidiyelwe ngokulandelana. isakhiwo (izisusa ezihlanganisayo, imishwana, imisho, ongqi) nokuhlanganisa (izingxenye ezihlanganisayo, izigaba, izingxenye, njll.). Izakhiwo ezimbili zokugcina zakha iminyuziyamu. ifomu ngomqondo omncane wegama (ngamanye amazwi, ukwakheka komsebenzi womculo). Ngenxa yokuzimela okukhulu okuhlobene kwefomu kwezobuciko njengendlela yobuciko engafaki isithombe, izinhlobo eziqinile, ezihlala isikhathi eside zezakhiwo zokuqamba zithuthukile kuyo - iminyuziyamu evamile. amafomu (ngomqondo omncane wegama) akwazi ukuhlanganisa uhla olubanzi kakhulu lwezithombe. Lezi yizo ezikhona eYurophu. M. iminyaka eminingana kakade. amakhulu eminyaka amafomu anezingxenye ezimbili nezintathu, ukuhlukahluka, i-rondo, i-sonata allegro, i-fugue, njll; kukhona amafomu ajwayelekile emculweni. amasiko aseMpumalanga. Ngamunye wabo ngokuvamile ubonisa isici, izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zokunyakaza emvelweni, umphakathi kanye nokuqonda komuntu (ukwakheka kwezimo, ukuphindaphinda kwazo, ushintsho, ukuthuthukiswa, ukuqhathanisa, ukungqubuzana, njll.). Lokhu kunquma incazelo yayo engaba khona, ecaciswe ngezindlela ezahlukene emisebenzini ehlukahlukene. Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwenziwa ngendlela entsha ngaso sonke isikhathi, luphenduke ukwakheka okuyingqayizivele kwalo msebenzi.

Njengokuqukethwe, umculo. ifomu lembuleka ngesikhathi, libe yinqubo. Ingxenye ngayinye yesakhiwo ngasinye idlala indima kule nqubo, yenza okuthile. umsebenzi. Imisebenzi yesici emculweni. ifomu lingaba liningi (i-multifunctionality) kanye nokushintsha (ukuhlukahluka kwemisebenzi). Izinto acc. izakhiwo (kanye namathoni - ezakhini) zixhuma futhi zisebenze ngesisekelo seminyuziyamu. logic, eqondile. ukuphikiswa kwamaphethini ajwayelekile omuntu. imisebenzi. Kuzo zonke izitayela zomculo (bheka isitayela somculo) sakha izinhlobonhlobo zaso zeminyuziyamu. ingqondo, ukukhombisa kanye nokufingqa umkhuba wokudala wale nkathi, nat. isikole, noma yimiphi imisinga yaso noma umbhali ngamunye.

Kokubili okuqukethwe kwe-M. kanye nesimo sayo kukhula kancane kancane. Amathuba abo angaphakathi aya ngokuya embulwa ngokugcwele futhi kancane kancane anothiswa ngaphansi kwethonya lezici zangaphandle futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, amashifu empilweni yomphakathi. I-M. ngokuqhubekayo ihlanganisa izingqikithi ezintsha, izithombe, imibono, imizwa, eveza izinhlobo ezintsha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izici ezingasasebenzi zokuqukethwe nefomu ziyaphela. Kodwa-ke, yonke into eyigugu edalwe eMoscow ihlala iphila ngendlela yemisebenzi eyakha i-classic. amagugu, nanjengamasiko okudala amukelwa ezinkathini ezalandela.

Imisebenzi yomculo yabantu ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko: ubuciko (bheka Ukuqanjwa), ukusebenza (bheka ukusebenza komculo) kanye nokuqonda (bheka Psychology Musical). Zihambisana nezigaba ezintathu zokuba khona kwama-muses. imisebenzi: ukudala, ukukhiqiza kabusha, ukulalela. Esigabeni ngasinye, okuqukethwe kanye nesimo somsebenzi kuvela ngendlela ekhethekile. Esigabeni sendalo, lapho usengqondweni yomqambi ngesikhathi esifanayo. okuqukethwe kombhali (okulungile) kanye nefomu lombhali (impahla) kuyathuthukiswa, okuqukethwe kusesimweni sangempela, futhi ifomu likhona kuphela okungenzeka. Lapho umsebenzi wenziwa ngokusebenza (kumasiko omculo abhaliwe, lokhu kuvame ukwandulelwa ukubhalwa kwekhodi okunemibandela kwefomu lomculo ngendlela yokuphawula komculo, bheka ukubhalwa komculo), bese ifomu liyabuyekezwa, lidlulele esimweni somsindo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kokubili okuqukethwe kanye nefomu kuyashintsha ngandlela-thile, kuguqulwa umenzi ngokuhambisana nombono wakhe wezwe, ubuhle. imibono, ulwazi lomuntu siqu, isimo sengqondo, njll. Lokhu kubonisa umbono wakhe ngamunye kanye nencazelo yomsebenzi. Kukhona okuhlukile kokwenziwayo kokuqukethwe nefomu. Ekugcineni, abalaleli bayeqa umkhiqizo ocatshangwayo. ngokusebenzisa i-prism yemibono yabo, abakuthandayo, impilo kanye neminyuziyamu. isipiliyoni futhi ngalokhu futhi uyiguqule kancane. Izinhlobonhlobo zokuqukethwe nezimo zabalaleli ziyazalwa, zithathwe kwezadlalwayo, futhi ngazo – kusukela kokuqukethwe kombhali kanye nesimo sombhali. Ngakho, kuzo zonke izigaba zomculo. umsebenzi uyadala. umlingiswa, nakuba ngokwamazinga ahlukahlukene: umbhali udala i-M., umenzi uyayenza ngenkuthalo futhi ayidale kabusha, kuyilapho umlaleli ekubona kancane kancane.

Ukubona kuka-M. kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yamaleveli amaningi, okuhlanganisa okomzimba. ukuzwa M., ukuqonda kwayo, isipiliyoni kanye nokuhlola. Ukuzwa ngokomzimba kuwumbono wenzwa eqondile yohlangothi lwangaphandle (umsindo) lweminyuziyamu. amafomu, ahambisana ne-physiological. umthelela. Ukuqonda kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kuwumbono wezincazelo zeminyuziyamu. amafomu, okungukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-M., ngokusebenzisa ukuqonda kwezakhiwo zayo. Umbandela wokubona kuleli zinga uwukujwayelana kokuqala (okungenani ngendlela evamile) nokuhambisanayo. ulimi lomculo kanye nokutholwa komqondo womculo. ukucabanga okungokwemvelo kulesi sitayela, okuvumela umlaleli ukuthi angaqhathanisi kuphela umzuzu ngamunye wokuthunyelwa kwamamuses. amafomu nawangaphambilini, kodwa futhi nokubona (“lindela”) isiqondiso sokuqhubeka komnyakazo. Kuleli zinga, umthelela we-ideological and emotional ka-M. kumlaleli wenziwa.

Izigaba ezengeziwe zombono womculo. imisebenzi eyeqa imingcele yokuzwakala kwayo kwangempela ngesikhathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakheka kwesimo sengqondo somlaleli ekuboneni (ngokusekelwe ezimweni zokulalela okuzayo, ulwazi lwangaphambili lohlobo lomsebenzi, igama layo. umbhali, njll.), futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqonda okwalandela kwalokho okuzwiwe, ukukhiqizwa kwakho ngenkumbulo (“emva kokuzwa”) noma komuntu siqu. ukusebenza (isibonelo, ngokucula okungenani izingcezwana namazwi angawodwana) kanye nokuhlola kokugcina (kanti ukuhlola kokuqala sekwakhiwe ngesikhathi sokukhala kwe-M.).

Ikhono lomlaleli lokubona ngokunenjongo (ukuqonda nokufunda) lokhu noma lowomculo. umsebenzi, okuqukethwe umbono wawo kanye nokuhlola kuncike kokubili entweni (umsebenzi) kanye nesihloko (umlaleli), ngokuqondile, ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwezidingo ezingokomoya nezithakazelo, ubuhle. imibono, izinga lobuciko. ukuthuthukiswa, ulwazi lomlaleli womculo kanye nezimfanelo zangaphakathi zomsebenzi. Ngokulandelayo, izidingo kanye neminye imingcele yomlaleli kwakhiwa imvelo yezenhlalo, nomculo wakhe siqu. isipiliyoni siyingxenye yomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, umbono womculo usesimweni senhlalo njengokudala noma ukusebenza (okungabandakanyi ukubaluleka okuthile kwamakhono okuzalwa kanye nezici zengqondo zomuntu ngamunye kuzo zonke izinhlobo zomsebenzi womculo). Ikakhulukazi, izici zomphakathi zidlala indima ehamba phambili ekwakhekeni kokubili kokuchazwa komuntu ngamunye kanye nobuningi (izincazelo) kanye nokuhlolwa kwamamuse. isebenza. Lokhu kuhumusha nokuhlola kuyashintsha ngokomlando, kukhombisa umehluko encazelweni eyinhloso kanye nenani lomsebenzi ofanayo ezinkathini ezahlukene kanye namaqembu omphakathi (kuye ngokuthi ukuhambisana kwayo nezidingo zenhloso zesikhathi kanye nezidingo zomphakathi).

Izinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo zemisebenzi yomculo zixhumene eduze, zakha iketango elilodwa. Isixhumanisi ngasinye esilandelayo sithola okubalulekile kwedlule futhi sithole ithonya laso. Kukhona futhi impendulo phakathi kwabo: ukusebenza kuvuselela (kodwa, ngezinga elithile, imingcele) ubuciko kuzidingo zakho kanye namakhono; imiphakathi. umbono uthonya ngokuqondile ukusebenza (ngokusabela komphakathi ngendlela yawo eqondile, yokuxhumana bukhoma nomculi nezinye izindlela) futhi ngokungaqondile ekuqambeni (njengoba umqambi ngokuzithandela noma ngokungathandi egxile ohlotsheni olulodwa noma kolunye lomculo futhi encika olimini lomculo. osekuthuthukile emphakathini othile).

Kanye nemisebenzi efana nokusabalalisa kanye nenkulumo-ze ye-M. ngosizo lokubola. abezindaba, ucwaningo lomculo wesayensi (bheka i-Musicology, Musical Ethnography, Musical Aesthetics), ukugxeka (bona Ukugxeka Komculo), ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi, ubuholi benhlangano, njll., kanye nezikhungo ezihambisana nazo, izihloko zalo msebenzi kanye namagugu akhiqizwayo. ngayo, ubuhlakani, ukusebenza kanye nokuqonda kwenza uhlelo - iminyuziyamu. isiko lomphakathi. Esikweni lomculo elithuthukisiwe, ubuciko bumelelwa izinhlobo eziningi eziphambanayo, i-to-rye ingahlukaniswa ngokuya ngo-dec. izimpawu.

1) Ngohlobo lokuqukethwe: M. ingoma, i-epic, idrama, kanye nobuqhawe, inhlekelele, amahlaya, njll.; kwesinye isici - umculo ojulile nomculo omncane.

2) Ngokwenza inhloso: umculo wezwi nomculo wezinsimbi; esicini esihlukile - i-solo, i-ensemble, i-orchestra, i-choral, ixutshwe (nokucaciswa okwengeziwe okungenzeka kwezingoma: isibonelo, i-symphony orchestra, ye-orchestra yasegumbini, ye-jazz, njll.).

3) Ngokuhlanganisa nezinye izinhlobo zobuciko kanye negama elithi: I-M. yaseshashalazini (bheka umculo waseshashalazini), i-choreographic (bheka umculo womdanso), izinsimbi zohlelo, i-melodrama (ukufundela umculo), iphimbo ngamagama. M. ngaphandle kwe-synthesis - amaphimbo (ukucula ngaphandle kwamagama) kanye nezinsimbi "ezihlanzekile" (ngaphandle kohlelo).

I-4) Ngokusho kwemisebenzi ebalulekile: umculo osetshenzisiwe (ngokuhlukaniswa okulandelayo kumculo wokukhiqiza, umculo wezempi, umculo wesignali, umculo wokuzijabulisa, njll.) nomculo ongasetshenzisiwe.

5) Ngokusho kwezimo zomsindo: M. zokulalela ngokukhethekile. indawo lapho abalaleli behlukaniswa khona nabadlali (“okwethulwe” M., ngokusho kuka-G. Besseler), kanye no-M. ngokusebenza ngobuningi nokulalela esimweni sokuphila esivamile (“nsuku zonke” M.). Ngokulandelayo, eyokuqala ihlukaniswe yaba umbukwane kanye nekhonsathi, eyesibili - ibe yinqwaba-yasekhaya kanye nesiko. Ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo ezine (amaqembu ohlobo) ingahlukaniswa ngokuqhubekayo: okumangalisayo - ku-M. kuma-muses. yaseshashalazini, ishashalazi kanye nesinema (bheka umculo wefilimu), ikhonsathi - emculweni we-symphonic, umculo we-chamber nomculo we-pop. umculo, imisa-nsuku zonke - ngo-M. yokucula nokunyakaza, amasiko - ngamasiko ehlelo le-M. (bheka umculo weBandla) kanye nezwe. Ekugcineni, kuzo zombili lezi zindawo zomculo omningi wansuku zonke, ngesisekelo esifanayo, ngokuhambisana nomsebenzi obalulekile, izinhlobo zezingoma (iculo, i-lullaby, i-serenade, i-barcarolle, njll.), izinhlobo zokudansa (i-hopak, i-waltz, i-polonaise, njll.) . ) nokumasha (imashi yokulwa, imashi yomngcwabo, njll.).

6) Ngohlobo lokuqamba nomculo. ulimi (kanye nezindlela zokwenza): ingxenye eyodwa noma umjikelezo. izinhlobo ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo (amaqembu ohlobo) ahlonzwe ngokwezimo zomsindo. Isibonelo, phakathi kwe-M. emangalisa - i-opera, i-ballet, i-operetta, njll., phakathi kwekhonsathi - i-oratorio, i-cantata, i-romance, i-symphony, i-suite, i-overture, inkondlo, i-instr. ikhonsathi, i-solo sonata, i-trio, i-quartet, njll., phakathi kwemikhosi - amaculo, i-chorale, i-mass, i-requiem, njll. Ngokulandelayo, phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo, amayunithi ezinhlobo zamaqhezu angahlukaniswa ngokuya ngemibandela efanayo, kodwa ngokwehlukile. izinga: isibonelo, i-aria, iqoqo, ikhorasi ku-opera, i-operetta, i-oratorio ne-cantata, ukuhluka kwe-adagio kanye ne-solo ku-ballet, i-andante ne-scherzo ku-symphony, i-sonata, i-chamber-instr. ukuhlanganisa, njll. Ngenxa yokuhlotshaniswa kwazo nezinto ezizinzile ezingezona ezomculo nezangaphakathi kwezomculo njengomsebenzi obalulekile, izimo zokusebenza nohlobo lwesakhiwo, izinhlobo (namaqembu ohlobo) nazo zinokuzinza okukhulu, ukuqina, ngezinye izikhathi ezihlala iminyaka eminingana. izinkathi. Ngasikhathi sinye, umkhakha othile wokuqukethwe kanye nezici ezithile zama-muses zabelwe ngamunye wabo. amafomu. Nokho, ngoshintsho endaweni evamile yomlando nezimo zokusebenza kwe-M. emphakathini, izinhlobo nazo ziyashintsha. Ezinye zazo ziyaguqulwa, ezinye ziyanyamalala, zinikeze ezintsha. (Ikakhulukazi, ekhulwini lama-20, ukuthuthukiswa komsakazo, icinema, ithelevishini, nezinye izindlela zobuchwepheshe zokusakaza imithombo yezindaba kwaba nesandla ekwakhiweni kwezinhlobo ezintsha.) Ngenxa yalokho, inkathi ngayinye ne-nat. isiko lomculo libonakala "ngesikhwama sohlobo".

7) Ngezitayela (zomlando, izwe, iqembu, umuntu ngamunye). Njengohlobo, isitayela umqondo ojwayelekile ohlanganisa inani elikhulu lamamuse. izenzakalo ezifanayo ezicini ezithile (ch. arr. ngokohlobo lokucabanga komculo oluqukethwe kuzo). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izitayela, njengomthetho, zihamba kakhulu, zishintsha kakhulu kunezinhlobo. Uma isigaba sohlobo sibonisa ukufana kwamamyuziyemu. imisebenzi yohlobo olufanayo eyezitayela nezinkathi ezahlukene, bese esigabeni sesitayela - umphakathi wemisebenzi yezinhlobo ezahlukene zenkathi efanayo. Ngamanye amazwi, uhlobo lunikeza ukuhlanganiswa komculo-mlando. inqubo ngokulandelana, i-diachrony, nesitayela - ngesikhathi esisodwa, i-synchrony.

Ukwenza, njengobuciko, kuhlukaniswe ngokwezwi kanye nezinsimbi futhi, ngokuqhubekayo, ngokuya ngamathuluzi futhi ngokuya ngokwakhiwa kwama-ensembles noma ama-orchestra; ngamaqembu ohlobo (umculo-weshashalazi, ikhonsathi, njll.), ngezinye izikhathi nangamaqembu amancane (i-symphonic, chamber, pop) nange-otd. izinhlobo (i-opera, i-ballet, ingoma, njll.); ngezitayela.

Umbono uhlukaniswe waba izinhlobonhlobo ngokwezinga lokugxilisa ingqondo (“ukuzibona”—okufakwe ekusebenzeni komuntu siqu; umbono “ogxile”—okugxile ngokuphelele endaweni okucatshangwayo futhi engaphelezelwa omunye umsebenzi; “okuhambisana”—okuhambisana nomsebenzi we-CL ); ngokuya ngokuthambekela komlaleli kolunye noma olunye uhlobo lokuqukethwe kwe-M. (okujulile M. noma ukukhanya), eqenjini elithile lohlobo, noma ngisho neqembu elihlukile. uhlobo (ngokwesibonelo, lwengoma), lwesitayela esithile; ngekhono lokuqonda nokuhlola ngokwanele i-M. yohlobo olunikeziwe nesitayela (onekhono, ongumfundi, ongakwazi). Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, kukhona ukuhlukaniswa kwabalaleli ngezigaba namaqembu, ekugcineni kunqunywa izici zomphakathi: umculo. ukukhuliswa emphakathini othile. indawo ezungezile, ukufana kwezicelo zakhe nalokho akuthandayo, izimo zakhe ezivamile zombono we-M., njll. (bheka Imfundo Yomculo, Imfundo Yomculo). Indima ethile iphinde idlalwe ngokuhlukaniswa kombono ngokuya ngokwengqondo. izimpawu (ukuhlaziya noma ukwakheka, ukubusa kwesiqalo esinengqondo noma esingokomzwelo, isimo sengqondo esisodwa noma esinye, uhlelo lokulindela maqondana noM. kanye nobuciko ngokujwayelekile).

