Imfundo yomculo |

Inqubo yokuthola ulwazi, amakhono namakhono adingekayo emsebenzini womculo, kanye nengqikithi yolwazi namakhono ahlobene namakhono atholwe ngenxa yokuqeqeshwa. Ngaphansi kwe-M. o. ngokuvamile baqonde yona kanye uhlelo lokuhlela iminyuziyamu. ukufunda. Indlela eyinhloko yokuthola i-M. o. – ukulungiselela ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukathisha, ezikhathini eziningi ku-akhawunti. isikhungo. Indima ebalulekile ingadlalwa ngokuzifundisa, kanye nokulinganisa ulwazi namakhono ohlelweni luka-prof. ukuzijwayeza umculo noma uhlanganyele emisebenzini eyimfundamakhwela. ukwenza umculo. Hlukanisa uM. mayelana. jikelele, okunikeza ulwazi, amakhono namakhono ngezinga elidingekayo emisebenzini yabafundi abasafufusa noma ekuboneni umculo kuphela, kanye noM. o. ekhethekile, elungiselela u-prof. umsebenzi (ukuqamba, ukwenza, ezesayensi, ezokufundisa). M. o. kungaba okuyinhloko (okuphansi), okuphakathi nangaphezulu, ukusika cishe kuwo wonke amazwe kukhethekile. uhlamvu. I-didactic evamile. umgomo wokukhulisa imfundo nawo uhlobene ngqo noM. o. futhi ibonakala kokuqukethwe kwayo, izindlela kanye nezinhlobo zenhlangano. Okujwayelekile nokukhethekile M. o. iphakamisa ubumbano lwemfundo yomculo nomculo. imfundo: hhayi kuphela uthisha womculo imfundo evamile. izikole, ukufundisa izingane futhi abanike imfundo yomculo jikelele, abafundisa ngokusebenzisa umculo futhi kuholela ukuqonda kwawo, kodwa uthisha Prof. izikole zomculo zanoma yiliphi izinga, ezethula ikusasa lomculo. isibalo olwazini olukhethekile namakhono, ngesikhathi esifanayo wakha ubuntu bakhe - umbono wezwe, ubuhle kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha, intando kanye nomlingiswa.

M. o. - isigaba somlando, futhi emphakathini wekilasi - okomlando wekilasi. Imigomo, okuqukethwe, izinga, izindlela kanye nenhlangano. M. amafomu mayelana. kunqunywa ngokushintsha kuwo wonke umlando wamamyuziyamu. isiko, ubudlelwano bomphakathi, nat. ukucacisa, indima yomculo. art-va empilweni yalo mphakathi, muz.-aesthetic. imibono, isitayela somculo. ubuciko, izinhlobo ezikhona zomculo. imisebenzi, imisebenzi eyenziwa abaculi, evelele pedagogical jikelele. imibono kanye nezinga lokuthuthukiswa kwamamuse. i-pedagogy. uhlamvu M. mayelana. nangenxa yeminyaka yomfundi, amakhono akhe, uhlobo lomculo. imisebenzi abamlungiselela yona, nabanye abaningi. omunye umculo. Ukufundisa kwengane kwakhiwe ngendlela ehlukile kweyomuntu omdala, futhi ukudlala, sithi, ivayolini kuhlukile kunokudlala upiyano. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokuvamile kubonakala emculweni wesimanje ohamba phambili. I-Pedagogy (kuwo wonke umehluko ongenakulinganiswa ezinhlotsheni nezindlela zayo) yizimiso ezimbili: jikelele M. o. ayikwazi futhi akufanele ithathelwe indawo ekhethekile (lapho ngokuvamile kugcizelelwa khona ekufundiseni amakhono obuchwepheshe, ukubamba ukwaziswa komculo nethiyori, njll.); umculo jikelele. ukukhuliswa nokuqeqeshwa yileso sisekelo esiyisibopho lapho kudingekile ukwakha okukhethekile. M. o.

Ezigabeni zokuqala zokuthuthukiswa komphakathi wesintu, lapho kwakungekho umsebenzi okhethekile womculi futhi wonke amalungu eqembu lezizwe ngokwabo adala ukukhiqiza-umlingo wakudala. izenzo zeqhwa futhi bazenze ngokwabo, iminyuziyamu. amakhono, ngokusobala, awazange afundiswe ngokuqondile, futhi athathwa ngabancane kubadala. Esikhathini esizayo, umculo nomlingo. imisebenzi yathathwa ama-shaman nabaholi bezizwe, ngaleyo ndlela kwabeka isisekelo sokuhlukana ngezikhathi ezalandela ze-syncretic. ubuciko. umsebenzi, lapho umculi wayekhona ngesikhathi esifanayo. umdansi kanye nomculi wezingoma. Lapho ubuciko. isiko, ngisho nasezimweni zomphakathi pre-class, ifinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa, kwakudingeka ekhethekile. ukufunda. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, kufakazelwa amaqiniso ahlobene nemiphakathi. izimpilo zamaNdiya aseNyakatho. IMelika ngaphambi kokwenziwa kwamakoloni ngabaseYurophu: phakathi kwabomdabu baseNyakatho. EMelika, kwakukhona imali yokufundisa izingoma ezintsha (kusuka ezwini); izakhamuzi zasendulo zaseMexico zazinemfundo yomculo. izikhungo zokufundisa izingoma nemidanso, futhi abantu basePeru basendulo babefundisa ukuphindaphinda okumnandi kwe-epich. izinganekwane. Cishe ngesikhathi lapho empucukweni yezwe lasendulo isiko-inkolo, isigodlo, ezempi yaqala ukuhlukaniswa ngokucacile. kanye nomculo wehalananda futhi lapho usungulwa ngo-dec. izinhlobo zabaculi abame emazingeni ahlukene omphakathi (abaculi basethempelini abaholwa umpristi-umculi; abaculi basesigodlweni abadumisa unkulunkulu-inkosi; impi. abaculi bomoya nabashaywayo, ngezinye izikhathi bamazinga aphezulu ezempi; ekugcineni, abaculi, ngokuvamile ezulazula, bacula futhi badlala ngesikhathi bunks. imikhosi nemikhosi yomndeni), faka ulwazi lokuqala olusabalele mayelana no-M. obakhathalelayo. Ezindala kuzo zingabaseGibhithe, lapho ekupheleni kwenkathi yoMbuso Omdala (c. 2500 BC. e.) i-adv. abaculi baphumelele ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile, futhi kamuva, phakathi nenkathi yobukhosi be-XII boMbuso Ophakathi (2000-1785), abapristi, behlulela ngezithombe ezisekhona, basebenza njengabafundisi ababefundisa ukucula behambisana ne-zither, beshaya izandla futhi beshaya isitembu. . Kucatshangwa ukuthi iMemphis yayigxile kakhulu ezikoleni lapho kufundwa khona umculo wenkolo nowezwe. E-China yasendulo ngekhulu le-11-3rd. BC. u-er ngesikhathi seZhou. mayelana., to-roe wathumela okukhethekile. umnyango wesigodlo ngaphansi kokuqondisa kombusi, wadlala indima evelele ekuphileni komphakathi futhi wahlanganisa ch. hlela. ukuthi abafana bafundiswa ukucula, ukudlala izinsimbi nokudansa. IGreece yayingelinye lamazwe okuqala lapho banamathisele ukubaluleka okukhulu kangaka kwezenhlalo-politiki. ohlangothini lomculo, "i-ethos" yayo nalapho ama-muses. ukuqeqeshwa kwalandela ngokusobala ipolitiki nezimiso zokuziphatha. fundisa. imigomo. Kuyamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi umsuka wesiGreki uM. obakhathalelayo. zasungulwa esiqhingini saseKrethe, lapho abafana bamakilasi amahhala bafunda khona ukucula, instr. umculo nama-gymnastics, okwakubhekwa njengohlobo oluthile lobunye. Ngo-7 ku. BC. u-er esinye isiqhingi saseGreece, iLesvos, “sasiyindawo yokulondoloza imvelo eqhubekayo.” Lapha, eholwa nguTerpander, owaphelelisa i-kithara, kwakhiwa isikole se-kitfareds kanye nezisekelo zobuciko be-prof. i-kyfaristics, ie ikhono lokuphimisa ngokuphindaphinda umbhalo, ukucula nokuphelezela. Ubuciko be-aeds (abahlabeleli-ababalisi), ababeyingxenye yomhlangano wokucobelelana ngolwazi lwezingcweti eGrisi lasendulo futhi ababengabagcini bamasiko athile omlomo, badluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. UM. obakhathalelayo. I-aeda yayihlanganisa ukuthi uthisha (ngokuvamile ubaba) wayefundisa umfana ukudlala i-cithara, ukulinganisa ukuphindaphinda komculo, nemithetho yezinkondlo. versification futhi wadlulisela kuye inani elithile lezingoma eziqanjwe uthisha ngokwakhe noma ezehlele kuye ngokwesiko. E-Sparta, ngendlela yayo yokuphila kanye nesimo. ukwengamela inqubekelaphambili yezemfundo, khwaya. ukucula kwakubhekwa njengohlangothi oludingekayo lwemfundo yezinsizwa, okwakudingeka ngezikhathi ezithile zicule emiphakathini nasemikhosini. E-Athene, ohlelweni lwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi. imfundo yomculo, abafana bafunda phakathi kwabanye. izifundo nomculo, nokufundisa kwakuhlobene eduze nokuthathwa kwezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zesiGreki. izincwadi kanye ne-didactic. izinkondlo. Ngokuvamile, kuze kube yiminyaka engu-14, abafana babedlala i-cithara ezikoleni ezikhokhelwayo ezizimele futhi benolwazi lobuciko be-citharistics. I-monochord yayisetshenziselwa ukucwenga izikhawu nezinkundla. ithonya elikhulu emculweni. ukuqeqeshwa eGreece kwakwenziwa ngomculo nangobuhle. kanye nemibono yokufundisa kaPlato no-Aristotle. UPlato wayekholelwa ukuthi “imfundo yomculo” itholwa yiwo wonke umuntu osemusha nokuthi akufanele futhi kungabi khona umbuzo ngomculo womfundi noma ukungewona umculo. Ulwazi mayelana noM. obakhathalelayo. kuDkt. IRoma iyindlala kakhulu. T. ngoba iRoma yaba kwezombangazwe. isikhungo ekhulwini lesi-2. BC. e., ngesikhathi sokudlondlobala kwe-Hellenistic. impucuko, bese kuba umculo wamaRoma. isiko futhi, ngokusobala, i-Roman M. obakhathalelayo. yathuthukiswa ngaphansi kwethonya elaziwayo lobuGreki. Nokho, umculo ngokuvamile uye wabhekwa njengowesayensi. isiyalo, ngaphandle kwezixhumanisi zayo eziqondile nempilo, futhi lokhu bekungeke kuthinte ukufunda. Ukuzalwa Okujabulisayo. izinhlangothi, M. obakhathalelayo.

Uhlangothi lokuziphatha lwemfundo yomculo, olwaluphambili kumaGreki asendulo, lwaluthola ukunakwa okuncane kakhulu phakathi noMbuso WaseRoma.

Eminyakeni yomculo wasendulo nowakudala wenkathi ephakathi. isiko ladalwa yizibalo ezazimi emazingeni ahlukene esigaba senhlalakahle: abaculi-ababhali nabaculi-abasebenza ngezinsimbi (ama-cantors nabadlali bezinsimbi, ikakhulukazi abahlabeleli) abahlotshaniswa nesonto nomculo wehlelo, ama-troubadour nabaculi basezimayini, adv. abaculi, amabhadi-babalisi, izintaba. abadlali bezinsimbi zomoya, abahlaza namagoliyadi, ama-spielman nama-minstrels, njll. Lawa maqembu ahlukahlukene, avame ukuphikisa, abaculi abangochwepheshe (kanye nabaculi abayizimfundamakhwela abahlonishwayo, ngokweminyuziyamu yabo. ukulungiselela, ngezinye izikhathi kungabi ngaphansi kochwepheshe) enolwazi namakhono ngezindlela ezahlukene: abanye - ekuculeni. izikole (isib. hlela. ezindlini zezindela nasemabhishobhi), futhi kusukela ngekhulu le-13. kanye namabhuzu oboya obuphakeme, abanye - ezimweni zama-muses. ukuqeqeshwa esitolo kanye nokusebenza ngqo. ukudluliswa kwamasiko kusuka ku-master kuya kubafundi. Ezigodlweni zezindela, ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi ezaziyisizinda semfundo yamaGreki namaRoma, zazifunda kanye nesiGreki. futhi lat. izilimi nezibalo, umculo. I-monastic, futhi ngandlela-thile kamuva, amakwaya esonto lombhishobhi. izikole bekuyi-foci prof. UM. o., futhi iningi lama-muses avelele aphuma ezindongeni zalezi zikole. izibalo zangaleso sikhathi. Omunye wabaculi ababaluleke kakhulu. izikole kwakuyi-"Schola Cantorum" enkantolo yamapapa eRome (isisekelo cishe. 600, ehlelwe kabusha ngo-1484), eyasebenza njengemodeli ye-accounting. izikhungo ezifanayo. bhala emadolobheni aseZap. IYurophu (eziningi zazo zafinyelela izinga eliphezulu, ikakhulukazi izikole zaseSoissons naseMetz). Izindlela zokufundisa zamakhwaya. ukucula kuncike ekufanisweni kwezingoma ngendlebe. Uthisha wasebenzisa izindlela ze-cheironomy: ukunyakaza kwezwi phezulu naphansi kwakuboniswa ukunyakaza okunemibandela kwesandla neminwe. Ukuze ukwazi ulwazi lwetiyetha bekukhona okukhethekile. ezintathu. amamanyuwali abhalwe ngesandla, ngokuvamile abe ngendlela yezingxoxo phakathi kukathisha nomfundi (ngokwesibonelo, incwadi. "Dialogue de musica" - "Izingxoxo ngomculo", ezishiwo ngu-O. von Saint-Maur); zazivame ukufundwa ngekhanda. Ukuze kucace, kwasetshenziswa izibalo namathebula. Njengasendulo, i-monochord yayichaza izikhawu phakathi kwemisindo. Izindlela zomculo. imfundo yaba nezinguquko ezithile ngemva kokuguqulwa kukaGuido d'Arezzo (ikhulu le-11), okwakha isisekelo sesimanje. ukubhala komculo; wethula isigxobo esinemigqa emine, amagama abhalwe izihluthulelo, kanye namagama ohlelo. izinyathelo zezinyathelo eziyisithupha fret. Kusukela cishe nge-10 c. izikole zezindela ukugxila ch. hlela. ekwenzeni umkhuba wokuhlabelela futhi ulahlekelwe isithakazelo emculweni nesayensi. imfundo. Yize besaqhubeka nokubamba isikhundla sokuhola esontweni lomculo iminyaka eminingi ezayo. ukukhanyiselwa, isinyathelo kancane kancane emkhakheni wokuthuthukiswa kweminyuziyamu. amasiko, ikakhulukazi o., uya ezikoleni zesonto. Lapha, ukuthambekela okwanda njalo (ikakhulukazi ekhulwini le-12) kuvezwa ukuhlanganisa umculo-wethiyori. imfundo ngokwenza, ukwenza nokuqamba. Esinye sezikhungo zothisha ezihamba phambili zalolu hlobo kwakuyisikole saseCathedral of Notre Dame (Paris), esasisebenza njengesibonelo samamitha azayo. Ehhashini. 12 ku. eParis, kwavela “inhlangano yasenyuvesi” yongoti nabafundi, eyabeka isisekelo seNyuvesi yaseParis (main. 1215). Kuyo, ku-faculty of art, kanye nokuthuthukiswa komculo wesonto. impilo yansuku zonke yafundwa ngaphakathi kohlaka "lwezobuciko zamahhala eziyisikhombisa" nomculo. Ngokuvumelana nemibono eyayivamile ngaleyo minyaka eYurophu, ukunakwa okukhulu kunakhokhwa kwezesayensi nethiyori. uhlangothi, olucatshangelwa ngomoya wemfundiso yenkolo, i-rationalism engabonakali. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amalungu e-corporation yasenyuvesi, ngezinye izikhathi hhayi nje kuphela abaculi bethiyori, kodwa futhi abenzi (abaculi nabaqambi), babesondelene kakhulu nomculo wansuku zonke. Lokhu kuphinde kwaba nomthelela emculweni. ukufunda. Ngekhulu le-12-14. amabhuzu oboya aphakeme, lapho kwafundwa khona umculo. isayensi, kwavela kwamanye amadolobha aseNtshonalanga Yurophu: eCambridge (1129), Oxford (1163), Prague (1348), Krakow (1364), Vienna (1365), Heidelberg (1386). Kwezinye zazo, umculo-theory. ukuhlolwa kwakudingeka kuma-bachelor's kanye neziqu ze-master's. Uthisha omkhulu wasenyuvesi-umculi wale nkathi kwakungu-I. Muris, ulwazi lwemisebenzi okwathi iminyaka eminingi kubhekwa njengesibopho eYurophu. un-tah NgeNkathi Ephakathi. UM. obakhathalelayo. kwakubuye kube yisici: umculo ojulile, ongewona owomculo. ukuqeqeshwa, eyayivame ukuthola intsha knightly, ezikoleni ezigodlweni zezindela kanye Catholic. amathempeli, ezinkantolo, kanye nenqubo yokwazana phakathi nohambo nemikhankaso enamamyuziyamu angaphandle. amasiko; ukuqeqeshwa okungokoqobo kwabadlali bezinsimbi (ch. hlela. amacilongo, ama-trombonist kanye nama-violist) ngaphansi kwezimo ezathuthukiswa ngekhulu le-13. izinkampani zemisebenzi yezandla zabaculi, lapho ubunjalo nobude besikhathi somsebenzi nabaculi bangomuso kwanqunywa ngemithetho ekhethekile yomhlangano wokucobelelana ngolwazi eyakhiwe phakathi namashumi eminyaka; ukuqeqeshwa kwabaculi abaqeqeshiwe be-instrumental kanye nabahlabeleli besonto (izindlela zamuva zenziwa kabanzi ngekhulu le-15.

Ku-Renaissance, iminyuziyamu ehamba phambili. izibalo ziphikisana nemfundo yethiyori yomculo nasemculweni. ukufunda, bheka incazelo yezifundo zomculo ekusebenzeni. ukwenza umculo (ekuhlanganiseni umculo nokwenza), yenza imizamo yokuvumelanisa ithiyori nokuzijwayeza ekufanisweni kwamamuse. ulwazi kanye nokutholwa kwamakhono, abakufunayo emculweni ngokwawo nasemculweni. ukufunda ikhono lokuhlanganisa ubuhle. kanye nesiqalo sokuziphatha (isimiso esibolekwe kubuhle basendulo). Mayelana nalo mugqa ojwayelekile wamamuse. I-Pedagogy ifakazelwa nawukujwayela okungokoqobo kwenani le-uch. izincwadi ezishicilelwe ngo-con. 15 - cela. Ikhulu le-16 (ngaphezu kwencwadi eshiwo Pauman), - imisebenzi yamaFulentshi. usosayensi uN. Vollik (ngokuhlangene nothisha wakhe uM. Schanpecher), isiJalimane - I. Kohleus, owamelana nenani lezinhlelo, iSwitzerland - G. Glarean, njll.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-M. obakhathalelayo. Uhlelo lwe-notation yomculo olunembile futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo oluguquguqukayo, olwakhiwa nge-Renaissance, kanye nokuqala kokuphawula komculo kwaba nesandla kulokhu. Umculo oguquliwe. ukubhala nokushicilelwa komculo okuphrintiwe. amarekhodi nezincwadi ezinezibonelo zomculo zakha izimfuneko ezasiza kakhulu iminyuziyamu. ukufundisa nokudluliswa komculo. isipiliyoni ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Imizamo yomculo. i-pedagogy yayihloselwe ukwakhiwa kohlobo olusha lomculi, kancane kancane ithola isikhundla esiphambili emculweni. isiko, - umculi osebenzayo ofundile, owathuthuka ekwayeni kusukela ebuntwaneni. ukucula, ukudlala isitho, njll. izinsimbi zeqhwa (ezilokhu zikhula, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngekhulu le-16, inani le-instr. umculo uthinte ukufunda), emculweni. ithiyori kanye ne-art-ve yokuqamba umculo kanye ne-to-ry kamuva kwaqhubeka nokuzibandakanya ezinhlobonhlobo ze-prof. umsebenzi weqhwa. Ubungcweti obuncane kwesimanje. ukuqonda, njengomthetho, kwakungekhona: umculi, ngesidingo, kwakudingeka akwazi ukusuka kolunye uhlobo lomsebenzi aye kolunye, futhi ubuciko bokuqamba umculo nokuthuthukiswa eminyakeni lapho ukuqamba kwakungazimele. umsebenzi, wonke umuntu uthola i-M. obakhathalelayo. Ukwakhiwa kohlobo olusha lomculi wephrofayili ebanzi kwaholela ekusungulweni kwezikole zomculo. amakhono, ngesikhathi esifanayo lezi zikole ngokwazo zihola ngezindlela. abalingiswa beqhwa baba nesandla ekwakhiweni kwabaculi abakhokhelwayo. Lezi zikole ngazinye, ezisingathwa ngezikhathi zomlando ezihlukene nasemazweni ahlukene zihlukile. amafomu enhlangano, ngokuvamile adalwe ezikhungweni ezinkulu, lapho kwakukhona izimo zokuqeqeshwa nokusebenza. imisebenzi yabaculi abasebasha. Kwezinye izikole, kwakugcizelelwa i-encyclopedia. imfundo ye-theorist yomculo kanye nomkhuba wokubhala, kwezinye (ikakhulukazi ekhulwini le-18) - kwezobuciko bokwenza (phakathi kwabaculi, isibonelo, kanye nokwakhiwa kwekhono le-virtuoso). Phakathi kwabaculi abaqavile abasungula lezi zikole kubalwa nedlanzana lamagama akwaG. Dufa, X. Isaka, Orlando Lasso, A. Willart kanye no-J. I-Tsarlino (ikhulu le-15-16) kuya ku-J. B. Martini, F. E. Baha, N. I-Popora kanye no-J. Tartini (ngekhulu le-18). Izikole zomculo. ubungcweti badalwa ngokusondelene nenye noma enye. isiko ice, Nokho, umthelela lezi kazwelonke. izikole zokufundisa umculo uDkt. amazwe ayebaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuvamile umsebenzi, isb, niderl. othisha baqhubeka eJalimane, isiJalimane - eFrance, nesiFulentshi., Niderl. noma yona. abaculi abasebasha baphothula uM. obakhathalelayo. e-Italy noma eSwitzerland, njll. obakhathalelayo. impumelelo yezikole ngazinye yaba i-pan-European. commons. Inhlangano yomculo. ukufunda kwenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu (ikakhulukazi eFrance naseNetherlands) i-metriza. Kulesi sikole somculi ngaphansi kwamathempeli amaKhatholika ngokuhlelekile. ukufundisa abafana umculo (ukucula, ukudlala isitho, ithiyori) kanye ngesikhathi esifanayo. izifundo zemfundo jikelele zaziphathwa kusukela esemncane. Kusho inombolo yongcweti abakhulu be-polyphonic bekhulu le-15-17. wathola uM. obakhathalelayo. ku-metriza, eyayikhona kwaze kwaba yiGreat French. revolution (eFrance kuphela ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ngu. 400 m). Izikole ezifanayo ngohlobo zazikhona nakwamanye amazwe (ngokwesibonelo, isikole eSontweni Lombhishobhi laseSeville). E-Italy, ezindlini zezintandane (conservatorio), lapho kwathathwa khona abafana abanesiphiwo somculo (Naples) namantombazane (Venice), ngekhulu le-16. kwakukhona amaqhwa akhethekile amathathu. izikhungo (bona i-Conservatory). Ngaphezu kwamakhaya ezintandane “anokuchema komculo” e-Italy, kwasungulwa amanye. izikole zomculo. Izingcweti ezivelele zifundise kwezinye ze-conservatories nezikole (A. Scarlatti, A. Vivaldi nabanye). Ngo-18 ku. Udumo lwe-All-European lwajatshulelwa yiPhilharmonic Academy eBologna (bona. I-Bologna Philharmonic Academy), ilungu kanye nomholi wangempela weqembu kwakungu-J. B. Martini. Umculo. ukuqeqeshwa kwaqhubeka ngezicathulo ezinoboya obuphakeme; Nokho, emazweni ahlukene kwenziwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Umkhuba ojwayelekile uyisici: ukufundiswa komculo ngekhulu le-15-16. kancane kancane wakhululwa esikoleni, futhi umculo uqala ukufundwa hhayi kuphela njengesayensi, kodwa futhi njengobuciko. Ngakho, uthisha wasenyuvesi uG. Ezifundweni zakhe nasemibhalweni yakhe, uGlare-an wayethatha umculo njengesayensi nanjengobuciko. umkhuba Ngekhulu le-17, lapho kufundwa umculo. imibono eningi laseYurophu. amabhuzu anoboya obuphakeme athande ukwehla (intshisekelo yomculo nesayensi. iziyalo zaqala ukuvuselela kuphela phakathi. Ikhulu le-18), eNgilandi amasiko omculo wakudala wethiyori. ukufunda kugciniwe. Nokho, indima yokudlala umculo emibuthanweni yesintu kanye nesiNgisi. Igceke lalibaluleke kakhulu, ngakho-ke amanyuvesi e-Oxford naseCambridge afuna ukulungiselela ochwepheshe nezimfundamakhwela ezazingazi nje ithiyori yomculo, kodwa futhi ezazinamakhono asebenzayo. amakhono (kanye nokucula, abafundi bafunda ukudlala i-lute, i-viol kanye ne-virginal). Kwamanye amadolobha aseJalimane, umculo. ukuqeqeshwa okuvela enyuvesi “artistic. f-tov ”ithuthele ezinhlanganweni ezizimele ezihlala abantu ezihlelwe ngaphakathi kwamakhono. Ngakho, e-Cologne ekuqaleni. 16 ku. kwakukhona izinhlangano ezinjalo ezine, ezizimele, kodwa ezibika kumholi oyedwa. Umculo. ukuqeqeshwa kwahlelwa futhi ema-chapel (ezinkantolo zezwe noma zomoya), lapho u-adv. U-Kapellmeister - ovame ukuba ngumculi onegunya - ufundise umculo kwabasha bezinsimbi, ababambe iqhaza bakusasa enkantolo. ama-ensembles, kanye nezingane ezivela emindenini ehloniphekile. Ukuthola okuvamile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi okukhethekile. UM. obakhathalelayo. iphinde yaba nesandla ezinhlanganweni ezithile ezingazange zilandele uch. imigomo, isb. Imiphakathi yaseJalimane eyizimfundamakhwela yamakhosi okucula (meistersingers), amalungu ayo, elalela amasiko alawulwa ngokuqinile. imithetho kanye nokunikezelwa iminyaka eminingana ekhethekile. izivivinyo, kancane kancane wenyuka "isitebhisi sezihloko" kusukela "kumculi" kuya "kumbhali wezingoma" futhi, ekugcineni, "inkosi". Uhlobo lomculo oluhluke kancane. "ubuzalwane" (cula. kanye ne-instr.) nazo bezitholakala kwezinye. EYurophu. amazwe. General M. o., i-to-roe eqala cishe ngekhulu le-16. ehlukaniswe ngokucacile kusukela ekhethekile, yenziwa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezikole zamabanga aphezulu Ch. hlela. cantors eziphethe isonto lesikole. umculo. Ngo-17 ku. emazweni amaProthestani (M. ULuther nabanye abameleli beNguquko banamathela ezimisweni ezinhle kakhulu. incazelo ku-M. o.) ama-cantors, ngaphezu kokufundisa izifundo zesikole, abuye afundise ukucula futhi ahole ikhwaya yesikole, eyenza imisebenzi eminingana esontweni. nezintaba. Ukuphila. Kwezinye izikole, ama-cantors abuye ahola i-instr. amakilasi, enikeza ithuba lokudlala umculo wezingane kanye nentsha, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, ingakwazi ukucula. Nokho, njengomthetho, indlela eya ensimbini yabe isihamba ngokucula. Mayelana nokunakwa okukhulu kwesayensi yemvelo kanye nezibalo, kanye nomthelela we-rationalism, njll. izici ekhulwini le-18. incazelo nevolumu yomculo. amakilasi ngesi-lat. izikole zehlile (ngaphandle kokumbalwa, njengaseThomasschule eLeipzig). Uma ama-cantors eminyakeni edlule athola ukuqeqeshwa enyuvesi, ayenolwazi olubanzi emkhakheni wezobuntu futhi evame ukuba nesihloko se-bachelor noma master, bese kuba ku-2nd jol. 18 ku. baphenduka othisha bomculo wesikole, imfundo yabo yaphelela esikhungweni sobufundisi sothisha. Emculweni. imfundo yathonywa kakhulu ongqondongqondo abavelele - iCzech J. A. Comenius (wekhulu le-17) kanye nomFulentshi uJ. G. Rousseau (ngekhulu le-18). Uch. iziqondiso, ezanyatheliswa emakhulwini 16-18, zazibonisa isimo seminyuziyamu. i-pedagogy, yaba nesandla ekuthuthukisweni kokujwayelekile nokukhethekile. UM. obakhathalelayo. futhi waba nesandla ekwaziseni abaculi bezwe elithile ngempumelelo yomculo neyokufundisa yelinye. Izivumelwano zekhulu le-16 nele-17 (Thomas of San ta Maria, 1565; J. I-Diruta, ihora elingu-1, ngo-1593, nenani lokunyatheliswa kabusha okwalandela, amahora angu-2, 1609; Spiridion, 1670) zanikezelwa. c. hlela. ukudlala izinsimbi zekhibhodi kanye nethiyori yokuqanjwa komculo. Kusho inani elithakazelisa kakhulu nelimelane nesivivinyo sesikhathi uch. okushicilelwe, njengokungathi ukufingqa nokuhlanganisa izimpumelelo ze-instr., wok. kanye nethiyori yomculo. imfundo, yanyatheliswa ngekhulu le-18: incwadi ka-I. Mattheson “The Perfect Kapellmeister” (“Der vollkommene Capelmeister …”, 1739), ehlanganisa umculo ngokuphelele. umkhuba wesikhathi sakhe, uch. amamanyuwali kuma-bass jikelele kanye nethiyori yokuqamba ka-F. AT. I-Marpurga – “Treatise on Fugue” (“Abhandlung von der Fuge”, TI 1-2, 1753-1754); “Umhlahlandlela webhesi evamile nokuqanjwa” (“Handbuch bey dem Generalbasse und Composition”, Tl 1-3, 1755-58), isebenza ngu-I. Й. Fuchs “Step to Parnassus” (“Gradus ad Parnassum …”, 1725, in lat. lang., yabe isinyatheliswa ngesiJalimane, isiNtaliyane, isiFulentshi. kanye nesiNgisi. ngo.) kanye no-J. B. Martini “Isibonelo noma ulwazi oluyisisekelo olusebenzayo lwe-counterpoint” (“Esemplare o sia saggio fondamentale pratico di contrappunto …”, pt. 1-2, 1774-75); izivumelwano nezikole, lapho i-DOS. ukunaka kukhokhelwa ukufunda ukudlala umculo. izinsimbi, M. Saint-Lambert “Ukusebenza ku-harpsichord” (“Principes de Clavecin”, 1702), P. Couperin “Ubuciko Bokudlala I-Harpsichord” (“L'art de toucher le Clavecin”, 1717), P. E. Bach “Okuhlangenwe nakho Ngendlela Elungile Yokudlala I-Clavier” (“Versuch über die wahre Art, das Ciavier zu spielen”, Tl 1-2, 1753-62), I. FUTHI. I-Quantz “Isipiliyoni sokuphatha ukudlala umtshingo oguquguqukayo” (“Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversiere zu spielen”, 1752, nokuphrintwa kabusha okwalandela. ngesiJalimane, isiFulentshi nezinye i-yaz.), L. I-Mozart ethi “Isipiliyoni Sesikole Sevayolin Esiqinile” (“Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule”, 1756, nokunyatheliswa kabusha okwalandela); umsebenzi wok. i-pedagogy P. F. I-Tosi “Izinkulumo ngabahlabeleli abadala nabasha” (“Opinioni de'cantori antichi e moderni”, 1723, ehunyushwe ngokwengezwa kuyo. yaz. FUTHI. F. Agricola, 1757, kanye nabanye. EYurophu. bhala.). Ngo-18 ku. kwasungulwa izincwadi zomculo ezinkulu, lapho ababhali babeka khona ngamabomu imisebenzi yokufundisa neyokufundisa - kusukela ezikoleni zokuqala zevayolin, i-cello, i-viola, ihabhu, umtshingo, i-bassoon, i-oboe, i-clavier nokucula uM. Correta (1730-82) emisebenzini yobuciko efana nethi “Essercizi” (eyaziwa ngokuthi i-sonatas) kaD. I-Scarlatti, okusunguliwe kanye nama-symphonies I.