M. wenza imisebenzi ebalulekile yomphakathi. Isabela ezidingweni ezihlukahlukene zeNhlangano, ihlangana no-dec. izinhlobo zabantu. imisebenzi - impahla (ukubamba iqhaza ezinqubweni zabasebenzi kanye namasiko ahlobene), ukuqonda nokuhlola (ukubonakaliswa kwengqondo yomuntu ngamunye kanye neqembu lezenhlalakahle, ukubonakaliswa kwemibono yabo), ngokomoya kanye noguquko (umthelela wemibono, ukuziphatha nobuhle), ukuxhumana (ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu). Imiphakathi emikhulu ikakhulukazi. Indima kaM. njengendlela yemfundo engokomoya yomuntu, ukwakheka kwezinkolelo, ukuziphatha. izimfanelo, ukunambitheka kobuhle kanye nemibono, ukuthuthukiswa kwemizwa. ukusabela, ukuzwela, umusa, umuzwa wobuhle, ukukhuthazwa kokusungula. amakhono kuzo zonke izici zokuphila. Yonke le misebenzi yenhlalo ye-M. yakha uhlelo, olushintshayo kuye ngokomlando wezenhlalo-mlando. izimo.

Umlando womculo. Mayelana nomsuka we-M. ekhulwini le-19. kanye nokuqagela kwasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwabekwa phambili, ngokusho ukuthi umsuka ka-M. wawungamaphimbo enkulumo evusa inkanuko yomzwelo (G. Spencer), ukucula kwezinyoni nokukhala kothando kwezilwane (C. Darwin), isigqi umsebenzi wabantu bakudala (K. Bucher), izimpawu zabo zomsindo (K. Stumpf), umlingo. iziphonso (J. Combarier). Ngokwesayensi yesimanje yezinto ezibonakalayo esekelwe emivubukulweni. kanye nedatha ye-ethnographic, emphakathini wakudala kwakukhona inqubo ende "yokukhula" kancane kancane kwe-M. ngaphakathi kokusebenza. imisebenzi yabantu kanye ne-syncretic yakudala engakaveli kuyo. i-complex - pre-art, eyayiphethe imibungu ka-M., umdanso, izinkondlo, nezinye izinhlobo zobuciko futhi yafeza izinhloso zokuxhumana, ukuhlelwa kwezinqubo zabasebenzi kanye nezinkambiso kanye nomthelela ongokomzwelo kubahlanganyeli babo ukuze bafundise izimfanelo ezingokomoya. okudingekayo eqenjini. Ekuqaleni isiphithiphithi, esingahlelekile, esihlanganisa inqwaba yokulandelana kwenani elikhulu lemisindo yobude obunganqunyelwe (ukulingisa ukucula kwezinyoni, ukuklewula kwezilwane, njll.) kwathathelwa indawo amahuni namashuni, ahlanganisa abambalwa kuphela. amathoni ahlukaniswe ngokunengqondo. inani lereferensi (elizinzile) kanye nohlangothi (elingazinzile). Ukuphindaphinda okuningi kwe-melodic nesigqi. amafomula agxilile emiphakathini. ukuzijwayeza, kuholele ekuqwashiseni kancane kancane nasekufanisweni kwamathuba omqondo. inhlangano yemisindo. Izindlela ezilula zomculo zomsindo zakhiwe (izinsimbi zomculo zadlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlanganiseni kwazo), izinhlobo eziyisisekelo zamamitha kanye nemodi. Lokhu kube nomthelela ekuqapheliseni izinkulumo ezingase zibe khona. amathuba amathoni nezinhlanganisela zawo.

Ngesikhathi sokubola kohlelo lwakudala lomphakathi (lwezizwe), lapho ubuciko. umsebenzi uhlukaniswa kancane kancane kokusebenza, kanye ne-syncretic. I-pre-art complex iyahlakazeka kancane kancane, futhi ubuciko buzalwa njengenhlangano ezimele. uhlobo lwesimangalo. Ezinganekwaneni zabantu abahlukene ezihlobene nalesi sikhathi, umqondo kaM. njengamandla anamandla anamandla okuthonya imvelo, ukuphatha izilwane zasendle, ukuphulukisa umuntu ezifweni, njll. Ngokukhula kokuhlukaniswa kwezabasebenzi kanye nokuvela kwamakilasi, ekuqaleni umculo owodwa nofanayo. isiko lomphakathi wonkana lihlukaniswe isiko lezigaba ezibusayo kanye nesiko labacindezelwe (abantu), kanye nezingcweti nezingezona uchwepheshe (amateur). Kusukela kulesi sikhathi kuqhubeke, iqala ukuzimela. ubukhona bomculo. I-folklore njengamacala angenamsebenzi wabantu. Muses. ubuciko babantu uquqaba iba esikhathini esizayo isisekelo iminyuziyamu. isiko lomphakathi wonkana, umthombo ocebe kakhulu wezithombe nokuveza. izimali zika-prof. abaqambi.

Muses. isiko lokugqilaza kanye nezingxabano zakuqala. amazwe Omhlaba Wasendulo (iGibhithe, iSumer, i-Asiriya, iBhabhiloni, iSiriya, iPalestine, iNdiya, iChina, iGrisi, iRoma, izifunda zaseTranscaucasia kanye ne-Asia Ephakathi) isivele ibonakala ngomsebenzi omkhulu ka-prof. abaculi (imvamisa ukuhlanganisa umqambi kanye nomculi), ababekhonza emathempelini, ezinkantolo ababusi kanye nezikhulu, iqhaza izenzo mass isiko, imiphakathi. imikhosi, njll. UM. ugcina u-Ch. ar. izinto ezibonakalayo kanye nemisebenzi engokomoya ezuzwe njengefa emphakathini wakudala futhi ehlotshaniswa nawo ngokuqondile. ukubamba iqhaza emsebenzini, impilo yansuku zonke, impilo yezempi, imikhosi yomphakathi neyenkolo, emfundweni yentsha, njll. Nokho, ngokokuqala ngqa, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-aesthetics kuchazwe. imisebenzi, kuvela amasampula okuqala omculo, ahloselwe ukulalela kuphela (isibonelo, izingoma nemidlalo ye-instr. eyenziwa eGreece emiqhudelwaneni yabaculi). Ezihlukahlukene ziyathuthuka. ingoma (epic and lyric) nomdanso. izinhlobo, eziningi zazo izinkondlo, ukucula nokudansa kugcina ubunye bako bangempela. M. udlala indima enkulu ethiyetha. izethulo, ikakhulukazi ngesiGreki. inhlekelele (Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides kwakungebona nje kuphela ababhali bemidlalo, kodwa futhi nabaculi). Iminyuziyamu ehlukahlukene iyathuthuka, ithola ifomu elizinzile kanye nesakhiwo. izinsimbi zomculo (okuhlanganisa ihabhu, ihabhu, umoya omdala nokushaywa). Izimiso zokuqala zokubhala M. ziyavela (cuneiform, hieroglyphic, noma alfabhethi), nakuba zibusa. indlela yokulondolozwa nokusabalalisa kwayo ihlala ikhulunywa. Ubuhle bokuqala bomculo buvela. kanye nezimfundiso nezinhlelo zethiyori. Izazi eziningi zefilosofi zasendulo zibhala ngoM. (eChina - Confucius, eGrisi - uPythagoras, uHeraclitus, uDemocritus, uPlato, u-Aristotle, u-Aristoxenus, eRoma - uLucretius Carus). I-M. ibhekwa ngokusebenza nangokwethiyori njengomsebenzi oseduze nesayensi, ubuciko kanye nenkolo. inkolo, “njengesibonelo” somhlaba, esinikela olwazini lwemithetho yalo, futhi njengendlela enamandla kakhulu yokuthonya imvelo (umlingo) nomuntu (ukwakheka kwezimfanelo zomphakathi, imfundo yokuziphatha, ukuphulukisa, njll.). Mayelana nalokhu, umthetho oqinile womphakathi (kwamanye amazwe - ngisho nesifunda) wokusetshenziswa kwe-M. yezinhlobo ezahlukene (kuze kufike kumamodi ngamanye) uyasungulwa.

Enkathini yeNkathi Ephakathi eYurophu, kukhona umnyuziyamu. isiko lohlobo olusha - i-feudal, ihlanganisa u-prof. ubuciko, umculo wezimfundamakhwela kanye nenganekwane. Njengoba ibandla libusa kuzo zonke izici zempilo kamoya, isisekelo sika-prof. ubuciko bomculo umsebenzi wabaculi emathempelini nasezindlini zezindela. Uprofesa wezwe. ubuciko bumelwe ekuqaleni kuphela ngabaculi abakha futhi benze i-epic. izinganekwane enkundleni, ezindlini zezicukuthwane, phakathi kwamaqhawe, njll. (amabhadi, ama-skald, njll.). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwathuthukiswa izinhlobo zabasafufusa nezisezingeni eliphansi zokwenza umculo we-chivalry: eFrance - ubuciko be-troubadour nama-trouveurs (u-Adam de la Halle, wekhulu le-13), eJalimane - abaculi bezimayini (Wolfram von Eschenbach, Walter von der Vogelweide, 12 -13th century) , kanye nezintaba. izingcweti. Embangweni. izinqaba namadolobha kutshalwe zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo, izinhlobo nezinhlobo zezingoma (epic, “dawn”, rondo, le, virelet, ballads, canzones, laudas, njll.). Ama-muses amasha angena empilweni. amathuluzi, kuhl. labo abavela eMpumalanga (viola, lute, njll.), ensembles (izingoma engazinzile) kuphakama. Indabuko iyachuma phakathi kwabalimi. Kukhona futhi "ochwepheshe bendabuko": ababalisi, ama-synthetics ahambahambayo. abaculi (jugglers, mimes, minstrels, shpilmans, buffoons). M. futhi wenza i-Ch. ar. ezisetshenziswayo nezingokomoya. imisebenzi. Ubuciko busebenza ngobunye ngokusebenza (njengomthetho - kumuntu oyedwa) nangombono. Ukuqoqwa kubusa kokubili kokuqukethwe yinqwaba kanye nesimo sayo; umuntu oqalayo uyazithoba kujenene, ngaphandle kokugqama kuye (umculi-oyingcweti ungummeleli ongcono kakhulu womphakathi). Amasiko aqinile kanye ne-canonicism kubusa yonke indawo. Ukuhlanganiswa, ukulondolozwa kanye nokusabalalisa amasiko nezindinganiso (kodwa nokuvuselelwa kwawo kancane kancane) kwaqhutshwa uguquko olusuka ku-neumes, olwalubonisa kuphela uhlobo lomculo. ukunyakaza, ukuya kumbhalo womugqa (Guido d'Arezzo, ikhulu le-10), okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukulungisa ngokunembile iphimbo lamathoni, bese kuba ubude bawo.