IsiFulentshi esikhulu. Uguquko lwaphawula inguquko emlandweni wesiko lomculo futhi, ikakhulukazi, ku-M. obakhathalelayo. Ukwakhiwa kweParis Conservatory kuhlobene ngqo nalo mcimbi. Okuhlambukisiwe. 18 ku. UM. obakhathalelayo. kwakheka ngaphansi kwethonya lezici ezintsha futhi kwenzeka izidalwa. izinguquko, nakuba amanye amasiko amadala okufundisa nezindlela zokufundisa zihlala zingashintshile amashumi eminyaka. Idemokhrasi yaseshashalazini yomculo. kanye ne-conc. impilo, ukuvela kwamathiyetha amasha e-opera, ukudalwa kwe-orchestra entsha. amaqoqo, achumayo instr. umculo nobuhle, ukuthuthukiswa okubanzi kokwenza umculo wasekhaya kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zabahlabeleli. imiphakathi, ukukhathazeka okwengeziwe emnyangweni. amazwe mayelana nokufundisa umculo esikoleni samabanga aphezulu - konke lokhu kwakudinga iminyuziyamu eyengeziwe. izibalo (abadlali nothisha), kanye nokugxila ekuthuthukisweni okukhethekile okukhethekile. Okubaluleke kakhulu kulobu bungcweti ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa kobuciko bokudlala njengomhumushi kanye ne-virtuoso, kanye ne-ateur, kwahlukaniswa nokuqeqeshwa kokuqanjwa nokuthuthuka, kanye nokuqeqeshwa komculi wethiyori, nakuba kwaba ngaphansi kancane. izinga, lahlukaniswa nokuqeqeshwa komqambi. Ubungcweti emkhakheni wohlobo oluthile noma olunye luyosebenza. i-art-va, kanye nezidingo zobuhle ezivela kumhumushi, i-to-rye yethulwe iminyuziyamu. izincwadi, kwaholela ekwakhiweni kohlobo olusha lwe-akhawunti. izibonelelo - imidwebo ehloselwe Ch. hlela. ukuze kuthuthukiswe instr. ubuchwepheshe (imidwebo kaM. Clementi, I. Cramer, K. Cherny nabanye. kwe fp.; R. Kreuzer, J. Mazasa, Sh. Berio nabanye. ye-violin, njll.). Imfundo yomculo nayo yathinteka ngenxa yokwanda njalo nokushintsha kwekhwalithi uma kuqhathaniswa nekhulu le-18. indima yezikhungo zemfundo ezahlukene - ezizimele, idolobha kanye nesifundazwe. Ukulandela iParis eyodwa, ngokulandelana, ama-conservatories noma okufanayo kuyavulwa. izikhungo (izikole, izikole zomculo eziphakeme, amakolishi) ku-pl. amazwe aseYurophu. Lezi uch. izikhungo zazihluke kakhulu hhayi kuphela ngokweziqu zokufundisa. ukwakheka, kodwa futhi ngokwemisebenzi eyayibekwe phambi kwabo. Abaningi babo bafundisa ochwepheshe nabayizimfundamakhwela, izingane, intsha kanye nabantu abadala, abafundi bamazinga ahlukene okuthuthuka nokuqeqeshwa. Iningi lama-conservatories laligxile kakhulu ekusebenzeni. art-in, in some-ryh othisha nabo baqeqeshelwa izikole kanye namamuse. ukukhuliswa komndeni. Ngo-19 ku. umphetho. ama-conservatories, ngaphandle kweParis, awazange adlale okubalulekile. indima emfundweni yabaqambi. Izindlela zokufundisa abaculi e-conservatory zazihlukile. Ngakho, eFrance, ngokungafani namanye amazwe, kusukela ekuqaleni 19 ngo. isisekelo sokwakhiwa kwabaculi bezobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene (kuzo zonke izigaba zokuqeqeshwa) kwakuyinkambo ye-solfeggio kanye nokubizelwa komculo. Indawo ebalulekile kuleli lizwe yayigcwele uhlelo lokuncintisana lokuhlolwa. Engxenyeni yesi-2. 19 ku. emaphephandabeni kwabaningi Sekuyiminyaka kunezingxabano phakathi kwabasekeli bemfundo ye-conservatory kanye nabaphikisi babo, abakhetha imfundo yabaculi ngaphandle kwezemfundo. izikhungo. Abagxeki bohlelo lwemfundo elandelanayo (phakathi kwabo kwakunguR. Wagner) wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa okubanzi kwabaculi abaqeqeshiwe kuvimbela ukwakheka kobuciko. ubuntu babanesiphiwo kakhulu kubo. Abavikeli be-conservatories (ekuqaleni kwe-20 in. izimpikiswano zabo zafingqwa nguG. Krechmar), evumelana nenani lamazwi ayimfihlo abamelene naye (ababhale ngocwaningo oluhlelekile lwezemfundo lwethiyori yomculo. iziyalo kanye nokwehlukana kwazo nokwenza, ubuncane kanye nohlangothi olulodwa lwe-repertoire efundwayo, ukulahlekelwa kwezinye izimo ngabantu abanesiphiwo samandla nesikhathi ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa okuhlangene nabafundi abaphakathi), ngasikhathi sinye kukhomba esinqumweni esinqumayo. izinzuzo zokuqeqesha abaculi emkhakheni wokufundisa. izikhungo: 1) ithuba lokuhlanganisa amakilasi okukhethekile nokutadisha okwengeziwe. iziyalo zeqhwa (i-solfeggio, ukuvumelana, ukuhlaziya amafomu, umlando womculo, okuphoqelekile kuwo wonke ama-FP. njll.) futhi kuyasebenziseka. ukudlala umculo ku-orchestra, ensemble, ikwaya, futhi ngezinye izikhathi i-opera; 2) indima ekhuthazayo yezibonelo ezicacile zomuntu ngamunye kanye nokuncintisana enqubweni yokufunda eqenjini; 3) ukutholakala okukhulu kwe-M. obakhathalelayo. kubantu abaningi uma kuqhathaniswa. Njengangaphambili, ekuthuthukisweni kukaM. obakhathalelayo. Indima ebaluleke kakhulu yadlalwa izikole ezisebenza kahle eziholwa othisha abakhulu noma abaculi abanobuhlakani (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lezi zikole zakhiwe ezikhungweni noma ngaphandle). Awomculo wepiyano angahlukaniswa (isibonelo, uM. Klementi, K. Cherny, F. Chopin, F. List, A. F. Marmontel, L. Dimera, T. Leshetitsky, L. Godovsky nabanye), violin (isibonelo, A. Viotana, Y. Joachim, R. Kreutzer), abaqhubi (R. Wagner, G. Malera) nabanye. izikole. Ngo-19 ku. Amanyuvesi asungule izinhlelo ezimbili ezihlukene ze-M. o., ngokwemibandela eyisisekelo elondolozwe ekhulwini lama-20. Kwamanye amazwe (eJalimane, e-Austria, eSwitzerland, njll.), amabhuzu anoboya obuphakeme abe yizikhungo zomculo-theory kuphela. imfundo; ukwenza umculo ongokoqobo (abafundi) amakhwaya, ama-orchestra, ama-ensembles) bekungokwemvelo lapha, ngezinye izikhathi, nokho, kukhuphukela ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Efingqa ingxoxo ngoM. obakhathalelayo. emabhuzuni anoboya obuphakeme, uG. UKrechmar ngo-1903 wabhala ukuthi ukutadisha ku-un-lezo ezingokoqobo. isiyalo ngeke sibe nengqondo njengokufundisa uhlelo lolimi oluyisisekelo kanye nokudweba enyuvesi, nokuthi abafaka izicelo enyuvesi kufanele babe abaculi abaqeqeshwe kahle futhi baphumelele kuphela i-musicology eyisisekelo lapha. kanye ne-esthetician jikelele. eyala. Kwamanye amazwe (okokuqala e-Great Britain, bese kuba e-USA, njll.), lapho ukuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe bomculo kwenzeka emabhuzu aphezulu, abafundi kanye nezazi zomculo. ifundisa umculo oyingcweti.

Emazweni anamuhla onxiwankulu nasathuthuka, uhlelo lwe-M. mayelana, olujwayelekile nolukhethekile, luhluke kakhulu. Emazweni amaningi, umculo okhethekile ambalwa kuphela. izikhungo zixhaswa uhulumeni ngezimali, kuyilapho iningi lazo liphethwe abantu abazimele kanye nemiphakathi. izinhlangano; kusho. izikole eziningi zeminyuziyamu azinayo iphrofayili ecacile, futhi zivame ukuqhuba amakilasi nezifundiswa nezimfundamakhwela, nezingane kanye nabantu abadala; imali yokufunda ngo-pl. uh. izikhungo ziphakeme uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi yizimali zokufunda ezizimele kuphela ezenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola i-M. o. abafundi abanesiphiwo abavela emindenini ehola kancane.

E-UK, amakilasi omculo emfundweni evamile. izikole zamazinga amabili okuqala (isikole sezinsana nesasebancane) zigxilile. ar. ekuculeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthuthukiswa kokuzwa ngokuvamile kusekelwe endleleni "ye-tonic-sol-fa" kaJ. Curwen. Amakhwaya ezikole ezihlangene ajwayele ukwenza ingoma eyinkimbinkimbi - kusukela emisebenzini kaPalestrina kuya ku-Op. R. Vaughan Williams. Ngawo-1970 ngesinyathelo somndeni wakwaDolmech, owakhuthaza i-block-fly futhi wahlela ukukhiqizwa kwawo e-Great Britain, bese kwamanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu. amazwe; le nsimbi kanye ne-percussion melodic. izinsimbi (indlunkulu ye-K. Orff) yathatha indawo ebalulekile emculweni wesikole. ukufunda. Abafundi bamazinga ahlukene emfundo ejwayelekile. izikole (kuhlanganise nesikole samabanga aphansi) uma zithanda, zingathatha izifundo zepiyano kothisha abazimele. noma orc. amathuluzi. Ama-orchestra esikole nama-ensembles akhiwe yilaba bafundi. Ezifundeni eziningi kukhona iminyuziyamu yomhlaba. ezikoleni, emadolobheni amaningi omculo wentsha yangasese. izikole (Junior Music-School). Abafundi bezinhlobo ezahlukene zezikole (kanye nothisha abazimele) bathola ithuba lokukhombisa iminyuziyamu yabo. amakhono ezinhlanganweni ezikhethekile (Isitifiketi Sezemfundo Esijwayelekile, Ibhodi Elihlangene leRoyal Schools of Music, njll.). Ngemva kwalokho, umbuzo unqunywe ukuthi baqhubeke yini nezifundo zabo zomculo. izikole ezisezingeni eliphakeme (amakolishi omculo, ama-conservatories, ama-academy) noma amabhuzu anoboya obuphakeme. Abaculi abadume kakhulu Izikole zitholakala eLondon (King Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts, King College of Music, King College for Organists), Manchester (King Manchester College of Music) kanye neGlasgow (King Scottish Academy of Music). Emadolobheni amakhulu lapho kukhona amabhuzu oboya obuphakeme nama-muses. amakolishi, ngokuvamile kuhlelwa uhlelo oluhlanganyelwe lomsebenzi wabo, olungahloselwe ukuqeqesha ochwepheshe bomculo kuphela, kodwa futhi nabaculi abaprakthiza, kuhlanganisa. othisha. E-Italy, imfundo ejwayelekile. izikole aziwunaki umculo. Lapha, ngaphezu kwangasese kanye nesonto. izikole zomculo, zikhona state. ama-conservatories nezintaba. ama-lyceums omculo (izinhlelo zemfundo zamuva zihluke kancane kulawo we-conservatory). Ukuze bamukelwe ezivivinyweni zokugcina, abafundi bama-conservatories kuyo yonke i-akhawunti. Yiqiniso kumele baphumelele izivivinyo zamazinga aphansi nangaphezulu. Kwabaqambi, abadlali bomculo, abadlali bopiyano, abadlali bevayolin nabadlala ngamaseli uch. isifundo sithatha iminyaka eyi-10. E-Conservatory "Santa Cecilia" (eRoma), yabaqambi nabadlala izinsimbi abathweswe iziqu kwelinye lama-conservatories, kuye kwasungulwa izifundo ezinikeza umculo ophezulu. ukufaneleka. E-Siena, e-Academy of Chidzhana (ephethwe yinhlangano yomphakathi yamazwe ngamazwe) ibanjwe, njengabanye abaningi. phezulu uh. izikhungo zamanye amazwe aseYurophu, izingqungquthela zasehlobo zokuthuthukisa amakhono abaculi (amakilasi aholwa othisha abavela emazweni ahlukene).

EFrance, kusukela ngo-1946, umculo uye wathatha indawo eyandayo ohlelweni lwezifundo. izinhlelo zemfundo jikelele. izikole. Ukuqeqeshwa kwenziwa ngokombuso owodwa. uhlelo, lapho ukunakwa okuningi kukhokhwa ekuthuthukiseni ukuzwa nokukhiqizwa kwezwi. Emculweni wombuso nowangasese. izikole, kanye nasezindaweni zokulondoloza imvelo M. mayelana. etholwe yizimfundamakhwela nezingcweti; kusho. abanye babafundi yizingane. Ngaphezu kweParis Conservatory, kukhona nezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ezizimele enhlokodolobha. izikhungo. Ezinkulu kuzo yilezi: “Ecole de Músique de classical religios” (yasungulwa ngo-1853 nguL. Niedermeyer), “Schola Cantorum” (yasungulwa ngo-1894 ngu-A. Gilman noV. d’Andy), “Ecole Normale de Músique” (yasungulwa nguL. Niedermeyer). ngo-1919 u-A. Cortot no-A. Manzho). Kuyisici ukuthi eFrance, lapho enhlanganweni yokuqeqeshwa ekhethekile. umculo Ezikoleni, uhlelo lokuncintisana ludlala indima ebalulekile; othisha bomculo be-lyceums nabo bakhethwa ukuhlolwa kokuncintisana, okubandakanya ukuhlola umculo. kanye nolwazi lokufundisa namakhono omfundi. Ukuqeqeshwa kothisha bomculo beziqu eziphakeme kakhulu (ezikoleni ezijwayelekile zemfundo ephakeme) kwenzeka eParis eLyceum. J. La Fontaine, lapho izifundo ezikhethekile zeminyaka emi-3.

EJalimane, akukho ukuphathwa okumaphakathi kwezindaba zamasiko, ngakho-ke ukwakhiwa kwemfundo ezifundeni zikahulumeni kuhlukile ngandlela thile. Emfundweni ejwayelekile imfundo yomculo iyimpoqo ezikoleni. I-Choral, kanye nezingane kanye nama-bunks. izikole zomculo zabeka umgomo wazo wokunikeza jikelele uM. o. Kwezinye zalezi zikole, ukufunda ukudlala umculo. amathuluzi ngokohlelo olukhethekile luqala eminyakeni engu-4. Olwezingane ezinesiphiwo ku-dep. izikole zemfundo jikelele zivulekele umculo. amakilasi, futhi kwamanye amadolobha wasungula ekhethekile. izikole zomculo. I-Gor. kanye nezikole zomculo ezizimele zihlangene emiphakathini ye-FRG. inhlangano - Union of German. izikole zomculo, kusukela ngo-1969 zaqala ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokuqeqesha zawo wonke amamuse. amakhono. Imisebenzi ka-prof. imfundo inqunywa ama-conservatories (njengomthetho, izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme zomculo), izikole eziphakeme zomculo. icala, umculo. izikole kanye nawe-un-wena (i-arr eyinhloko. Izazi zomculo zifunda lapha).

L. Barenboim

E-USA imvelaphi uM. mayelana. okuhlotshaniswa nokuvela kwezikole eziningi ze-chanter yekhulu le-18 ezazilungiselela ikhwaya. ukucula emasontweni nasezinkolweni. imihlangano; othisha ngokuvamile kwakungebona abaculi abaqeqeshiwe, kodwa abapristi abasebenzisa ulwazi lwesiNgisi. ukucula esontweni. Ngo-1721, kwavela izincwadi zokuqala zezikole ezinjalo; ababhali bazo kwakungumpristi uJ. Tufts noT. Walter. ngemisebenzi yenkolo. umphakathi wamaMoravian Brethren (indawo yokuhlala yaseBethlehem, eduze kwasePhiladelphia, ngo-1741) uhlotshaniswa nesipiliyoni sokuqala sikaM. o.

Kuze kube ngu-19 ekuqaleni. umkhuba wezifundo zangasese waqala ukuthuthukisa. Ngo-1830's amer. umfundisi L. UMason ugcizelele ekwethulweni kwempoqo. izifundo zomculo kukharikhulamu yesikole. Ukungabikho kwama-muses aphezulu. ezintathu. izikhungo nokungakwazi ukwenza ngcono ekhaya kuphoqe abaningi. okubabayo. abaculi abazofunda eYurophu (ch. hlela. eFrance naseJalimane). Kamuva e-Oberlin (Ohio) yasungulwa mus. ekolishi (1835), endaweni efanayo - i-conservatory (1865), ngo-1857 - Mus. I-Academy e-Philadelphia, ngo-1862 - umculo. ft of Harvard College, ngo-1867 - eNew England. Indawo yokuthengisa iziza eBoston, Mus. ekolishi eChicago kanye neConservatory eCincinnati, ngo-1868 - iPeabody Institute eBaltimore, ngo-1885 - uNat. Conservatory eNew York, ngo-1886 - u-Amer. Conservatory eChicago, ngo-1896 - umculo. I-Faculty yase-Columbia University. Eziningi zalezi zikhungo zeminyuziyamu zadalwa ngezindleko zabaxhasi. Ngo-1876, iNational Music Teachers Association (MTNA). Esimisweni sika-M. obakhathalelayo. ithonya elinamandla lalisetshenziswa abantu baseYurophu bendabuko. uhlelo lwezemfundo (iParis Conservatory yaba yisifanekiso sama-conservatories amaningi ase-US, ac. iziqondiso zazisetshenziswa kakhulu isiJalimane). Abokufika abavela emazweni aseYurophu in con. 19 - cela. 20 cc inikeze umfutho ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Amer. enza. izikole, isib ngoba abaculi abaningi abanohlonze abafika baqala ukufundisa. umsebenzi (I. Vengerova, I. Levin, E. Zimbalist nabanye); ama-akhawunti amasha adaliwe. izikhungo. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwakuwumsebenzi weJuilliard Muses. izikole eNew York ngo-1926), i-Eastman School of Music e-Rochester (1921), i-Curtis Institute e-Philadelphia (1924), i-San Francisco Conservatory. Ama-Muses aqala ukuzuza ukubaluleka okwengeziwe. f-wena kumabhuzu anoboya obuphakeme. Ngawo-1930 ngokuphathelene nokusabalala kobufascism emazweni amaningana aseYurophu, abaningi bathuthela e-United States. abaculi abavelele abaxhume imisebenzi yabo ne-Amer. un-tami (P. Hindemith – with Yale University, A. Schoenberg – neCalifornia eLos Angeles, P. G. I-Lang - ne-Columbia, njll.). Uma amabhuzu aphezulu oboya e-USA ayelinganiselwe ekuqeqeshweni kothisha (abadlali nabaqambi ngokuvamile bathola imfundo ye-conservatory), ngokuhamba kwesikhathi baqala ukuqeqesha izisebenzi zokudala, kanye nezazi zomculo ukwenza ucwaningo lomculo. Amathrendi amasha athuthukisiwe emanyuvesi aseNingizimu. I-California ne-Indiana, futhi ngawo-1950 kanye nama-60s. sekuyinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba emanyuvesi amaningi ase-US. Ngama-50 waqala ukuzwa ukushoda okukhulu kothisha. ozimele. Ngesiphakamiso se-com. N. I-Dello Gioio Ford Foundation idale Iphrojekthi yesimanje. umculo, ngokusho kukaKrom, abaqambi abancane babezohola inqubo kaM. obakhathalelayo. ezikoleni, okungenza ukufunda kube nobuciko. nemvelo. Ngama-60-70s. umgomo wokuhlola emculweni wesiteji. ezintathu. inqubo yaba yehlukile. isimo se-Amer. UM. obakhathalelayo. Kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-Z. Kodaya, K. Orfa, T. I-Suzuki, kanye nolwazi lwamakhompuyutha nama-synthesizer azwakalayo, ukwakhiwa kokufundisa kwe-jazz ephezulu. izikhungo (Boston, njll.). Ku-70-ies. umculo wesikole sasenkulisa kanye nesasebancane. imfundo e-United States isekelwe ekusetshenzisweni komgomo wokufunda-umdlalo, ohlanganisa ukucula, isigqi. izivivinyo, ukujwayelana notation zomculo, ukulalela umculo. Esikoleni esiphakeme (ekolishi) amakilasi omculo ngokuvamile ahlanganisa izinsimbi zokudlala; ikhwaya evamile. ama-ensembles, amaqembu omoya kanye ne-jazz, i-symphony. ama-orchestra. Mnu. Amanyuvesi aheha abadlali abasezingeni eliphezulu ukuthi basebenze. ama-ensembles, kanye nabaqambi abangaphansi kwenkontileka yonyaka owodwa noma ngaphezulu. ezintathu.

ECanada, uM. o. inokuningi abafana ngayo noM. o. e-USA. Phakathi komculo okhethekile uch. izikhungo ezinkulu kunazo zonke i-Academy of Music eQuebec (eyasungulwa ngo-1868), i-Canadian Conservatory eToronto (1870), i-conservatory eMontreal (1876), Toronto (1886), neHalifax (1887). Abafundisi abahamba phambili bagxile emculweni. amabhuzu anoboya obuphakeme baseToronto, Montreal, njll. Amabhuzu amaningi anoboya obuphakeme anekhwaya. nama-ensembles ekamelo, kanti amanye - ama-symphonic. ama-orchestra.

E-Australia, izikole zomculo zohlobo olulula zidalwe engxenyeni yokuqala. Ngekhulu le-1 kamuva kwakukhona iminyuziyamu. ekolishi e-Adelaide (isisekelo ngo-19; saguqulwa saba yindawo yokugcinwa kwemvelo), umculo. isikole saseMelbourne (kamuva saba iN. Melba Conservatory), indawo yokugcina izingane eSydney (eyasungulwa ngo-1883), eNew South. Wells nabanye. Ekuqaleni. Kwakhiwe umculo wekhulu lama-1914. f-wena emabhuzuni anoboya obuphakeme baseMelbourne, eSydney, e-Adelaide. Kusuka ku-con. 20s ezinhlelweni ze-akhawunti zaqala ukwethulwa zesimanje. umculo, izimiso ezintsha nezindlela zokufundisa zaqala ukusetshenziswa. Indima ehamba phambili kulo mnyakazo ingeyeCanberra Muses. isikole, esiyinhloko ngo-1960, ngokohlobo lwe-Amer. Isikole sikaJuilliard. Abafundi basehlobo baqala ukusebenza. amakamu (kusukela maphakathi nawo-1965; eMelbourne, e-Adelaide), okwakuqhutshelwa kuwo amakilasi omculo, amakhonsathi, nemihlangano nabaculi abavelele. Umsebenzi wamaMuses wase-Australia ubaluleke kakhulu. ikhomishana yezivivinyo eqhuba izivivinyo zonyaka zethiyori. izifundo kanye nezinsimbi zokudlala ukuze kuthuthukiswe iminyuziyamu iyonke. izinga. Ngo-1960, i-Association of Moscow Regions yasungulwa.

Emazweni aseLat. America M.O. ithuthukiswe cishe ngendlela efanayo: kusukela ekuzijwayezeni okuyimfihlo namamyuziyemu akudala. izikole enhlanganweni yomculo. amakolishi, ama-conservatories kanye neminyuziyamu. f-tov kumabhuzu oboya obuphakeme, futhi ekuqaleni i-European yakopishwa. uhlelo futhi ngawo-1950 kuphela. kwaqala ukuvela amafomu kazwelonke. Abaculi bamazwe aseLat. Abantu baseMelika abake bafunda e-Europe nase-United States baya ngokuya bekhetha ukuyofunda emazweni abo. Amazwe ahamba phambili emkhakheni wesitatimende M. mayelana. - Argentina, Brazil, Mexico.

E-Argentina, umculo wokuqala uch. isikhungo (Academy of Music) savulwa ngo-1822 eBuenos Aires, ngohlelo lwe-com. A. Williams, indawo yokugcina izinto yadalwa lapha (1893, kamuva eyaqanjwa ngo-A. Williams). Kamuva eBuenos Aires - umculo. isikhungo saseLat. EMelika, kwasungulwa amanye ama-conservatories amabili - iNational eqanjwe ngo-CL Buchardo (1924) kanye noMasipala oqanjwe ngo-M. de Falla. Wonke umculo wama-R. 60-70s waphakama. uh. izikhungo e-Cordoba (iqembu lokuhlola le-School of Fine Arts, 1966), Isikole Esiphakeme Somculo e-Mendoza, umculo. f-wena eKhatholika. amanyuvesi e-Buenos Aires kanye namanyuvesi aseLa Plata, Umculo Ophakeme. in-t eNyuvesi yaseLitoral eRosario nabanye. Isenzakalo esibalulekile kwaba ukudalwa Lat.-Amer. isikhungo somculo ophezulu. ucwaninga ku-Ying-labo T. Di Tellya (1965). Umsebenzi we-Argent ubaluleke kakhulu. I-Society of Music Teachers (yasungulwa ngo-1964).

EBrazil, umculo wokuqala uch. isikhungo - King. I-conservatory eRio de Janeiro (1841, kusukela ngo-1937 - Isikole Sikazwelonke Somculo). Igalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-M. mayelana. ethula uKomi. E. Vila Lobos, owasungula amamyuziyamu amaningana. izikole, kanye ne-National Choir Conservatory. ukucula (1942, ikakhulukazi ngezinjongo zokufundisa), bese kuthi Vraz. isikole somculo. U-OL Fernandis (1945, Rio de Janeiro). Emculweni obaluleke kakhulu uch. Izikhungo zaseBrazil nazo zingabanikazi beBraz. i-conservatory e-Rio de Janeiro (eyasungulwa ngo-1940), i-Conservatory of Drama and Music eSao Paulo (eyasungulwa ngo-1909). Ngawo-1960 kwakunezinhlobo ezintsha zokuhlola ze-M. mayelana.: Svobodny mus. isemina eNyuvesi yaseBahia, izifundo zasehlobo eTeresopolis (eduze naseRio de Janeiro), Mus. Isemina kaPro Arte (Rio de Janeiro); umculo ohleliwe. izikole eRecife, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte, njll.

EMexico, izikhungo ze-M. o. ngabe Mex. nat. i-conservatory nomculo. un-ta esikoleni eMexico City, kanye nomculo. igatsha leNational Institute of Fine Arts (Mexico City), Guadalajara Conservatory, njll.

Empeleni kuwo wonke amazwe isiLat. I-America inama-muses aphezulu kakhulu. uh. izikhungo (ama-conservatories noma umculo. I-F-you high fur boots), i-to-rye ihluke kakhulu ezingeni lokusetha i-akhawunti. inqubo, kunezinhlelo nezindlela zokufundisa.