Kancane kancane, nakuba kancane kancane, okuqukethwe komculo, izinhlobo zawo, amafomu, nezindlela zokukhuluma kuyathuthukiswa. EZap. IYurophu kusukela ngekhulu le-6-7. uhlelo olulawulwa ngokuqinile lwesonto le-monophonic (monodic, bheka i-Monophonic, Monody) liyakhula. M. ngesisekelo se-diatonic. ama-frets (ingoma kaGregory), ehlanganisa ukuphindaphinda (ihubo) nokucula (amaculo). Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yoku-1 neyesi-2, i-polyphony iyazalwa. Ama-woks amasha ayakhiwa. (choral) kanye ne-wok.-instr. (ikwaya nesitho) izinhlobo: i-organum, i-motet, ukuziphatha, bese kuba isisindo. eFrance ngekhulu le-12. isikole sokuqala somqambi (sokudala) sakhiwa eKhathedrali laseNotre Dame (Leonin, Perotin). Ekuqaleni kweRenaissance (isitayela se-ars nova eFrance nase-Italy, ngekhulu le-14) ku-prof. I-M. monophony ithathelwa indawo yi-polyphony, uM. uqala ukuzikhulula kancane kancane ekusebenzeni okungokoqobo. imisebenzi (ukukhonza amasiko esonto), kuthuthukisa ukubaluleka kwezinhlobo zezwe, kuhlanganisa. izingoma (Guillaume de Machaux).

Ku-Vost. IYurophu neTranscaucasia (i-Armenia, Georgia) bathuthukisa iminyuziyamu yabo. amasiko anezinhlelo ezizimele zezindlela, izinhlobo namafomu. E-Byzantium, eBulgaria, eKievan Rus, kamuva e-Novgorod, ukucula kwehlelo le-znamenny kuyachuma (bheka ingoma ethi Znamenny), osn. ohlelweni lwe-diatonic. amazwi, akhawulelwe ku-ok emsulwa kuphela. izinhlobo (i-troparia, i-stichera, amahubo, njll.) nokusebenzisa uhlelo olukhethekile lokuphawula (izingwegwe).

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, eMpumalanga (i-Arab Caliphate, amazwe ase-Asia Ephakathi, i-Iran, i-India, i-China, iJapane) kwakhiwa iminyuziyamu ye-feudal. uhlobo olukhethekile lwesiko. Izimpawu zakhona wukusabalaliswa okusabalele kobungcweti bezwe (kokubili enkantolo kanye nabantu), ukuthola umlingiswa onekhono, ukulinganiselwa kusiko lomlomo kanye ne-monodich. amafomu, afinyelela, nokho, ubunkimbinkimbi obuphezulu maqondana nomculo nesigqi, ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo ezizinzile kakhulu zeminyuziyamu kazwelonke neyamazwe ngamazwe. ukucabanga, ukuhlanganisa echazwe ngokuqinile. izinhlobo zezindlela, izinhlobo, iphimbo kanye nezakhiwo zokuqamba (ama-mugam, ama-makam, ama-ragi, njll.).

Ngesikhathi seRenaissance (ikhulu le-14-16) eNtshonalanga. kanye ne-Center, Europe feudal music. isiko liqala ukuphenduka libe ngonxiwankulu. Ubuciko bezwe buyachuma ngesisekelo sombono wesintu. M. ngezindlela. idigri ikhululiwe ekusebenzeni okuyimpoqo. indawo okuyiwa kuyo. Ziyanda zigqama ubuhle bayo. futhi uyazi. imisebenzi, ikhono layo lokusebenza njengendlela yokulawula ukuziphatha kwabantu kuphela, kodwa futhi ibonise ngaphakathi. umhlaba womuntu kanye neqiniso elizungezile. Ku-M. isiqalo somuntu siqu sabiwe. Uthola inkululeko enkulu emandleni emithetho yenkolo yendabuko. izikhungo. Umbono uhlukaniswa kancane kancane ekudaleni nasekusebenzeni, izethameli zakhiwe njengezizimele. ingxenye yomculo. isiko. I-Blooming instr. amateurishness (lute). I-wok yasekhaya ithola intuthuko ebanzi kakhulu. ukudlala umculo (emakhaya ezakhamuzi, imibuthano yabathandi bomculo). Ama-polygoals alula adalelwe yena. izingoma - i-villanella ne-frottola (e-Italy), ama-chansons (e-France), kanye nobunzima kakhulu ukuwenza futhi ngokuvamile acwengisiswe ngesitayela (ngezici ze-chromatic) 4- noma 5-umgomo. madrigals (Luca Marenzio, Carlo Gesualdo di Venosa), kuhl. emavesini kaPetrarch, Ariosto, Tasso. Abaculi abasezingeni eliphansi bayasebenza eJalimane. izinhlangano zama-townspeople-artisan - ama-workshops of mastersingers, lapho amaningi. izingoma (Hans Sachs). Amaculo omphakathi omkhulu, nat. nezinhlangano zenkolo: ihubo lamaHussite (iRiphabhulikhi yaseCzech), ingoma yamaLuthela (INguquko NeMpi Yabalimi yekhulu le-16 eJalimane), ihubo lamaHuguenot (eFrance).

Kuphrof. M. ifinyelela ikhorasi yayo ephezulu. i-polyphony a cappella (i-polyphony “yesitayela esiqinile”) iyi-diatonic kuphela. i-warehouse ezinhlotsheni ze-mass, i-motet noma i-polygon yezwe. izingoma ezisebenzisa i-virtuoso yokulingisa okuyinkimbinkimbi. amafomu (canon). Izikole zabaqambi abakhulu: isikole iFranco-Flemish noma isiDashi (uGuillaume Dufay, uJohayanes Okeghem, uJacob Obrecht, uJosquin Despres, i-Orlando di Lasso), isikole samaRoma (iPalestrina), isikole saseVenetian (u-Andrea noGiovanni Gabrieli). Amakhosi amakhulu ekhwaya aya phambili. ubuciko ePoland (Vaclav from Shamotul, Mikolaj Gomulka), Czech Republic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo okokuqala ngqa ithola ukuzimela instr. M., equlwini futhi ithuthukisa ukulingisa. i-polyphony (ama-organ preludes, ricercars, canzones by the Venetians A. and G. Gabrieli, ukuhluka komqambi waseSpain u-Antonio Cabezon). Isayensi ivuselelwe. wacabanga ngoM., kwakhiwa izindlela ezintsha. umculo-thiyeri. izincwadi (Glarean eSwitzerland, G. Tsarlino kanye V. Galilei e-Italy, njll).

E-Russia, ngemva kokukhululwa ku-Mong.-Tat. ijoka liyaqhakaza M., ku-prof. I-M. ifinyelela ekuthuthukisweni okuphezulu kokucula kwe-Znamenny, iveza ubuciko. imisebenzi yabaqambi abavelele-"abaculi" (uFyodor Krestyanin), i-polyphony yasekuqaleni ("imigqa emithathu") izalwa, ama-muses amakhulu ayasebenza. amaqoqo (ikwaya “yamabhalane azimele”, ikhulu le-16).

Inqubo yoguquko eYurophu ukusuka kuma-muses. isiko lohlobo lwe-feudal kumanxiwa liyaqhubeka ngekhulu le-17. kanye nesitezi sokuqala. Ikhulu le-1 Ukubusa okuvamile kwe-M. yezwe ekugcineni kunqunywa (nakuba eJalimane nakwamanye amazwe, isonto uM. ligcina ukubaluleka okukhulu). Okuqukethwe kwayo kuhlanganisa izihloko eziningi nezithombe, kuhlanganisa. zefilosofi, zomlando, zesimanje, civil. Kanye nokudlala umculo ku-aristocratic. ama-salon nezindawo ezihloniphekile, ezindlini zabamele "ifa lesithathu", kanye naku-akhawunti. izikhungo (amanyuvesi) atshalwe kakhulu emphakathini. impilo yomculo. Iziko layo liyiminyuziyamu ehlala njalo. izikhungo zemvelo evulekile: izindlu ze-opera, i-philharmonic. (ikhonsathi) mayelana-va. Ama-Viola athathelwa indawo yisimanjemanje. amathuluzi entambo ekhotheme (i-violin, i-cello, njll.; ochwepheshe abavelele bokwenziwa kwabo - A. no-N. Amati, G. Guarneri, A. Stradivari waseCremona, e-Italy), i-pianoforte yokuqala yadalwa (18, B. Cristofori, Italy ). Umculo wokuphrinta (owaqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-1709) uyathuthuka. Umculo uyakhula. imfundo (ama-conservatories e-Italy). Kusuka eminyuziyamu. isayensi igqama ukugxekwa (I. Mattheson, Germany, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-15).

Ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko bomqambi, le nkathi yaphawulwa ukuphambana kwamathonya obuciko obunjalo. izitayela, njenge-baroque (isiNtaliyane nesiJalimane instr. kanye nekhorasi M.), i-classicism (i-opera yesiNtaliyane nesiFulentshi), i-rococo (i-French instr. M.) kanye noshintsho kancane kancane lusuka ezinhlotsheni ezisungulwe ngaphambilini, izitayela namafomu ukuya ekubuseni okusha, okugcinayo. . isikhundla eYurophu M. kuze kube namuhla. Phakathi kwezinhlobo eziyisikhumbuzo, eduze nokuqhubeka nokuba khona "kwezinkanuko" (izinkanuko) ngenkolo. izingqikithi nobuningi, i-opera kanye ne-oratorio zivela ngokushesha. Cantata (solo kanye nekhwaya), instr. ikhonsathi (solo kanye ne-orchestral), chamber-instr. ukuhlanganisa (abathathu, njll.), ingoma eyedwa ne-instr. ukuphelezela; i-suite ithatha ukubukeka okusha (izinhlobonhlobo zayo i-partita), ehlanganisa imidanso yansuku zonke. Ekupheleni kwenkathi, ukwakheka yesimanje. ama-symphonies nama-sonatas, kanye nama-ballet njengazimele. uhlobo. Ngokuhambisana nokulingisa i-polyphony ye "isitayela samahhala", esifinyelela phezulu, ngokusetshenziswa okubanzi kwe-chromatism, ngesisekelo sezindlela ezifanayo (ezinkulu nezincane), leyo eyavuthwa ngisho nangaphambilini, ngaphakathi kwe-polyphony futhi umdanso wansuku zonke, uyaqinisekiswa. M., i-homophonic-harmonic. i-warehouse (izwi elingenhla yilo eliyinhloko, okunye ukuhambisana nokuhambisana, bheka i-Homophony), i-harmonic crystallize. imisebenzi kanye nohlobo olusha lomculo olusekelwe kuyo, umkhuba we-digital bass, noma i-bass evamile, isabalaliswa kabanzi (ukuthuthukiswa komculi ku-ogani, ihabhu noma ilute lokuhambisana nomculo noma ukuphindaphinda okusekelwe ezwini eliphansi elibhaliwe ikhishwe ngumqambi - ibhesi enombhalo wokuvumelana okunemibandela, okudijithali) . Ngesikhathi esifanayo namafomu e-polyphonic (i-passacaglia, i-chaconne, i-fugue) hlanganisa amanye amagama afanayo: i-rondo, i-sonata endala.

Emazweni lapho ngalesi sikhathi inqubo yokwakhiwa kwezizwe ezihlangene (Italy, France, England, ingxenye yeJalimane) yenzeka (noma iphela), izwe elithuthuke kakhulu. isiko lomculo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ukubusa. indima igcinwa yi-Italian. Kwakuse-Italy lapho i-opera yazalwa khona (uFlorence, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 nele-17), futhi kwadalwa ama-opera asendulo okuqala. izibonelo zalolu hlobo olusha (ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-1, isikole saseVenetian, uC. Monteverdi), izinhlobo zayo ezizinzile ziyakhiwa, ezisakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu: i-opera engathí sina, noma i-opera seria, iqhawe. futhi kubuhlungu. uhlamvu, on mythological. neziqephu zomlando (ingxenye yesibili yekhulu le-17, isikole saseNeapolitan, A. Scarlatti), namahlaya, noma i-opera buffa, ezifundweni zansuku zonke (ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu lesi-2, isikole saseNeapolitan, G. Pergolesi). Ezweni elifanayo, i-oratorio (17) ne-cantata yavela (izibonelo ezivelele zazo zombili izinhlobo zivela ku-G. Carissimi no-A. Stradella). Ekugcineni, phansi kwe-heyday loves. kanye ne-conc. ukusebenza (i-violin virtuosos enkulu kunazo zonke - J. Vitali, A. Corelli, J. Tartini) ithuthukisa ngokujulile futhi ibuyekeza i-instr. M .: isitho (ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-1, G. Frescobaldi), i-orchestra, iqoqo, i-solo yezintambo. amathuluzi. Esitezi se-18. 1600 - cela. Ikhulu le-1 izinhlobo ze-concerto grosso (Corelli, Vivaldi) kanye ne-solo instr. concerto (Vivaldi, Tartini), izinhlobo (“isonto” kanye “negumbi”) i-trio sonata (yezintambo ezi-17 noma izinsimbi zomculo eziphefumulayo kanye ne-clavier noma isitho sika-Vitali) kanye ne-solo sonata (ye-violin noma i-violin eyedwa kanye ne-clavier - kaCorelli, Tartini, ye-clavier ka-D. Scarlatti).

E-France, kukhona kazwelonke ekhethekile. izinhlobo op. yomculo t-ra: “lyric. usizi ”(uhlobo olukhulu lwe-opera) ne-opera-ballet (J. B. Lully, J. F. Rameau), i-comedy-ballet (uLully ngokubambisana noMoliere). Umthala wabashayi be-harpsichord abavelele—abaqambi nabadlali (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17—ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, uF. Couperin, Rameau)—abakha izinhlobo ze-rondo (ngokuvamile emidlalweni yemvelo ehleliwe) nokuhlukahluka, kwavela phambili. ENgilandi, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 nele-17, ngesikhathi sikaShakespeare, kwavela isikole sokuqala saseYurophu sabaqambi bomculo wepiyano—izintombi nto (W. Bird kanye no-J. Inkunzi). M. ithatha indawo enkulu enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi kaShakespearean. Esitezi sesi-2. Izibonelo ezivelele zekhulu le-17 ze-nat. i-opera, ikhorasi, isitho, igumbi-instr. kanye noClavier M. (G. Purcell). Esitezi sokuqala. Ubuciko bekhulu le-18 buyenzeka e-UK. imisebenzi ye-G. F. I-Handel (oratorios, i-opera seria), ngesikhathi esifanayo. ukuzalwa kohlobo lwamahlaya kazwelonke. i-opera - i-ballad opera. EJalimane ngekhulu le-17 i-original oratorio isebenza ("izinkanuko", njll.) kanye nezibonelo zokuqala zobaba zivela. i-opera ne-ballet (G. Schutz), iyachuma org. art (D. Buxtehude, I. Froberger, I. Pachelbel). Esitezi sokuqala. Ikhulu le-18 lisho. umkhiqizo. ezinhlotsheni eziningi (“izinkanuko”, ezinye izinhlobo ze-oratorio; ama-cantata; amaphupho, ama-prelude, ama-fugues, ama-sonata e-organ ne-clavier, ama-suites e-clavier; amakhonsathi e-orchestra nezinsimbi ezihlukene, njll.) kwakha u-J. S. Bach , umsebenzi wakhe wawuwumphumela kanye nesiqongo sayo yonke intuthuko yangaphambilini yaseYurophu. polyphony nabo bonke M. i-baroque. E-Spain, amathiyetha omculo okuqala azalwa. izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-opera ezinezingxoxo ezixoxwayo: i-zarzuela (okuqukethwe okumangalisayo), i-tonadilla (amahlaya). E-Russia, i-polyphony emculweni wehlelo iyanda (ukucula kwezingxenye ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18-amakhonsathi ekwaya ka-V. Titov kanye N. Kalachnikov). Ngesikhathi sezinguquko zikaPeter I, kwazalwa umculo okhokhelwayo wezwe (i-panegyric cantes), futhi ukuthuthukiswa komculo wansuku zonke wasemadolobheni kwasebenza (i-lyric cantes, amahubo). Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-European M. Isitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-18 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 liqhubeka ngaphansi kwethonya lemibono yokuKhanya, bese kuba yiGreat French. inguquko, engagcinanga ngokudala umculo omusha wenqwaba yansuku zonke (amamashi, izingoma zamaqhawe, kuhlanganise neMarseillaise, imikhosi emikhulu nemikhuba yokuguquguquka), kodwa futhi yathola impendulo eqondile noma engaqondile komunye umculo. izinhlobo. I-Baroque, "isitayela esinamandla" (i-rococo) kanye ne-classicism ehloniphekile inikezela indawo evelele yonxiwankulu. (ukukhanya) i-classicism, eqinisekisa imibono yokucabanga, ukulingana kwabantu, isevisi emphakathini, izimiso zokuziphatha eziphezulu. NgesiFulentshi Inkulumo ephakeme kakhulu yalezi zifiso kwakuwumsebenzi ka-K. Gluck, e-Austro-German - symphonic, operatic kanye negumbi imisebenzi yabamele isikole sakudala saseViennese J. Haydn, W. A. Mozart kanye L.