KULUNGILE. i-ser. Ukungena kweYurophu ngekhulu le-19 kwaqala. amafomu M. o. emazweni ase-Asia nase-Afrika. Umqondo we-Eurocentric, ngokusho ukuthi iningi labantu abangewona abaseYurophu. izimpucuko ezibhekwa njengezingathuthukile noma njengezidala, cishe zinqatshelwe ngokuphelele. amagugu amasiko. Izithunywa zevangeli bese kuba uKristu. izinhlangano zenkolo zajwayela ama-Afrika kumaKhatholika. noma isonto lamaProthestani. ukucula. Ukuphathwa kwamakholoni kwatshala ezikoleni zaseYurophu. uhlelo lwezemfundo, kuhl. nezomculo. Kamuva, abaculi abaningi abanesiphiwo abavela emazweni ase-Asia nase-Afrika baqala ukufunda eGreat Britain (Trinity College, lapho abaqambi abaningi baseNtshonalanga Afrika bathola khona imfundo yabo), eFrance, eJalimane nase-USA. Ekhaya, babelima eNtshonalanga Yurophu. umculo nezimiso zokufundisa. T. o., umculo. ukufunda nokubhala nobungcweti njengoba kunjalo sekusondele eNtshonalanga Yurophu. fundisa umculo. ukufaneleka. Ukuthambekela okuhle ku-M. mayelana. kuxhumene, ngakolunye uhlangothi, nokukhanyiselwa. imisebenzi yomnyango abaculi abavelele baseYurophu e-Asia nase-Afrika (ngokwesibonelo, A. Schweitzer), ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngemizamo yezibalo zezwe. amasiko ukuthola ukuvumelana okwamukelekayo phakathi kweMpumalanga. kanye nohlelo lokusebenza. amasistimu (ukuhlolwa kwe-R. Tagore e-Shantiniketon).

Ukuvuselelwa kwamasiko emazweni amaningi ase-Asia nase-Afrika kuye kwabangela isithakazelo esijulile emasikweni. izinhlobo zamacala kazwelonke. Kwavela izinkinga eziningi ezinzima: ukuphawula nar. umculo noma uwuhlakulele ngokwesiko lomlomo, ulondoloze inganekwane ungashintshiwe noma uyithuthukise, sebenzisa iWestern Europe. isipiliyoni noma ungasisebenzisi. Inethiwekhi yamamuse isivele iyakhiwa emazweni amaningi. izikhungo, izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ziyathuthukiswa, futhi kukhona ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe.

EJapane, inqubo yokwakha iminyuziyamu. in-tov yesimanje. uhlobo lwaqala ekuqaleni kunakwamanye amazwe ase-Asia nase-Afrika - ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-19 Ngo-1879 uhulumeni waseJapane wenhlangano ye-M. I-Amer. wamenywa ezikoleni zakuleli. umfundisi womculo u-LW Mason (wasebenza lapho iminyaka emithathu; umkhuba womculo wesikole eJapane wagcina igama elithi "izingoma zikaMason" isikhathi eside). Kusuka ku-Ser. Izinhlelo zesikole zawo-1970 ziyathuthukiswa futhi zigadwe uMnyango Wezemfundo. Inani elikhulu ku-M. yezingane mayelana. wayenendlela ye-T. Suzuki, ehlotshaniswa nokuthuthukiswa kwamakhono okuzwa ngokusebenzisa i-violin. imidlalo. Phakathi kwezikhungo eziphakeme zase-Japan kugqame: un-youbuciko e-Tokyo (phambilini eyayaziwa nge-Academic School of Music) nase-Osaka, Mus. I-Tentsokugakuan Academy (kusukela ngo-1967), umculo. Kiusu University School, Chiba, Toyo College.

ENdiya izikhungo M. mayelana. yaba i-Academy of Music, Dance and Drama (“Sangeet Natak Academy”, 1953) eDelhi enamagatsha kwamanye amaningi. izifunda zezwe, umculo. Ikolishi "Carnatic" eMadras, University of Gandharva eBombay, Academy of Music eThiruvananthapuram, umculo. amanyuvesi eMysore, Varanasi (Benares), Delhi, Patna, Calcutta, Madras nakwamanye amadolobha. Izingcaphuno ezinhle kakhulu ze-Ind. bayabandakanyeka ekufundiseni. umculo – ama-ustad ngaphambilini abesebenza ngawodwana futhi angenazo izimo ezidingekayo zohlelo. ukufundisa abantu abasha (ukudlala i-sitar newayini, ubuciko be-ragi, i-improvisation, njll.). Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha zihlanganisa lonke uhlobo lwe-indi. umculo, futhi ubonisa ukuxhumana kwawo nobunye ubuciko (umdanso, idrama). Zap. Izinhlelo ze-M. mayelana. I-India ayizange ithole intuthuko enkulu.

Kusho. uhlelo lwe-M. mayelana lwenze izinguquko. izikole zamabanga aphansi, zamabanga aphezulu neziphakeme ngesi-Arabhu. amazwe. E-Cairo, e-Egypt, indawo yokugcinwa kwemvelo yasungulwa ngo-1959 ngethiyori kanye nokwenza. f-tami; Kusukela ngo-1971, i-Academy of Slaves ibisebenza. umculo (owayeyiSikole Somculo Wasempumalanga, ngaleso sikhathi, kusukela ngo-1929, i-Institute of Arabic Music), lapho kufundwa khona umculo wendabuko. umculo nomdlalo ku-nat. amathuluzi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-M. mayelana. ezikoleni baba nesandla emfundweni yokufundisa. abasebenzi (Inst. yokuqeqeshwa kothisha bomculo eZamalek, Cairo). E-Iraq, isikhungo somculo kwakuyi-Academy of Fine Arts enomnyango wezomculo (eyasungulwa ngo-1940, e-Baghdad), e-Algeria - i-National Institute of Music, ehlanganisa iminyango emithathu (ucwaningo, i-pedagogical kanye nendabuko), njll. kulezi zikhungo zemfundo, abaculi baseSoviet.

E-Iran, kukhona i-Conservatory kazwelonke kanye ne-Conservatory yaseYurophu. umculo, oyinhloko ngo-1918 eTehran, iConservatory eTabriz (1956), kanye neminyango yomculo yamanyuvesi eTehran naseShiraz. Isitudiyo somculo sezingane nentsha senziwe emsakazweni nakumabonakude wase-Iran.

ETurkey, i-M. o. igxile kuma-conservatories e-Istanbul nase-Ankara.

Izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zenzeka ku-M. o. Amazwe ase-Afrika. Ama-conservatories okuqala kuleli zwekazi (eKapa, ​​eGoli, i-East African Conservatory eNairobi) sekungamashumi eminyaka esebenza, kodwa ikakhulukazi ayehloselwe abantu abangewona ama-Afrika. Ngemva kokuthola inkululeko emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika M. ichibi lingenwa ngenkuthalo. Ithole ukuthuthukiswa okukhethekile eGhana, lapho kwasungulwa khona i-Faculty of Music and Drama e-University of Ligon, i-Institute for the Study of Africa (ucwaningo lomculo luyisisekelo semisebenzi yayo), uNat. I-Academy of Music in Winneba, African Institute of Music in Accra, mus. ft Ying-ta eCape Coast. Muses. Amakolishi ase-Akropong kanye ne-Achimota akhulise amaningana. izizukulwane zabaculi baseGhana.

Umculo ubaluleke kakhulu eNigeria. amanyuvesi aseLagos, Ibadan kanye ne-Ile-Ife, kanye namakolishi aseZaria nase-Onich. Izinga eliphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa lafinyelelwa ngokukhiqizwa kuka-M. o. eSenegal, eMali (National School of Music in Conakry) naseGuinea, iminyango yomculo emanyuvesi aseMakerere (Uganda), Lusaka (Zambia), Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) isiqala ukudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu.

In the conservatories amazwe african kufundwa ikakhulukazi lokusebenza. umculo (izifundo zethiyori nezinsimbi zokudlala), nasemculweni. f-tah un-tov ukunakwa okukhethekile kukhokhwa ku-nat. umculo, i-Institute for the Study of Africa imatasatasa nenkinga yokulondoloza nokuthuthukisa inganekwane yezwekazi.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-M. o. liya libaluleka. ekuqaleni. nezikole zamabanga aphezulu (emazweni amaningi umculo uyisifundo esiyimpoqo). Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu ukudluliselwa kwamasiko. ifa, kodwa izindlela zayo zisalokhu zifana namakhulu eminyaka adlule.

Inkinga kaM. - enye yezinto eziyinhloko ekulondolozweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamasiko asendulo ase-Asia nase-Afrika, ngakho-ke i-UNESCO, i-Intern. Music Council, International Society of Music othisha nabanye bayawunaka ngokukhethekile.

Kwenziwa izinhlelo ezibhekelela imininingwane kanye nezinga lokuthuthuka kwe-M. o. kuleli zwe, izindlela zokufundisa ezintsha, ngezinye izikhathi zokuhlola zisetshenziswa (isibonelo, ngokwezinhlelo ze-Z. Kodaly no-K. Orff), izingqungquthela, ama-congresses kanye namasemina abanjwa, usizo lokweluleka kanye nokuhwebelana kwabasebenzi kwenziwa.

JK Mikhailov.

Imfundo yomculo esikhathini sangaphambi kwenguquko. ERussia nase-USSR. Mayelana ne-M. o. kuDkt. Ukwaziswa okuncane okulondolozwe eRussia. Ku-pedagogy eyakhula phakathi kwabantu, kanye nezaga, izisho, izinganekwane nezingoma, i-syncretism nayo yaba nendima ebalulekile. (kuhlanganise nomculo) ubuciko. izenzo, lapho ingxube yezinye izilimi yabonakala. kanye nemikhuba yobuKristu. ENar. imvelo yazalwa iwuhlobo lwe-buffoon - "umlingisi" wezizwe eziningi ochwepheshe, amakhono e-rogo atholwe ngenqubo yokuqeqeshwa komndeni noma esitolo. Kusukela esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye, umculo wezinkondlo nawo wawudluliselwa. amasiko abaqambi bezingoma eziqhakambisa ubuqhawe. Ukufundisa okuhlelekile komculo (ngokuqondile, ukucula kwesonto) kwenzeka kokubili ezikoleni ezisungulwe emasontweni nasezindlini zezindela, lapho abefundisi nabantu abafundile abadingwa umbuso babeqeqeshwa khona, futhi ngokuqondile emakwayeni asethempelini, okwakungewona amaqembu omculo kuphela, kodwa. nezikole zokucula. . Abaculi besonto nabahlabeleli bakhuliswa ezikoleni ezinjalo (bheka ingoma ethi Znamenny).

Ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwama-feudal emazweni aseRussia, inhloko-dolobha yezikhulu ezithile - uVladimir, Novgorod, Suzdal, Pskov, Polotsk, njll. – baba izikhungo zesonto. ubuthi. amasiko futhi lapha kuthuthukiswe abahlabeleli bendawo. izikole ezithembele ezimisweni ezijwayelekile zokucula i-znamenny, kodwa ezethula izici ezithile eziyinqaba kukho. Ulwazi mayelana nomunye wabaculi abadala nabahamba phambili lugciniwe. Izikole zekhulu le-12, ezasungulwa ngu-Andrey Bogolyubsky eVladimir. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, indima eholayo ebandleni. I-Novgorod yaqala ukudlala ukucula nokufundisa lobu buciko, okwagcina iminyaka eminingi igcina isikhundla sayo esiholayo. Umculi waseNovgorod. Isikole silungiselele abantu abavelele bomculo. isiko langaleso sikhathi - abadlali, abaqambi bomculo, amathiyori kanye nothisha. Ngesikhathi sokuhlela i-Russian centralized. state-va, ephethwe eMoscow nat. umculi. isikole samunca impumelelo yezikole eziningi zendawo futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke i-Novgorod. Ababili baseNovgorodian - abafowethu u-S. no B. I-Rogovyh, umsebenzi we-to-rykh ungowaphakathi nendawo. Ikhulu le-16, kubhekwa abasunguli baseMoscow. izikole zesonto. ukucula. U-Savva Rogov wayejabulela udumo olukhethekile njengothisha. Abafundi bakhe abadumile - uFedor Krestyanin (kamuva uthisha odumile) no-Ivan the Nose bathathwa ngu-Ivan the Terrible njengenkantolo. izingcweti zokucula eMoscow. Amasiko esikoleni saseNovgorod aphinde athuthukiswa ngumfundi wesithathu ovelele waseRogov - uStefan Golysh, umculo kanye ne-pedagogical. Umsebenzi we-to-rogo wenzeka e-Urals ephethwe abathengisi baseStroganov. Ukusabalalisa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokucula. isiko lakhuthazwa umyalo "weStoglavy Cathedral" (eMoscow, 1551), okwenza kudingeke ukuba abapristi namadiyakoni bakhe iMoscow ekhaya kuwo wonke amadolobha. Izikole zaseRussia zokufundisa izingane hhayi kuphela ukufunda nokubhala, kodwa “nokucula i-psalter yesonto.” Ukusungulwa kwalezi zikole kwakuhloswe ukuvala imfundo yalabo okuthiwa. ongoti bokufunda nokubhala (oomabhalane “nabantu bezwe” ababezibandakanye nomnyango izingane zifunda, ukubhala, ukuthandaza nokucula) nokwandisa inethiwekhi ye-uch. izikhungo ezazikhona ngekhulu le-14-15. kwamanye amadolobha uDkt. I-Russia. Abaphathi besonto. ukucula, okwakuyingxenye yokufika. hora (kudalwe ku-con. Ikhulu le-15), babevame ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amadolobha, izindlu zezindela kanye namasonto ukuze bakhuphule izinga lekwaya. ukusebenza. Okulula kakhulu komculo-wethiyori. abahlabeleli bakhonze njengezinsiza. ama-alfabhethi (afakwe ku-decomp. amaqoqo ekhulu le-15-17, bheka izinhlamvu zomculo zomculo), lapho isethi emfushane kanye nezinhlaka zezimpawu zencwadi ye-hook zanikezwa. Ukugunyazwa kwemigomo emisha, eminingi. isitayela sekwaya. ukucula (cf. Izingxenye eziculayo) kanye nokushintshwa okuhlobene kokubhala kwe-znamenny ngombhalo wemigqa emi-5 esitezi sesi-2. 17 ku. yashintsha indlela umculo ofundiswa ngayo. Okuhlelekile. isethi yemithetho yezingxenye zokucula inikezwe encwadini ka-N. I-AP Diletsky "I-Grammar Yomculo", ehloselwe ukuqeqeshwa kwabahlabeleli nabaqambi. Ngokungafani "nama-alfabhethi" adumile, asekelwe ku-empirical kuphela. Isimiso, umsebenzi kaDiletsky ubonakala ngokunengqondo. orientation, isifiso hhayi kuphela ukusho imithetho, kodwa futhi ukuyichaza. Uhlobo olukhethekile lwezibonelelo ze-akhawunti, ezithokozele ukusatshalaliswa okwaziwayo ku-con. Ikhulu le-17, limelela lokho okuthiwa. izimpawu ezikabili, eziqukethe iphrezentheshini ehambisanayo yamashuni ku-znamenny kanye ne-5-linear notation. "Ukhiye Wokuqonda" kaTikhon Makarievsky ungowalolu hlobo. Ngehhashi. Ngekhulu le-15, lapho eMoscow. URus waqala ukumema abaculi bakwamanye amazwe, ukubandakanyeka kweRussia kwaqala. ukwazi instr.

Eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeRussia, eyayiyingxenye yekhulu le-16-17. ngesakhiwo sezwe lasePoland-Lithuanian-va, inani elaziwayo ekusabalaliseni kuka-M. mayelana. yayinezikole okuthiwa izihlobo, ezisungulwe ezenkolo nezemfundo. izinhlangano futhi wasebenza njengenqaba Russian, Ukraine. kanye neBelarusian., inani labantu ngokumelene nemvelo. ukucindezelwa nokuguqukela ebuKatolika. Ukulandela isikole saseLvov (esasungulwa ngo-1586), cishe. 20 izikole zobuzalwane. Kulezi zithuthukisiwe ze-akhawunti yazo yesikhathi. izikhungo (izimiso eziningi zokufundisa zalezi zikole kamuva zabonakala ku-“Great Didactics” ka-Ya. A. Comenius) zazifundisa ukucula nezifundo ze-quadrivium, ezazihlanganisa nomculo. Ngesisekelo sesikole sabazalwane saseKyiv (esasungulwa ngo-1632) kanye nesikole saseKiev-Pechersk Lavra (eyasungulwa ngo-1615) esahlanganiswa ngo-1631, isikole sokuqala sase-Ukraine sasungulwa. Isikhungo semfundo ephakeme - i-Kiev-Mohyla Collegium (kusukela ngo-1701 - i-academy), lapho, kanye nezinye izifundo, umculo wafundwa khona. EMoscow, kumodeli weKyiv Collegium, ngo-1687 iSlavic-Greek-Lat yavulwa. esikoleni, lapho isonto lalifundiswa khona. ukucula kanye “nobuciko bamahhala abayisikhombisa”.

Ngekhulu le-18 ngaphansi kwethonya lezinguquko zikaPeter I, i-to-rye yaba nesandla ekufakweni kwezwe ekuthuthukisweni okujwayelekile kweYurophu. impucuko, okuqukethwe kanye nenhlangano ka-M. o. izidalwa ezibekezelayo. shintsha. Ukukhululwa kwesiko loMculo ekugadweni kwebandla, ukuncishiswa kwendima yomculo wehlelo, ukwenziwa komculo wezwe okwanda njalo (ama-orchestra ezempi namakwaya emigwaqweni nasezigcawini, umdanso nomculo wetafula “emihlanganweni”, imidlalo yomculo neyeshashalazi. , ukuvela kokuphela kwempilo) futhi, ekugcineni, ukukhula kwesifiso sokwenza umculo wabasafufusa emphakathini ohloniphekile - konke lokhu kwathinta isimilo sika-M. o. Iveza izitayela eziningana: okubaluleke kakhulu ukuqala ukuthola umculo. imfundo yezwe, futhi hhayi imfundo engokomoya kuphela. in-tah; empilweni diff. abafundisi bakamoya. izikhungo zingena instr yezwe. umculo; M. o., ikakhulukazi esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-18, eliqondiswe hhayi kuphela ezidingweni zenkantolo. futhi, ngokwengxenye, ibandla. impilo yansuku zonke, kodwa futhi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zemiphakathi ebanzi kakhulu. imibuthano. Isidingo sabaculi abazijwayezayo kanye nesidingo se-Mo general phakathi nekhulu le-18. anda kakhulu. Muses. imfundo yezicukuthwane yenziwa nguCh. hlela. izivakashi abaphathi bamabhendi, abaphathi bamakhonsathi bama-orchestra nama-claviers, phakathi kwabo okwakukhona ongcweti abakhulu. Ukuqeqeshwa kwabaculi abaqeqeshiwe kwenziwa kaningi ezikhungweni zemfundo, ezingahlukaniswa ngokwemibandela zibe izinhlobo ezimbili. Abanye babeka umsebenzi wokuqeqesha abaculi abangochwepheshe, isikh. hlela. abahlabeleli kanye nabahlabeleli. Ngisho nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18 eMoscow, bese eSt. Petersburg, abaculi bezempi bakhululwa phesheya futhi bakhonza enkantolo. ama-orchestra ayefundiswa ukudlala umoya (ithusi nokhuni) nokushaywa. izinsimbi zabantu abasha, ezikhethwe ekwakhiweni kwe-adv. abahlabeleli. Ngo-1740, ku-Advent. isonto (idluliselwe eSt. Petersburg ngo-1713), okwathi iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili yakhulisa abahlabeleli abafanelekayo, iqembu labahlabeleli. abaqhubi, futhi emacaleni omnyango nabaqambi (D. S. Bortnyansky, M. S. Berezovsky), yasungulwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka. umqhubi we-Orchestra I. Amakilasi e-Gyubner afunda ukudlala i-orc. amathuluzi. Ngaphambili, ngo-1738, kwavulwa isikole sokucula nezinsimbi eGlukhov, e-Ukraine. umculo (ukudlala i-violin, ihabhu ne-bandura); lapha eduze. i-regent ekhethekile yanikezwa i-M. o. ikakhulukazi ikusasa adv. abahlabeleli. Phakathi kokunye uch. izikhungo - St. Petersburg. yaseshashalazini. esikoleni (eyasungulwa ngo-1738, kodwa ekugcineni kwakhiwa 1783), lapho bafundisa hhayi kuphela ukusebenza esiteji, kodwa futhi umculo. art-wu, nomculo. amakilasi e-Academy of Arts. yavulwa ngawo-1760. futhi yaba khona amashumi eminyaka ambalwa (phakathi kwabafundi - comp. B. I. Fomin). Mayelana nokunakwa, okwakhokhwa ngekhulu le-18. izinhlangano uprof. M. o., fakaza kohulumeni. Izinqumo (ezingagcwaliseki) ekusungulweni komculo we-Ekaterinoslav.

Ku-akhawunti. izikhungo zohlobo oluhlukile, isici esibalulekile sokukhuliswa kwezicukuthwane, futhi engxenyeni ye-raznochin, intsha yi-philology evamile. Isikole sokuqala sezwe, ohlelweni lwesixuku kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1730s. yayihlanganisa izifundo zomculo ezihlelekile, kwakuyi-Cadet Corps (ngaleso sikhathi eyayiyi-land gentry). Ngenxa yokwenzekayo isidingo seziningi zalezi zikhungo zivame ukuqeqesha abaculi abangochwepheshe. Kulabo bafundi izikhungo kufanele zabelwe umculo. amakilasi asungulwe esitezi sokuqala. Ikhulu le-1 endaweni yokuzivocavoca e-Academy of Sciences, esitezi sesi-18. Ikhulu le-2 - eMoscow. un-labo (ama-gymnasium ahloniphekile kanye ne-raznochinny kanye ne-Noble Boarding School at the un-labo), e-Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens kanye "nomnyango we-petty-bourgeois" nayo, eMoscow. futhi Petersburg. fundisa. izindlu, endaweni yokuzivocavoca yaseKazan, engaphansi kweMoscow. un-tu, nasezindaweni eziningi zokuzivocavoca kwezinye izifundazwe. Izifundo zomculo kweziningi zalezi zikole. izikhungo zazimi endaweni ephakeme kakhulu (zaziholwa abaculi abavelele, ngokuvamile abezinye izizwe). Ngakho-ke, abafundi be-Smolny Institute (uhlelo lwemfundo yomculo olwathuthukiswa kulo kamuva lwadluliselwa kwezinye izikhungo zemfundo eziphakeme zohlobo olufanayo) abaqeqeshwanga kuphela ekwenzeni (ukushaya ihabhu, upiyano, ukucula), kodwa. kanye nethiyori yomculo, futhi kwezinye izimo ukwakheka. Esikhathini esizayo, abanye abafundi abavela ezicukuthwaneni ezimpofu baqala ukulungiselela umculo kanye ne-pedagogical. imisebenzi. Ngenxa yokuthi ezindaweni eziningi zabanikazi bezindlu nezintaba. izindlu ezihloniphekile zihlele ama-serf choirs, instr. (kuhlanganise nophondo) ama-ensembles nama-orchestra, kanye no-t-ry, kwadingeka ukuqeqesha abaculi abavela kuma-serfs. Kwenziwa kokubili ekhaya (abaculi bezinye izizwe, ababemenywe ezigodini), futhi ngokukhethekile. izikole zomculo zama-serfs, adalwe emadolobheni. Ngokusobala, izikole zokuqala ezinjalo zaqala ukusebenza ngawo-18. Lapha babefundisa ukucula, ukudlala i-orc. namakhibhodi, kanye nebhesi evamile kanye nomculo wokuqamba. Ngezinye izikhathi, ukuze kulungiswe i-repertoire edingekayo, abaculi be-serf bathunyelwa ezikoleni ezinjalo ngamaqembu wonke.

Emakilasini e-pedagogical engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu le-18. (ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuqoqwa kwezingoma zomdabu zika-V. Trutovsky, 1776-95, kanye no-I. Prach, 1790, zaphuma zinganyatheliswa), isiRashiya saqala ukudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. nar. ingoma nomdanso (kokuqala, amalungiselelo nokulotshiweyo). M. ukusatshalaliswa mayelana. ezigabeni ezahlukene Russian Society uye wadala isidingo sokushicilela ezingokoqobo. uh. izibonelelo (okokuqala ezidluliswayo). Enye yezincwadi zokuqala ezadlala indima ebalulekile emlandweni wesiRashiya. M. o., kwakuyi-“Clavier School, noma Inkomba emfushane neqinile ye-Concord and Melody” ka-GS Lelein (1773-74), eyayithembele ekusebenzeni kwe-clavier, iqukethe izinhlinzeko ezijwayelekile zethiyori yokuqamba futhi yayihlukaniswa nomthombo. - ukukhanyiseleka okwaziwayo. i-latitude. Ekuqaleni. Ukuhunyushwa kwekhulu le-19 lomunye umculo kwaphuma. izincwadi zokufunda (isibonelo, L. Mozart – “The Fundamental Violin School”, 1804; V. Manfredini – “Harmonic and melodic rules for teaching all music”, ehunyushwe nguSA Degtyarev, 1805), kanye nesikole sasekhaya sopiyano. I. Pracha (1815).