Ukwenzeka kusho. intuthuko kuzo zonke izindawo Prof. UM. Gluck noMozart, ngamunye ngendlela yakhe, bashintsha uhlobo lwe-opera, bezama ukunqoba umkhuba owenziwe izicukuthwane. i-opera “serious”. Emazweni ahlukene, asondelene amademokhrasi athuthuka ngokushesha. izinhlobo: opera buffa (Italy – D. Cimarosa), amahlaya. i-opera (eFrance – JJ Rousseau, P. Monsigny, A. Gretry; Russia – VA Pashkevich, EI Fomin), Singspiel (Austria – Haydn, Mozart, K. Dittersdorf). Ngesikhathi se-Great French Revolution kubonakala "i-opera yensindiso" kumaqhawe. kanye ne-melodrama. iziza (France – L. Cherubini, JF Lesueur; Austria – Beethoven’s Fidelio). Ihlukaniswe njengozimele. uhlobo lwe-ballet (Gluck, Beethoven). Emsebenzini kaHaydn, Mozart, Beethoven, ilungisiwe futhi ithola i-classic. ukuvezwa kohlobo lwe-symphony kwesimanje. ukuqonda (umjikelezo wezingxenye ezi-4). Ngaphambi kwalokho, ekudalweni kwe-symphony (kanye nasekubunjweni kokugcina kwe-orchestra ye-symphony yohlobo lwanamuhla), isiCzech (J. Stamitz) nesiJalimane badlala indima ebalulekile. abaculi abasebenza eMannheim (Germany). Ngokuhambisanayo, uhlobo olukhulu lwe-sonata ne-chamber-instr. ukuhlanganisa (i-trio, i-quartet, i-quintet). Ifomu le-sonata allegro liyathuthukiswa futhi kwakhiwa elisha, eline-dialectical. indlela yokucabanga komculo i-symphonism, eyafinyelela umvuthwandaba wayo emsebenzini kaBeethoven.

Kubantu bakwaM. Slavic (iRussia, Poland, Czech Republic), ukuthuthukiswa kwe-wok kuyaqhubeka. izinhlobo (ikhonsathi yekwaya eRussia - MS Berezovsky, DS Bortnyansky, ezothando zansuku zonke), ama-fatherlands okuqala avela. i-opera, umhlabathi ulungiselelwa ukudalwa kwe-nat. umculo wakudala. Kulo lonke elaseYurophu. uphrof. M. polyphonic. izitayela ngokuvamile zithathelwa indawo yi-homophonic-harmonic; uhlelo lokusebenza lokuvumelana ekugcineni lwakhiwe futhi luhlanganiswe.

Ngekhulu le-19 emazweni amaningi aseYurophu naseNyakatho. IMelika iphothula izifundo zeminyuziyamu. isiko "classic". uhlobo lwe-bourgeois. Le nqubo yenzeka ngemuva nangaphansi kwethonya lentando yeningi esebenzayo yayo yonke imiphakathi. kanye nomculo. ukuphila kanye nokunqoba izithiyo zesigaba esizuzwe njengefa ku-feudalism. Kusuka kumasaluni ahlonishwayo, izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini nama-chapel, amakhonsathi amancane. amahholo ahloselwe umbuthano ovaliwe womphakathi onenhlanhla, uM. ungena endaweni enkulu (ngisho nasesigcawini), avulekele ukufinyelela kwentando yeningi. abalaleli. Kuneminyuziyamu eminingi emisha. amatiyetha, conc. izikhungo, khanyisa. izinhlangano, abashicileli bomculo, umculo. uh. izikhungo (kuhlanganise nama-conservatories asePrague, eWarsaw, eVienna, eLondon, eMadrid, eBudapest, eLeipzig, eSt. Kuvela iminyuziyamu. omagazini namaphephandaba. Inqubo yokusebenza ekugcineni ihlukanisiwe ekudaleni njengokuzimele. uhlobo lwemisebenzi yomculo, emelwe inqwaba yama-ensembles kanye nabacula ngabodwa (abadlali abavelele kakhulu bekhulu le-18 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-19: abadlali bopiyano - F. Liszt, X. Bulow, AG no-NG Rubinstein, SV Rachmaninov; - N. Paganini, A. Vieton, J. Joachim, F. Kreisler; abaculi - G. Rubini, E. Caruso, FI Chaliapin; cellist P. Casals, abaqhubi - A. Nikish, A. Toscanini). Ukunqunywa uprofesa. ubuciko ngokusebenza kanye nokukhanga izethameli eziningi kunomthelela ekuthuthukeni kwazo ngokushesha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-stratification ngayinye ye-nat. amasiko abe ngonxiwankulu abafanele kanye nentando yeningi. Ukuthengiswa komculo kuyakhula. impilo abaculi abathuthukayo abalwa nayo. I-M. ithatha indawo ebaluleke kakhulu kwezenhlalo nezombusazwe. ukuphila. Intando yeningi jikelele bese kuba uguquko lwabasebenzi. ingoma. Amasampula ayo amahle kakhulu ("International", "Red Banner", "Varshavyanka") atholwa ngamazwe ngamazwe. incazelo. Eduze kwe-nat eyakhiwe ngaphambilini. Izikole zabaqambi abasha zohlobo olusha ziyachuma: IsiRashiya (esasungulwa ngu-MI Glinka), isiPolish (F. Chopin, S. Moniuszko), isiCzech (B. Smetana, A. Dvorak), isiHungary (F. Erkel, F. Liszt) , isiNorway (E. Grieg), iSpanishi (I. Albeniz, E. Granados).

Emsebenzini womqambi wenombolo yaseYurophu. amazwe engxenyeni yokuqala. I-romanticism yekhulu le-1 iyaqinisekiswa (i-German kanye ne-Austrian M. - ETA Hoffmann, KM Weber, F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn, R. Schumann; isiFulentshi - G. Berlioz; isiHungary - uLiszt; isiPolish - Chopin , isiRashiya - AA Alyabiev, AN Verstovsky). Izici zayo zesici ku-M. (uma kuqhathaniswa ne-classicism): ukunaka okuthuthukisiwe emhlabeni wemizwa yomuntu ngamunye, ukwenziwa komuntu ngamunye kanye nokudlalwa kwezingoma zomculo, ukukhuthazwa kwendikimba yokungezwani phakathi komuntu ngamunye nomphakathi, phakathi kokuhle nokungokoqobo, kanye nesikhalo. emlandweni. (maphakathi nekhulu), izigcawu zansuku zonke nezithombe zemvelo, intshisekelo kuzwelonke, umlando. kanye nokuvela kwendawo okungokoqobo okubonisiwe, ukubonakaliswa okuphathekayo kwezwe ngesisekelo sezingoma zabantu abahlukene, ukuqiniswa kwendima yezwi, ukuqala kwengoma, kanye nemibala (ngokuvumelana nokucula), incazelo ekhululekile. yamasiko. izinhlobo namafomu nokudalwa kwezintsha (inkondlo ye-symphonic), isifiso sokuhlanganisa okuhlukahlukene kwe-M. nobunye ubuciko. Umculo ohleliwe uyathuthukiswa (ngokusekelwe ezakhiweni nezindikimba ezivela kuma-folk epos, izincwadi, imidwebo, njll.), instr. i-miniature (isandulela, isikhathi somculo, impromptu, njll.) kanye nomjikelezo wezithombe ezincane zohlelo, ezothando kanye ne-chamber wok. umjikelezo, "i-opera enkulu" yohlobo lokuhlobisa kwenganekwane nomlando. izingqikithi (France – J. Meyerbeer). E-Italy, i-opera buffa (G. Rossini) ifinyelela phezulu, nat. izinhlobo zama-opera othando (i-lyrical - V. Bellini, G. Donizetti; iqhawe - ekuqaleni kwe-G. Verdi). I-Russia yakha ezakudala zomculo kazwelonke, ithola ukubaluleka komhlaba, izinhlobo zoqobo zomlando wesintu ziyakhiwa. kanye ne-epic. ama-opera, kanye nama-symphonies. M. phezu kombhede. themes (Glinka), uhlobo lwezothando lufinyelela izinga eliphezulu lokuthuthuka, lapho izici ezingokwengqondo zivuthwa kancane kancane. kanye namaqiniso nsuku zonke (AS Dargomyzhsky).

Yonke i-R. nesitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-19 abanye abaqambi baseNtshonalanga Yurophu bayaqhubeka bethandana. isiqondiso ku-opera (R. Wagner), i-symphony (A. Bruckner, Dvorak), i-software instr. M. (Liszt, Grieg), ingoma (X. Wolf) noma bafune ukuhlanganisa izimiso zesitayela ze-romanticism kanye ne-classicism (I. Brahms). Ukugcina uthintana nesiko lothando, izindlela zangempela ziyi-Italian. i-opera (incopho yayo ingumsebenzi kaVerdi), isiFulentshi. i-opera (Ch. Gounod, J. Wiese, J. Massenet) kanye ne-ballet (L. Delibes), i-opera yesi-Polish ne-Czech (Moniuszko, Smetana). Emisebenzini eminingi yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. abaqambi (uVerdi, Bizet, Wolf, njll.), ukuthambekela kobuqiniso kuyaqina. Zizibonakalisa ngokucacile nangokubanzi ku-Russian M. yalesi sikhathi, exhunywe ngokomqondo nentando yeningi. imiphakathi. ukunyakaza nezincwadi ezithuthukisiwe (ongasekho u-Dargomyzhsky; abaqambi be-Mighty Handful ngu-MA Balakirev, AP Borodin, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov kanye no-Ts. A. Cui; PI Tchaikovsky). Ngokusekelwe ku-Russian nar. izingoma, kanye ne-M. East rus. abaqambi (uMussorgsky, Borodin noRimsky-Korsakov) bathuthukisa umculo omusha, onesigqi. kanye ne-harmonic. izimali ezicebisa kakhulu iYurophu. uhlelo lokukhathazeka.