Kuze kube ngama-60s. Ikhulu le-19 ohlelweni lwaseRussia. uphrof. M. o. azikho izinguquko ezibalulekile, nakuba isidingo sabaculi bemikhakha ehlukene sakhula futhi kwabekwa izimfuno eziphakeme kakhulu ezingeni lokuqeqeshwa kwabo. Ezikoleni zeshashalazi zaseSt. Petersburg naseMoscow, abaqeqeshi abadlali abamangalisayo kuphela, kodwa nabaculi namalungu e-orchestra yezindlu ze-opera, nasekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-19 lamakilasi omculo "aphakeme" asungulwe kulabo abaphumelele ngokukhethekile. Lezi uch. izikhungo, kanye Pridv. Isonto lesonto kwakungohulumeni kuphela. in-tami, eyabeka umsebenzi wokuqeqesha abaculi abaqeqeshiwe. M. o. kwandiswe endlini yesonto: in con. 1830s amakilasi orc avulwa. izinsimbi, futhi kamuva, amakilasi we-fp. kanye nezindatshana. Ekuqaleni. Ikota yesi-2 yezikole zomculo zekhulu le-19 zama-serf zalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwazo kwangaphambili futhi zayeka ukuba khona kancane kancane. indima ebalulekile ekusakazeni umculo. amasiko (ingxenye ekuqeqeshweni kwabaculi abakhokhelwayo) ayesadlalwa yi-middle and above uch. izikhungo, lapho kwakukhona iminyuziyamu. amakilasi, - izindawo zokuzivocavoca, amabhuzu oboya obude (eMoscow, eSt. Petersburg, Kazan, Kharkov), Mining in-t, Uch-sche jurisprudence, abesifazane bavaleleke kuwe. Kulezi zikhungo zabesifazane, naphezu kokushiyeka okuningi enhlanganweni ye-MO, kwakhiwa uhlelo lwemfundo (oluhlanganisa ukudlala insimbi yomculo, umculo ohlangene, i-solfeggio, i-harmony, ne-pedagogical practice), kamuva eyaba yisisekelo sokufundisa. uhlelo lwezindawo zokulondoloza imvelo, kanye nothisha bezikhungo zabesifazane balungiselela imisebenzi ebucayi ngezindaba zomculo. (ch. hlela. fp.) i-pedagogy. Uchwepheshe. umculo wangasese. zazimbalwa kakhulu izikole (esinye savulwa nguDN Kashin ngo-1840 eMoscow), nomculo wasekhaya. ukuqeqeshwa kwaqhubeka kuphumelela kakhulu. Izifundo zangasese zanikezwa abantu bakwamanye amazwe abaxhumanisa isiphetho sabo nesiRashiya. isiko lomculo (I. Gesler, J. Inkundla, A. Henselt, L. Maurer, K. Schubert, A. Villuan), rus. abaqambi (A. L. Gurilev, A. E. Varlamov nabanye), abadlali bezinsimbi nabaqambi (A. O. Sikhra, D. N. Kashin, N. Yebo. Afanasiev nabanye), futhi ngawo-50s. abasha A. G. kanye no-N. G. Rubinstein futhi M. A. Balakirev. Izifundo zasekhaya ngokuvamile zazilinganiselwe kumkhuba wokudlala izinsimbi ezithile noma ukucula; umculo-thiyeri. nomculo-mlando. abafundi ngokuvamile abazange bayithole imfundo. Gcwalisa kabusha lezi zidalwa. igebe ngokwezinga elincane kakhulu elingase libe sesidlangalaleni. izinkulumo, i-to-rye ehlelwe ne-con. 1830s ch. hlela. Petersburg. Ukuvela kule minyaka izinhlelo zenhlangano ekhethekile. umculo uk. izikhungo zafakaza ngesidingo esiphuthumayo se-M ebanzi, ejulile futhi eguquguqukayo. o. Elinye lalawa mapulani kwakungelombhidisi waseMoscow. Umphathi Omkhulu UF. Scholz, owethula ngo-1819 iphrojekthi yokusungulwa kweMuses eMoscow. i-conservatory. Le phrojekthi ayizange isetshenziswe, u-Scholz wakwazi ukufeza ngo-1830, ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, imvume yokuhlela ukufundisa kwamahhala kwama-bass ajwayelekile kanye nokwakheka ekhaya lakhe. Umbhali wenye iphrojekthi engakafezeki kwakungu-A. G. Rubinshtein, owahlongoza ngo-1852 ukuvula eSt. Petersburg e-Academy of Arts of the Muses.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1860 isiko leqhwa laseRussia “sabisa igebe phakathi kohlakanipha, belwela ukunqoba izindawo eziphakeme zobuciko, nabalaleli abavela endaweni yentando yeningi yaseRussia, ababenama-motley kakhulu ekuthandweni kwabo” (B. AT. Asafiev, "Kwakukhona abathathu ...", Sat. "Umculo WaseSoviet", vol. 2, 1944, ikhasi. I-5-6). Ukulungiswa okubanzi kuphela kwezizwe zobaba kungasiza imbangela. abadlali, othisha nabaqambi, i-to-rye bazokwazi ukukhulisa izinga lesiRashiya. ukuphila kweqhwa hhayi kuphela eMoscow naseSt. Petersburg, kodwa kulo lonke izwe. Ngalesi sikhathi, umsebenzi ka-A. G. URubinstein nabangane bakhe, abahlela ukuhlela ngaphansi kweRussia. ice ob-va (yavulwa ngo-1859) isiRashiya sokuqala. i-conservatory. Lo msebenzi waqhubeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima: ngokungqubuzana nomngcele. ukusabela. emibuthanweni kanye nesimo senkulumompikiswano eshubile nalabo abesaba “imfundo engenazwelonke” eyakhiwe u-prof. ezintathu. izikhungo. Isungulwe ngaphansi kweRussia. i-ice ob-ve ngo-1860 mus. amakilasi (ukucula, upiyano, ivayolini, i-cello, ithiyori yokuqala, ikwaya. ukucula nokuzilolonga) kwasebenza njengesisekelo sokutholwa ngo-1862 kweSt. Petersburg. i-conservatory (kuze kube ngu-1866 yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Mus. uthisha) eholwa ngu-A. G. Rubinstein. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ngokumelene ne-conservatory uM. A. Balakirev futhi G. Ya Lomakin yasungulwa eSt. Petersburg Umculo Wamahhala. esikoleni, omunye wemisebenzi okwakuwukunikeza ujenene uM. obakhathalelayo. (ulwazi oluyisisekelo lomculo-wethiyori, ikhono lokucula ekwayeni nokudlala ku-orchestra, njll.) kubathandi bomculo. Ngo-1866, futhi ngesisekelo seminyuziyamu ehlelwe ngaphambili (ngo-1860). amakilasi, iMoscow yasungulwa. i-conservatory, umqondisi wayo owayengumsunguli wokudalwa kwayo, uN. G. Rubinstein. Womabili ama-conservatories abambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesiRashiya. uphrof. UM. obakhathalelayo. futhi bathola ukuqashelwa emhlabeni ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi babefundiswa abaculi abavelele: eSt. Petersburg - A. G. Rubinstein (phakathi kwabafundi bakhe beziqu zokuqala kwaba uP. FUTHI. Tchaikovsky), F. O. Leshetitsky (kusukela ngo-1862), L. C. U-Auer (kusukela ngo-1868), N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov (kusukela 1871), A. KUYA. ULyadov (kusukela ngo-1878), F. UM. Blumenfeld (kusukela ngo-1885), A. N. Esipova (kusukela ngo-1893), A. KUYA. Glazunov (kusukela ngo-1899), L. AT. Nikolaev (kusukela 1909) nabanye; eMoscow - N. G. Rubinstein, P. FUTHI. Tchaikovsky (kusukela ngo-1866), S. FUTHI. Taneev (kusukela 1878), V. FUTHI. Safonov (kusukela ngo-1885), A. N. Scriabin (kusukela ngo-1898), K. N. Igumnov (kusukela ngo-1899), A. B. Goldenweiser (kusukela ngo-1906), N. KUYA. Mettner (kusukela ngo-1909) nabanye. Phakathi namashumi eminyaka, ukwakheka kwama-conservatories aqeqeshe abaculi kuzo zonke izici ezikhethekile kushintshile, kodwa izici zabo ezilandelayo ziye zahlala zingashintshile: ukuhlukaniswa ngeminyango emibili - ophansi (abafundi bamukelwa ngisho nasebuntwaneni) futhi ephakeme; "amakilasi esayensi" (asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa imfundo ejwayelekile. izinga labafundi); ukunikeza abafundi abaphothule izifundo ezigcwele ze-conservatory futhi baphumelele isipesheli. izivivinyo zokugcina, idiploma "yomculi wamahhala" (kuze kube ngama-1860s. Lesi sihloko satholwa kuphela abaphothule e-Academy of Arts). I-Conservatories yaba nesandla ekwakhiweni kwesiRashiya. enza. kanye nezikole zabaqambi. Yiqiniso, izwe lobaba. vok. Isikole sasungulwa ngaphambili kakhulu ngaphansi kwethonya likaM. FUTHI. Glinka kanye A. C. Dargomyzhsky, owafundisa umnyango. abafundi hhayi kuphela izimiso jikelele umculo. ukusebenza, kodwa futhi umculi. ikhono; omunye walabo abakhulise abaqambi besikole esisha saseRussia kwakunguM. A. Balakirev, owayala abaculi abasha ngomoya wemithetho kaGlinka. Ububanzi obubanzi ngokungenakuqhathaniswa ukuthola imisebenzi yabasunguli balezo zikole ezithuthuke kuma-conservatories. Abasunguli ababili abakhulu baseRussia. izikole zabaqambi zaba: eSt. Petersburg - N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, eMoscow - P. FUTHI. Chaikovsky. Engxenyeni yesi-2. 19 kanye nenombolo yokuqala ye-20 cc yeqhwa laseRussia lesithathu. izikhungo zanda kancane kancane. Amagatsha Local Rus. ice mayelana-va wavula iminyuziyamu. Isikole e-Kyiv (1863), Kazan (1864), Saratov (1865), futhi kamuva kwezinye. amadolobha ezwe. Kamuva, izikole eSaratov (1912), Kyiv futhi Odessa (1913) zahlelwa kabusha endaweni Conservatory. Ngo-1865, lesi sahluko sasungulwa. umqondisi Rus. ice about-va, lapho uquqaba lwadlulisela khona “yonke imisebenzi nokukhathazeka mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwe-Mo eRussia”. Inhloso yokuhlela lolu phiko, obeluphethwe ngomunye wamalungu omndeni wasebukhosini, bekuwukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni, ngaphandle kokuhola ngokusemthethweni amamyuziyamu. ezintathu. izikhungo, babe nethuba lokulawula izindaba zabo futhi bagxambukele emsebenzini wabo besuka esikhundleni sezigaba. Ngo-1883, kwavulwa i-Musical Drama Theatre endaweni yokugcina i-npiB-ax. isikole eduze kwaseMoscow. I-Philharmonic. mayelana-ve. Ngo-1887 A. G. Rubinstein ngephrojekthi yomculo wezingane wendawo yonke. imfundo, ehlongoza ukwethula emabangeni aphansi yonke imisebenzi yezandla kanye namabhinki. isikole, izindawo zokuzivocavoca zasendulo nezangempela, ikhwaya ephoqelekile ye-cadet corps. ukucula, i-solfeggio kanye nethiyori yomculo eyisisekelo. Lo msebenzi omangalisayo waleyo minyaka wenziwa ezindaweni ezithile ezinelungelo kuphela. izikhungo. Kusho indima ekuthuthukisweni kwesiRashiya. UM. obakhathalelayo. edlalwa abaculi abaningi abazimele. izikole zivulwa ngokuhlanganyela. 19 - cela. 20 cc eSt. Petersburg (idrama yomculo. izifundo E. AP Rapgofa, 1882; Muses. amakilasi I. A. UGlisser, ngo-1886; Uchwepheshe. fp esikoleni. imidlalo kanye nezifundo zabadlali bopiyano-ochwepheshe bezindlela u-S. F. Schlesinger, 1887), eMoscow (umculo. isikole B. U-Yu Zograf-Plaksina, ngo-1891; osisi Evg. F., Elena F. AmaGnesins, ngo-1895; AT. A. Selivanova, 1903), Kyiv, Odessa, Kharkov, Rostov-on-Don, Tbilisi, njll. imizi. Ama-Conservatories, uch-shcha namamuses. izikole zangaphambi koguquko iRussia yayikhona ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemali yokufunda ephakeme kakhulu, ngakho-ke uM. obakhathalelayo. yizingane zabazali abacebile kuphela noma abafundi abanesiphiwo ngabanye abasekelwa abaxhasi noma, ngaphandle kwalokho, abangakwazi ukuthola imali yokufunda. Ukuze unamathisele kumculo. isiko labantu abaningi, abaculi abathuthukayo con. 19 - cela. Emakhulwini angu-20, ngomqondo othile eqhubeka nesiko lomculo wamahhala. izikole, zaqala ukudala uch. izikhungo (ezinye zazibizwa ngokuthi Nar. conservatories), lapho kwakungenzeka khona ukuthola uM. obakhathalelayo. mahhala noma ngemali encane. ESt. Petersburg, lezi zikole zazihlanganisa: Umculo Womphakathi. isigaba Pedagog. imnyuziyamu (bas. ngo-1881), okwasebenza njengesisekelo socwaningo emkhakheni womculo wezingane. i-pedagogy; Umculo wezingane wamahhala. esikoleni. Glinka, eyahlelwa ngo-1906 ngesinyathelo sikaM. A. Balakireva and S. UM. Lyapunova; Igama le-Conservatory, elavulwa ngo-1906 ngu-N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov A. KUYA. Lyadov A. AT. Verzhbilovich, L. C. U-Auer (abathweswe iziqu baklonyeliswa ngeziqu ze-Nar. othisha bomculo nokucula). Esinye sezikhungo eziphumelela kakhulu nezinegunya zalolu hlobo kwakuyiNar. Conservatory eMoscow ngo-1906), abaculi abavelele kakhulu babamba iqhaza ekusungulweni nasekusebenzeni kwe-swarm - S. FUTHI. Taneev, E. E. Lineva, B. L. Yavorsky, N.

Oct Uguquko lwabandakanya izinguquko ezinkulu enhlanganweni kanye nesiteji sika-M. obakhathalelayo. Isiqondiso nokunakekelwa kwezezimali kwamamuses. ezintathu. izikhungo zathathwa umbuso (Isinqumo soMkhandlu weNar. Okhomishana ngokudluliswa kwawo wonke ama-akhawunti. izikhungo e Vedepie Nar. weCommissariat of Education kaJuly 5, 1918), evula indlela yokusakazwa kabanzi kukajenene uM. mayelana., ukuhlinzeka abafundi ngo-prof. ezintathu. izikhungo zemfundo yamahhala kanye nemifundaze. Lokhu kwavula ithuba lokuthola imfundo entsheni esebenzayo, kuhlanganisa. kanye nabamele izizwe ezibuyela emuva ngokwesiko. Phakathi kohulumeni. imicimbi ebambe iqhaza ekuheheni umculo osezingeni eliphezulu. isikole sabasebenzi nabalimi, kwakuyinhlangano yalabo okuthiwa. United Arts. ubuhlakani babasebenzi, ukudluliswa komculo wakhe. umnyango (wasungulwa ngo-1923) ngaphansi kwegunya leMoscow. Conservatory (1927) bese kuvulwa izikole zabasebenzi eMoscow. (1929) kanye neLeningrad. (1931) ama-conservatories. Eminyakeni yokuqala yangemva kokuguquguquka, izimiso ezijwayelekile ezakha isisekelo sokuhlelwa kabusha kwe-M. obakhathalelayo. Okubaluleke kakhulu kuzo: 1) ukumenyezelwa kwesibopho somculo wendawo yonke. imfundo (isinqumo se-Muses. Umnyango we-Narkomiros ngokufundiswa kokucula nomculo esikoleni esihlangene sezabasebenzi, ngaphambi kuka-19 Oct. 1918) kanye nokuqashelwa kokubaluleka okukhulu kukajenene uM. obakhathalelayo. kokubili ukuphakamisa isiko labantu, kanye nokuhlonza abantu abanekhono emculweni abafanele u-prof. izifundo zomculo; 2) ukuqonda isidingo sokuqeqesha abaculi abazoba nekhono elichazwe kahle (ukucula, ukuqamba, ukufundisa, ukukhanyiselwa, i-musicology) futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo babe nolwazi olubanzi emkhakheni wabo wokukhethekile, ezifundweni nasemiphakathini ehlobene. iziyalo; 3) ukuqwashisa ngendima enkulu yokukhiqiza. imikhuba ku-uch. isikhungo nangale kwalokho (lokhu kwaholela ekuhleleni izitudiyo ze-opera ku-conservatories; eyokuqala yavulwa ngo-1923 ePetrograd. i-conservatory); 4) ukusungula imfuneko yokuthi umculi wanoma yimuphi umsebenzi angahlanganisa uprofesa wakhe. imisebenzi yezemfundo. Ukuze kumiswe isimiso sezikhova. UM. obakhathalelayo. indima ebalulekile ikakhulukazi yadlalwa yinhlangano kanye methodical. ukusesha esikhathini sika-1917-27. Okubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kuka-prof. UM. obakhathalelayo. zasayinwa B. FUTHI. Isinqumo sikaLenin soMkhandlu Wabantu. Komissarov yangoJulayi 12, 1918 ngesikhathi soguquko lwasePetrograd. kanye noMosk. ama-conservatories “ngaphansi kwamandla e-People's Commissariat for Education ngokulingana nazo zonke izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ngokuqedwa kokuncika kwi-Russian Musical Society”, kanye nezinqumo ezalandela zangawo lowo nyaka, ezamemezela isifundazwe nedolobha. ezintathu. izikhungo Rus. ice mayelana-va state. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala nasekuqaleni kweshumi lesibili lekhulu lama-20. umculo endaweni ebonakalayo. umphakathi - imibuzo kaGeneral M. obakhathalelayo. futhi kulokhu umsebenzi ukhanyisa kakhulu. izikole ezavulwa ePetrograd, eMoscow, njll. imizi. Izikole zazinamagama ahlukene: Nar. izikole zeqhwa, izikole zomculo imfundo, nar. i-conservatory, izifundo zomculo wesintu jikelele, njll. Emsebenzini walezi zikhungo ezibeka i-methodical. izisekelo zezikhova. ujenene M. o., abaculi abavelele babamba iqhaza: ePetrograd - B. AT. Asafiev, M. H. Barinova, S. L. Ginzburg, N. L. Grodzenskaya, W. G. Karatigin, L. AT. Nikolaev, V. AT. Sofronitsky nabanye; eMoscow - A. AT. Alexandrov, N. Ya Bryusova A. F. Gedike, A. D. Kastalsky, W. N. Shatskaya nabanye. Esigabeni sokuqala sokukhula kwezikhova. UM. obakhathalelayo. abahleli bawo babhekane nenqwaba yobunzima. Izimpande zabanye zaya ku-pre-revolutionary. ukuqeqeshwa kokuzijwayeza umculo, lapho ukuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe besikhathi esizayo kanye nabasafufusa kungahlukaniswanga, uM. obakhathalelayo. ayihlukaniswanga ngezigaba kuye ngeminyaka yabafundi. UDkt ubunzima babangelwa ukuvela, ngokuvamile okuzenzakalelayo (ikakhulukazi ngo-1918-20), kwama-muses amaningi ahlukahlukene. ezintathu. izikhungo zohlobo olukhethekile nolujwayelekile. Zazibizwa ngokuthi izikole, izifundo, izitudiyo, imibuthano, izikole zobuchwepheshe ngisho nezindawo zokugcinwa kwemvelo kanye nezikhungo, zazingenalo iphrofayili ecacile futhi azinakushiwo ngokuqiniseka okwanele emfundweni yamabanga aphansi, eyesibili noma ephakeme. izikhungo. Ukufana emsebenzini walokhu kulandisa. izikhungo zaqala ukwehlisa intuthuko kaM. obakhathalelayo. Umzamo wokuqala futhi ongaphelele kakhulu wokudala uhlelo oluvumelanayo lwe-M. obakhathalelayo. senziwa ngo-1919 "Izinhlinzeko Eziyisisekelo ku-State Musical University" (leli gama lalisho inethiwekhi yonke yezikole ezikhethekile). kanye noGeneral M. obakhathalelayo. kusuka kumabanga aphansi kuya kokuphambili). Ngokulandela umcabango ka-A. AT. Lunacharsky ukuthi lonke uhlelo lwemfundo ejwayelekile, kusukela enkulisa kuya enyuvesi, kufanele kube "isikole esisodwa, isitebhisi esisodwa esiqhubekayo", abahlanganisi be "Basic Provisions ..." bahlukanise okukhethekile. iqhwa lesithathu. izikhungo zibe amazinga amathathu ngokuhambisana nezinga lomculo. ulwazi namakhono abafundi. Nokho, abakwazanga ukuhlukanisa imisebenzi yemfundo, ukukhulisa nokukhanyiselwa, noma ukubeka imingcele yeminyaka yokufunda emazingeni amathathu “Enyuvesi Yomculo”. Umsebenzi owengeziwe ekufanisweni komculo. ezintathu. izikhungo kanye nokuvuselela izinhlelo zabo, lapho izikhova ezivelele kakhulu zabamba iqhaza. abaculi abahlobene nemisebenzi ka-B. L. Yavorsky, okwathi kusukela ngo-1921 wahola Mus. UMnyango Wezobuqondisi Jikelele Wezemfundo Yezandla. Ngokuhlela kabusha okulandelayo uM. obakhathalelayo. umbiko wakhe othi “Ngezimiso zokwakha amakharikhulamu nezinhlelo esikoleni somculo okhokhelwayo” (ofundwe ngoMeyi 2, 1921) waba nethonya elingathi sína, lapho, ikakhulukazi, ngokokuqala ngqá emculweni. i-pedagogy yekhulu lama-20 le thesis yabekwa phambili ngokukhuthazela okunjalo: "isici sokusungula kufanele sifakwe ezinhlelweni zazo zonke izifundo" ezithathwe kwezemfundo. izikhungo emazingeni ahlukene. Cishe ngo-1922, umkhuba wesici wachazwa, owaqhubeka uthinta eminyakeni eyalandela - ukunakwa okwengeziwe kukhokhwa emibuzweni ka-prof. UM. obakhathalelayo. kanye ne-spec. iziyalo (ukudlala izinsimbi, ukucula). Inhlangano yamamyuziyemu akhethekile okuqala esibili nayo ingeyalesi sikhathi. izikole - umculo. izikole zobuchwepheshe, kuma-30s. iqanjwe kabusha esikoleni. Esitezi sesi-2. 20s isakhiwo esithile senziwe. o., ilondolozwe iminyaka eminingana: 1) isiqalo esingu-M. obakhathalelayo. ngesimo sezinhlobo ezimbili zezikole - isigaba sokuqala sezingane ezineminyaka emi-4 (sezingane), esasebenza ngokuhambisana nesikole sabasebenzi futhi sasizimele. ezintathu. izikhungo, noma izixhumanisi zokuqala zeminyuziyamu. izikole zobuchwepheshe, kanye nezifundo zikaGeneral M. obakhathalelayo. kubantu abadala ababenomculo kuphela - khanyisa. imisebenzi; 2) uprofesa ojwayelekile. UM. obakhathalelayo. - izikole zobuchwepheshe (ebenzayo kanye ne-instructor-pedagogical); 3) ephakeme - i-conservatory. Mayelana nezinguquko mayelana. ngo-1926 iSikhungo sahlelwa eLeningrad. I-ice technical school, emsebenzini lapho ubuhlakani obusha bubonakaliswe. izitayela nosesho emculweni. pedagogy, eyaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni okwengeziwe kwezikhova. UM. obakhathalelayo. Phakathi kothisha besikole sobuchwepheshe kwakukhona iLeningrad evelele. abaculi. Emlandweni we-M. obakhathalelayo. ingqophamlando ebalulekile kwaba umbhalo Nar. I-Commissariat of Education, elungiselelwe ngesisekelo semibiko yabantu abavelele kakhulu besiko lomculo laseSoviet u-A. B. Goldenweiser, M. F. Gnesina, M. AT. Ivanov-Boretsky, L. AT. Nikolaeva A. AT. Ossovsky nabanye, - "Regulations on the Moscow and Leningrad Conservatories" (1925). Lo mbhalo ekugcineni ugunyaze ukuba semthethweni kwezindawo zokugcinwa kwemvelo ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu le-M. o., ukwakheka kwazo kwasungulwa (umqambi-wesayensi, ukwenza kanye nokufundisa-ukufundisa. f-you), iphrofayili yabathweswe iziqu kanye nemibandela yokuqeqeshwa yanqunywa, kwasungulwa isikhungo sabafundi abaneziqu. Nomnumzane. Izazi zomculo zama-20s nazo zaqala ukuqeqeshwa kuma-conservatories (ngaphambilini, ngaphambi kwenguquko, sasingekho isikhungo esasizoqeqesha ochwepheshe abanjalo). Nokho, ukuqala kwe-musicology ephakeme. imfundo ezweni lamaSoviet - 1920, lapho ePetrograd, e-Institute of the History of Art, i-Faculty of Music History yavulwa (yaba khona kwaze kwaba ngo-1929 ngendlela Yezifundo Zokuqeqesha Ochwepheshe Emlandweni Wezobuciko). Ngo-1927, ukuhleleka kwesakhiwo esijwayelekile sezikhova. UM. obakhathalelayo. yaqedwa kakhulu, nakuba iye yaba nezinguquko ezalandela. Ngakho-ke, izingane ezineminyaka engu-4 ubudala. izikole zaguqulwa zaba izikole zeminyaka eyi-7 (ngo-1933), futhi kwasungulwa izikole zomculo ezindaweni eziningi zokugcinwa kwemvelo. Izikole zeminyaka eyishumi, uhlelo lwe-faculty of conservatories lwandiswa (kusuka ku-ser. 30s), ihlelwe umculo kanye ne-pedagogical. ku-wena (eyokuqala yavulwa ngo-1944 Muz.-Pedagogical.