Kusuka ku-Ser. Ikhulu le-19 eZap. E-Europe, kwakhiwa ithiyetha entsha yomculo. uhlobo – operetta (France – F. Herve, J. Offenbach, Ch. Lecoq, R. Plunket; Austria – F. Suppe, K. Millöker, J. Strauss-son, kamuva Hung. abaqambi, abameleli “neo-Viennese ” isikole sika-F. Legar kanye no-I. Kalman). Kuphrof. ubuciko bugqama bubodwa. umugqa "wokukhanya" (umdanso wansuku zonke) M. (waltzes, polkas, gallops by I. Strauss-son, E. Waldteuffel). Isigcawu sokuzijabulisa siyazalwa. M. njengozimele. imboni yomculo. ukuphila.

Ngokuvumelana. Ikhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 eYurophu Isikhathi soguquko siqala eMoscow, esihambisana nokuqala kwe-imperialism njengesigaba esiphezulu nesokugcina sobunxiwankulu. Lesi sikhathi sibonakala ngenhlekelele yedlanzana labandulele. izitayela zemibono nesitayela.

Amasiko amisiwe abuyekezwa kakhulu futhi abuyekezwe kaningi. Ngokuphathelene noshintsho esimweni esivamile "sesimo sezulu esingokomoya", izindlela ezintsha nezitayela ziyavela. Izinsiza zomculo ziyakhula. ukuzwakalisa, kukhona ukusesha okujulile kwezindlela ezikwazi ukudlulisa umbono ocijile nocolisisiwe weqiniso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthambekela komuntu ngamunye kanye ne-aestheticism kukhula, ezimweni eziningi kunengozi yokulahlekelwa isihloko esikhulu senhlalo (isimanjemanje). EJalimane nase-Austria, umugqa wothando uyaphela. i-symphony (G. Mahler, R. Strauss) nomculo uyazalwa. i-expressionism (A. Schoenberg). Amanye amathrendi amasha nawo athuthukile: eFrance, impressionism (C. Debussy, M. Ravel), e-Italy, i-verismo (ama-opera kaP. Mascagni, R. Leoncavallo, futhi, ngezinga elithile, G. Puccini). E-Russia, imigqa evela ku-"Kuchkists" ne-Tchaikovsky (SI Taneev, AK Glazunov, AK Lyadov, SV Rakhmaninov) iyaqhubeka futhi ithuthuke kancane ngasikhathi sinye. izenzakalo ezintsha nazo zivela: uhlobo lomculo. uphawu (AN Skryabin), ukwenziwa kwesimanje kwe-nar. fabulousness kanye "nobuqaba" yasendulo (ekuqaleni IF Stravinsky futhi SS Prokofiev). Izisekelo zomculo wakudala kazwelonke e-Ukraine (NV Lysenko, ND Leontovich), e-Georgia (ZP Paliashvili), Armenia (Komitas, AA Spendiarov), Azerbaijan (U. Gadzhibekov), Estonia (A. Kapp ), Latvia (J. Vitol), Lithuania (M. Čiurlionis), Finland (J. Sibelius).

Uhlelo lomculo lwaseYurophu lwakudala. ukucabanga, okusekelwe ekuvumelaneni komsebenzi omkhulu-okuncane, kunezinguquko ezijulile emsebenzini wenani labaqambi. UMnyango. ababhali, begcina isimiso se-tonality, bandise isisekelo saso besebenzisa izindlela zemvelo (diatonic) nezindlela zokwenziwa (Debussy, Stravinsky), bagcwalise ngokuguqulwa okuningi (Scriabin). Abanye ngokuvamile bayasishiya lesi simiso, baqhubekele emculweni we-athonal (Schoenberg, American C. Ive). Ukuncipha kokuxhumana kwe-harmonics kukhuthaze ukuvuselelwa kwetiyori. kanye nentshisekelo yokudala ku-polyphony (Russia - Taneyev, Germany - M. Reger).

Kusukela ngo-1917-18 umculo wonxiwankulu. isiko langena enkathini entsha yomlando walo. Ukuthuthuka kwayo kuthonywa kakhulu yizici zezenhlalo ezifana nokubandakanyeka kwezigidi zabantu kwezombusazwe. kanye nemiphakathi. impilo, ukukhula okunamandla kwenqwaba kuzokhulula. ukunyakaza, ukuvela emazweni amaningi, ngokuphambene nonxiwankulu, imiphakathi emisha. uhlelo - socialist. Kusho. umthelela esiphethweni se-M. esikhathini samanje. umphakathi wonxiwankulu nawo waba nesayensi esheshayo nezobuchwepheshe. inqubekelaphambili, eyaholela ekuveleni kwemithombo yezindaba emisha: i-cinema, umsakazo, ithelevishini, okuqoshiwe. Ngenxa yalokho, i-metaphysics isisabalele emhlabeni wonke, ingena kuzo zonke “izimbotshana” zemiphakathi. ukuphila, okugxiliswe ngosizo lwemithombo yezindaba eziningi ekuphileni kwamakhulu ezigidi zabantu. Inqwaba yabalaleli abasha abayijoyinile. Ikhono layo lokuthonya ukwazi kwamalungu omphakathi, konke ukuziphatha kwawo, liye lakhula kakhulu. Muses. ukuphila konxiwankulu abathuthukile. amazwe athola isimilo sangaphandle esinesivunguvungu, ngokuvamile esinomkhuhlane. Izimpawu zayo zaziwubuningi bemikhosi nemincintiswano, ehambisana ne-hype yokukhangisa, ushintsho olusheshayo lwemfashini, i-kaleidoscope yemizwa edalwe ngokwenziwa.

Emazweni onxiwankulu, amasiko amabili agqama ngokucace nakakhulu, aphikisana ngemibono yawo. iziqondiso komunye nomunye: onxiwankulu kanye nentando yeningi (kuhlanganise socialist. izakhi). Burzh. isiko livela ngezindlela ezimbili: elite kanye "nobuningi". Esokuqala salokhu siphambene nentando yeningi; imvamisa iphika usonxiwankulu. indlela yokuphila futhi ugxeka onxiwankulu. ukuziphatha, nokho, kuphela ezikhundleni zonxiwankulu abancane. ubuntu. Burzh. Isiko elithi “iMisa” liyintando yeningi-mbumbulu futhi empeleni lisebenzela izintshisekelo zokubusa, izigaba, ukuphazamisa uquqaba emzabalazweni wamalungelo abo. Ukuthuthuka kwayo kungaphansi kwemithetho ye-capitalism. ukukhiqizwa kwempahla. Kudalwe yonke "imboni" yesisindo esincane, iletha inzuzo enkulu kubanikazi bayo; I-M. isetshenziswa kakhulu emsebenzini wayo omusha wokukhangisa. Isiko lomculo wentando yeningi limelelwa imisebenzi yabaculi abaningi abathuthukayo abalwela ukuvinjwa. icala eliqinisekisa imibono yesintu nobuzwe. Izibonelo zesiko elinjalo, ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yeshashalazi yomculo. kanye ne-conc. izinhlobo, izingoma eziningi zoguquko. ukunyakaza kanye nomzabalazo wokulwa nobufascist weminyaka yama-1920-40s. (Germany -X. Eisler), yesimanje. izingoma zokubhikisha zezombusazwe. Ekuthuthukisweni kwayo, kanye no-prof. Izixuku ezibanzi zochwepheshe abancane kanye nezimfundamakhwela ziye zadlala futhi zisaqhubeka nokubamba indima enkulu njengabaculi.

Ngekhulu lama-20 lokusungula komqambi kunxiwankulu. amazwe ahlukaniswa ngokuhlukahluka okungakaze kubonwe kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwezitayela zesitayela. I-Expressionism ifinyelela umvuthwandaba wayo, obonakala ngokwenqaba okungokoqobo okungokoqobo, ukuzithoba okuphakeme, nokuqina kwemizwelo (Isikole SaseViennese—iSchoenberg nabafundi bakhe u-A. Berg no-A. Webern, kanye nomqambi ongumNtaliyane uL. Dallapiccola—bathuthukise incwadi elawulwa ngokuqinile uhlelo lwe-atonal melodic dodecaphony). I-Neoclassicism isakazeka kabanzi, ibonakala ngesifiso sokubalekela ukuphikisana okungenakuqhathaniswa kwesimanje. imiphakathi. ukuphila emhlabeni wezithombe neminyuziyamu. izinhlobo zekhulu le-16-18th, i-rationalism isho ngokuqinile (i-Stravinsky ngeminyaka yama-20-50; iJalimane - P. Hindemith; i-Italy - O. Respighi, F. Malipiero, A. Casella). Umthelela walezi zinkambiso ngokwezinga elithile noma kwelinye waphinde wabonwa ngabanye abaqambi abakhulu, okwathi, bebonke, nokho, bakwazi ukunqoba ukulinganiselwa kwemisinga ngenxa yokuxhumana kwabo nentando yeningi. futhi namaqiniso. izitayela zenkathi futhi kusukela Nar. ubuhlakani (iHungary – B. Bartok, Z. Kodai; France – A. Honegger, F. Poulenc, D. Millau; Germany – K. Orff; Poland – K. Shimanovsky; Czechoslovakia – L. Janacek, B. Martinu; Romania – J. Enescu, Great Britain – B. Britten).

Ngama-50s. kukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene zomculo. avant-garde (Germany – K. Stockhausen; France – P. Boulez, J. Xenakis; USA – J. Cage; Italy – L. Berio, partly L. Nono, who standspartly because of his advanced political positions), ephule ngokuphelele nge-classical. amasiko kanye nokuhlakulela umculo othize (i-montage yomsindo), umculo we-elekthronikhi (ukuhlanganiswa kwemisindo etholwe ngobuciko), i-sonorism (i-montage yemisindo ehlukene yomculo wezinsimbi ezingavamile), i-aleatorics (inhlanganisela yemisindo ehlukene noma izingxenye zefomu lomculo ngomgomo wenhlanhla ). I-Avant-gardism, njengomthetho, iveza isimo se-petty-bourgeois emsebenzini. ubuntu, i-anarchism noma i-aestheticism eyinkimbinkimbi.

Isici sesici somhlaba we-M. 20th century. - ukuvuselwa impilo entsha kanye nokukhula okujulile kwama-muses. amasiko amazwe asathuthuka e-Asia, Afrika, Lat. IMelika, ukuxhumana kwabo kanye nokusondelana namasiko aseYurophu. uhlobo. Lezi zinqubo zihambisana nomzabalazo obukhali wabaculi abathuthukayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokumelene namathonya okulinganisa aseNtshonalanga Yurophu. kanye naseNyakatho Melika. i-elitist kanye ne-pseudo-mass M., etheleleke nge-cosmopolitanism, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokumelene nama-reactionaries. izitayela zokongiwa kwemvelo nat. amasiko ngendlela engenakunyakaziswa. Kula masiko, amazwe e-socialism asebenza njengesibonelo sokuxazulula inkinga yezwe kanye nezwe lonke eMoldova.

Ngemva kokunqoba kwe-Great October Socialist. uguquko ezweni laseSoviet (ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili ka-2-1939 kanye nakwamanye amazwe amaningi aqala indlela ye-socialism), kwasungulwa umculo womculo. isiko lohlobo olusha ngokuyisisekelo—i-socialist. Ihlukaniswa ngentando yeningi ngokungaguquki, umlingiswa wezwe lonke. Inethiwekhi ebanzi futhi ehlanganisiwe yomculo womphakathi idaliwe emazweni e-socialist. izikhungo (amathiyetha, imiphakathi ye-philharmonic, izikhungo zemfundo, njll.), amaqembu e-opera namakhonsathi enza umculo nobuhle. ukukhanyiselwa kanye nemfundo yabantu bonke. Ngokusebenzisana no-prof. icala ukuthuthukisa umculo mass. ubuhlakani kanye nokusebenza ngezindlela zokudlalwa kwezingane ezisanda kuzalwa kanye nenganekwane. Zonke izizwe nezizwe, kuhlanganisa. futhi wayengenawo umculo obhaliwe ngaphambilini. amasiko, bathole ithuba lokuveza ngokugcwele nokuthuthukisa izici zangempela zabantu babo. M. futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo bajoyine izindawo eziphakeme zomhlaba u-prof. ubuciko, ukwazi kahle izinhlobo ezifana ne-opera, i-ballet, i-symphony, i-oratorio. Amasiko omculo kazwelonke asebenzelana ngenkuthalo, eshintshisana ngabasebenzi, imibono yokudala kanye nempumelelo, okuholela ekuhlanganeni kwabo okuseduze.

Indima ehamba phambili emculweni womhlaba. bathi ngekhulu lama-20. eyezikhova. M. Abaqambi abaningi abavelele bagqama (kuhlanganise namaRussia - N. Ya. Myaskovsky, Yu. A. Shaporin, SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, V. Ya. Shebalin, DB Kabalevsky, TN Khrennikov, GV Sviridov, RK Shchedrin; Tatar – N. Zhiganov; Dagestan – G. Gasanov, Sh. Chalaev; Ukrainian – LN Revutsky, BN Lyatoshinsky; Belarusian – EK Tikotsky, AV Bogatyrev, Georgian – Sh. Harutyunyan, AA Babadzhanyan, EM Mirzoyan; Azerbaijani – K. Karaev, F. . Amirov; Kazakh – EG Brusilovsky, M. Tulebaev; Uzbek – M. Burkhanov; Turkmen – V. Mukhatov; Estonian – E. Kapp, G. Ernesaks, E. Tamberg; Latvian – J. Ivanov, M. Zarin; Lithuanian – B. Dvarionas, E. Balsis), kanye nabadlali (EA Mravinsky, EP Svetlanov, GN Rozhdestvensky, KN Igumnov, VV Sofronitsky, ST Richter, EG Gilels, DF Oistrakh, LB Kogan, LV Sobinov, AV Nezhdan ova, IS Kozlovsky , S. Ya. Lemeshev, ZA Dolukhanova), izazi zomculo (BV Asafiev) kanye nomunye umculo. izibalo.

I-Ideological kanye ne-aesthetic. isisekelo sezikhova. Izibalo zakhiwe izimiso zokuchema nobuzwe kwezobuciko, indlela yobuqiniso bezenhlalakahle, ehlinzeka ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo, izitayela, kanye nokuziphatha komuntu ngamunye. Ezikhovaneni uM. wathola impilo entsha, amasiko amaningi. izinhlobo zomculo. I-Opera, i-ballet, i-symphony, egcina okwakudala. Ifomu elikhulu, eliyisikhumbuzo (elilahlekile kakhulu eNtshonalanga), lavuselelwa ngaphakathi ngaphansi kwethonya lezindikimba zenguquko nezesimanjemanje. Ngesisekelo soguquko lomlando. futhi abantu-abathanda izwe. indaba ephathwayo iqhakazile ikwaya. futhi wok.-symp. M. (oratorio, cantata, poem). Izikhova. izinkondlo (kanye nezakudala nezamasiko) zikhuthaze ukuthuthuka kohlobo lwezothando. Uhlobo olusha uprofesa. ubuciko bokuqamba kwakuyingoma - mass and nsuku zonke (AV Aleksandrov, AG Novikov, AA Davidenko, Dm. Ya. noDan. Ya. Pokrassy, ​​​​IO Dunaevsky, VG Zakharov, MI Blanter, VP Solovyov-Sedoy, VI Muradeli, BA Mokrousov, AI Ostrovsky, AN Pakhmutova, AP Petrov). Izikhova. ingoma yadlala indima enkulu empilweni nasemzabalazweni kaNar. uquqaba futhi waba nethonya elinamandla kwamanye amamuse. izinhlobo. Kuwo wonke ama-muses. amasiko abantu base-USSR bathola yesimanje. ukuphikiswa nokuthuthukiswa kwesiko lezinganekwane, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ngesisekelo se-socialist. okuqukethwe kwacetshiswa futhi kwaguqulwa nat. izitayela ezithathe amaphimbo amaningi amasha nezinye izindlela eziveza imizwa.

Kusho. impumelelo ekwakhiweni komculo. Amasiko aye azuzwa nakwamanye amazwe ezenhlalakahle, lapho abaqambi abaningi abavelele baye basebenza futhi basaqhubeka nokusebenza (GDR—H. Eisler noP. Dessau; Poland—V. Lutoslawski; Bulgaria—P. Vladigerov noL. Pipkov; Hungary—Z . Kodály, F. Sabo, Czechoslovakia – V. Dobiash, E. Suchon).

References: I-Serov AN, Umculo, isayensi yomculo, i-pedagogy yomculo, i-Epoch, i-1864, i-6, i-12; khipha kabusha - Fav. izihloko, vol. 2, M., 1957; I-Asafiev B., Ifomu lomculo njengenqubo, incwadi. 1, L., 1928, incwadi. 2, M., 1947 (izincwadi 1 no-2 ndawonye) L., 1971; Kushnarev X., Enkingeni yokuhlaziya umculo. isebenza, “SM”, 1934, No 6; Gruber R., Umlando Wamasiko omculo, vol. 1, ingxenye 1, M., 1941; Shostakovich D., Yazi futhi uthande umculo, M., 1958; Kulakovsky L., Umculo njengobuciko, M., 1960; Ordzhonikidze G., Embuzweni wokucaciswa komculo. ukucabanga, ngoSat: Questions of Musicology, vol. 3, M., 1960; Ryzhkin I., Inhloso yomculo kanye namathuba ayo, M., 1962; yakhe, Kwezinye izici ezibalulekile zomculo, ngo-Sat.: Izindatshana zobuhle, M., 1962; iphimbo nesithombe somculo. Sat. izihloko, ed. Ihlelwe ngu-BM Yarustovsky. Moscow, 1965. Kon Yu., Mayelana nodaba lomqondo "wolimi lomculo", eqoqweni: Kusukela kuLully kuze kube namuhla, M., 1967; Mazel L., Zuckerman V., Ukuhlaziywa komsebenzi womculo. Izici zomculo nezindlela zokuhlaziya amafomu amancane, ingxenye 1, M., 1967; Konen V., Theatre and Symphony, M., 1975; Uifalushi Y., Logic of musical reflection. I-eseyi ngezinkinga zayo, “Imibuzo Yefilosofi”, 1968, No. 11; Sohor A., ​​Umculo njengendlela yobuciko, M., 1970; eyakhe, Umculo nomphakathi, M., 1972; yakhe, iSociology and musical culture, M., 1975; Lunacharsky AV, Emhlabeni womculo, M., 1971; U-Kremlev Yu., Ama-Essays on the aesthetics of music, M., 1972: Mazel L., Izinkinga zokuvumelana kwakudala, M., 1972 (Isingeniso); Nazaikinsky E., On the psychology of musical perception, M., 1972; Izinkinga zokucabanga komculo. Sat. izihloko, ed. MG Aranovsky, M., 1974.

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