K ser. Isistimu yenhlangano yama-70s M. obakhathalelayo. e-USSR kukhona umkhondo. indlela. Izinga eliphansi kakhulu umculo wezingane ezineminyaka engu-7 ubudala. izikole (ibanga lesi-8 elengeziwe - kulabo abalungiselela ukungena emculweni. uch-sche), inhloso yakho ukunikeza i-general M. obakhathalelayo. futhi ukhombe abafundi abanekhono kakhulu abafuna ukuthola okukhethekile. UM. obakhathalelayo. Iziyalo ezifundwe lapha zihlanganisa: ukudlala insimbi (fp., bewed, wind, folk), solfeggio, umculo. idiploma kanye nethiyori, ikwaya. ukucula nama-ensembles. Kufika ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu likaGeneral M. obakhathalelayo. kukhona nezikole zakusihlwa zentsha nentsha. Kuze kufike esigabeni esimaphakathi uM. obakhathalelayo. hlanganisa iminyaka emi-4 uch. izikhungo: isikole somculo, lapho beqeqesha khona abaculi abaqeqeshiwe beziqu ezimaphakathi (abadlala izinsimbi, abahlabeleli, abahlabeleli, abahlabeleli) ukuthi basebenze kuma-orchestra, amakhwaya futhi bafundise emculweni wezingane. izikole (ezinesiphiwo kakhulu, ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni, zingenela umncintiswano wemfundo ephakeme. izikhungo); umculo-pedagogical. uch-scha, othisha bomculo abaphothula izifundo zabo jikelele. izikole nabaholi bezinkulisa zomculo. Ema-conservatories athile nasezikhungweni kukhona okukhethekile okuneminyaka engu-11 ubudala. izikole zeqhwa lapho abafundi, belungiselela ukwamukelwa emculweni. amanyuvesi athola i-M ephansi neyesibili. obakhathalelayo. futhi ngasikhathi sinye. thatha isifundo semfundo ejwayelekile. isikole sebanga eliphezulu. Inani eliphakeme kakhulu lama-M. obakhathalelayo. kuhlanganisa: ama-conservatories, umculo-wokufundisa. kuwena kanye nakuwe ubuciko-ngaphakathi (ngekhono lomculo); isikhathi sabo sokuqeqeshwa iminyaka emi-5. Lapha kuqeqeshwa ongoti beziqu eziphakeme kakhulu - abaqambi, abadlali bezinsimbi, abahlabeleli, abadlali be-symphonicists, i-opera namakhwaya. abaqhubi, ongoti bomculo nabaqondisi bomculo. I-t-ditch Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu futhi elomculo kanye ne-pedagogical. f-wena ku-pedagogical. in-tah; othisha bomculo besikhathi esizayo beziqu eziphakeme kakhulu (ochwepheshe bezindlela) baqeqeshelwa imfundo evamile lapha. izikole kanye nothisha bomculo ne-pedagogy. iziyalo zokufundisa. inyuvesi Ezomculo eziningi Izikole namanyuvesi aneminyango yakusihlwa neyokuxhumana, lapho abafundi bethola khona imfundo ngaphandle kokumisa umsebenzi wabo. Ngeminyuziyamu eminingi. amanyuvesi kanye n.-kanye. izifundo ze-in-ta postgraduate zihlelwa (nemfundo yeminyaka emi-3 yesikhathi esigcwele kanye neminyaka emi-4 eminyangweni yezokuxhumana), okuhloswe ngayo ukulungiswa kwesayensi. abasebenzi nothisha bamanyuvesi ngomlando kanye nethiyori yomculo nokwenza. icala, umculo. ubuhle, izindlela zokufundisa umculo. eyala. Ukuqeqeshwa kothisha-abaqambi nothisha-abadlali bomculo. izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme zenziwa ku-assiant-internship ehlelwe kuma-conservatories nezikhungo ezihamba phambili (isifundo sesikhathi esigcwele sokufunda 2, izifundo zezincwadi - iminyaka emi-3). Ukusatshalaliswa kwathola izifundo zokuqeqeshwa okuphambili kothisha bomculo. izikole, i-uch-shch kanye nezikole zamabanga aphezulu ngokwesilinganiso esigunyaziwe nakumamuse aphezulu. ezintathu. izikhungo. Kunakwa kakhulu ekusungulweni kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamamuse. izikole ezisemaRiphabhulikhi kazwelonke. E-RSFSR, Belarus nase-Ukraine, kumaRiphabhulikhi aseBaltic naseTranscaucasia, kanye naseKazakh, Kirghiz, Tajik, Turkmen kanye ne-Uzbek SSRs, eyayise-pre-revolutionary. isikhathi sokubuyela emuva, kwakha inethiwekhi enkulu yamamuse. ezintathu. izikhungo. Kusukela ngo-1975, kunezikhungo zomculo zezingane ezingu-5234 e-USSR. izikole, 231 umculo. inyuvesi, inyuvesi eyi-10 ye-isk-v, uthisha womculo we-12. isikole, 2 umculo. Isikole se-choreographic, ama-conservatories angama-20, izikhungo zezobuciko eziyi-8, ezomculo ezi-3 nezokufundisa. in-ta, 48 umculo. f-tov at pedagogical. ku-tah. Izimpumelelo M. obakhathalelayo. e-USSR futhi ngenxa yokuthi i-pedagogical. umsebenzi emanyuvesi omculo wawuholwa futhi uholwa abaqambi abaqavile, abadlali, izazi zomculo kanye nezazi zendlela. Kusukela ngo-1920-ies. in izikhova ice amanyuvesi waqala sina n.-futhi. kanye nomethothodologist. umsebenzi, okwaholela ekubuyekezweni okusekelwe ezinhlinzekweni zeMarxism-Leninism, okuqukethwe nezindlela zokufundisa zendabuko zangaphambi kokuguquguquka. i-conservatory of music theory kanye nomculo-mlando. izinto, kanye nokwakhiwa kwama-akhawunti amasha. eyala. Ikakhulukazi, izifundo ezikhethekile emlandweni kanye nethiyori yokusebenza, kanye nezindlela zokufundisa zokudlala izinsimbi ezahlukene. Ubudlelwano obuseduze be-pedagogy nesayensi. ucwaningo lube nesandla ekwakhiweni kwezindlela. inombolo yezincwadi zokufunda kanye nokunye. izinzuzo zeziyalo eziyisisekelo ezifakwe ezinhlelweni zezikhova.

Kwamanye amazwe ezenhlalakahle lapho uM. o. ingaphansi kukahulumeni, isakhiwo sayo esijwayelekile (ukuhlukaniswa kwezikhungo zemfundo zomculo zibe amazinga angu-3 - amabanga aphansi, aphezulu nangaphezulu) ngokuvamile afana nalawo amukelwa e-USSR (nakuba kwamanye alawa mazwe izazi zomculo zingaqeqeshwanga emfundweni yomculo. izikhungo, kodwa amabhuzu oboya obude). Ngesikhathi esifanayo ezweni ngalinye enhlanganweni ye-M. mayelana. kukhona ethize. izici ngenxa izici zayo kazwelonke. isiko.

EHungary, lapho uM. o. ngokusekelwe endleleni efanayo. Izimiso zika-B. Bartok kanye no-Z. Kodály, nalapho ukufunda kwabantu baseHungary kuthatha indawo enkulu kuwo wonke amazinga. nar. umculo nokuthatha isifundo se-solfeggio esisekelwe ekuxazululeni izinkinga, uhlelo lokwakha imfundo ngemva kuka-1966 lumi kanje: imfundo evamile yeminyaka engu-7. isikole esinokuchema komculo (kanye nokufunda ngokuzithandela ukudlala izinsimbi zomculo) noma umculo oneminyaka engu-7 ubudala. isikole lapho izingane zifunda khona ngenkathi zifunda amakilasi emfundo ejwayelekile. isikole; isinyathelo esilandelayo uprofesa wesibili weminyaka emi-4. isikole (enejimu yemfundo evamile exhunywe kuso), nalabo abangahlosile ukuba ngabaculi, isikole seminyaka emi-5 semfundo yomculo jikelele; Isikole Esiphakeme Somculo. abamangalele. F. Liszt (Budapest) enesifundo seminyaka emi-5, lapho abaculi beqeqeshwa kuzo zonke izingcweti, kuhlanganisa. izazi zomculo (umnyango wezomculo wahlelwa ngo-1951) kanye nothisha bomculo ekuqaleni. izikole (emnyangweni okhethekile; ukufunda iminyaka emi-3).

E-Czechoslovakia, iminyuziyamu ephakeme kakhulu. futhi umculo-pedagogical. uh. kunezikhungo ePrague, eBrno, naseBratislava; kukhona ama-conservatories (izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme zomculo) kanye nakwamanye amadolobha amaningana. Iqhaza elibalulekile emculweni-pedagogical. impilo yezwe nasekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela zomculo. ukufunda ukudlala Chesh. kanye nesiSlovak. umculo mayelana-va, ukuhlanganisa othisha-abaculi amakhono ahlukene.

E-GDR kunezikole eziphakeme zomculo. amacala eBerlin, Dresden, Leipzig naseWeimar; Izikole eziseBerlin naseDresden zifaka umculo okhethekile. isikole, i-conservatory (isikhungo sesibili somculo) kanye nemfundo ephakeme efanele. isikhungo. Esikoleni Somculo Ophakeme eBerlin kwaze kwaba ngu-1963 uphiko lwezisebenzi zabalimi lusebenza.

EPoland - iminyuziyamu engu-7 ephakeme. uh. izikhungo - eWarsaw, Gdansk, Katowice, Krakow, Lodz, Poznan naseWroclaw. Balungiselela abaculi decomp. ubungcweti, kuhl. kanye nonjiniyela bomsindo (umnyango okhethekile we-Warsaw Higher Musical School). Ongoti emlandweni womculo, umculo. i-aesthetics ne-ethnography ilungiswa yi-Warsaw Institute of Musicology.

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