UMarian Anderson |

UMarian Anderson

I-contralto ye-African-American Marian Anderson ihlaba umxhwele ngezici ezimbalwa ezihlukile. Kuyo, kanye nobuciko bephimbo obumangalisayo nomculo ogqamile, kukhona ukuhlonipheka kwangaphakathi okungavamile ngokuphelele, ukungena, ukucula nokunotha kwe-timbre. Ukuzihlukanisa kwakhe nengxabano yezwe kanye nokungabikho ngokuphelele kwe-narcissism kudala umbono wohlobo oluthile lomusa waphezulu 'ophumayo'. Inkululeko yangaphakathi kanye nemvelo yokukhipha umsindo nakho kuyamangaza. Noma ngabe ulalela ukudlala kuka-Anderson kwe-Bach ne-Handel noma i-Negro spirituals, isimo sokuzindla esingumlingo sivele sivele, esingenazo izifaniso ...

UMarian Anderson wazalelwa kwenye yezindawo zamaKhaladi zasePhiladelphia, washonelwa nguyise eneminyaka engu-12, futhi wakhuliswa ngunina. Kusukela esemncane, wabonisa ikhono lokucula. Intombazane yacula ekwayeni yesonto kwelinye lamabandla amaBaptist ePhiladelphia. U-Anderson ukhuluma kabanzi ngempilo yakhe enzima futhi ecula 'amanyuvesi' encwadini yakhe ye-autobiographical ethi 'Lord, what a morning' (1956, New York), izingcezu zayo ezanyatheliswa ngo-1965 ezweni lakithi (Sat. 'Performing Arts of Foreign Countries ', M., 1962).

Ngemva kokufunda nothisha odumile uGiuseppe Bogetti (J. Pierce phakathi kwabafundi bakhe), wabe esese-studio yezwi kaF. La Forge (owaqeqesha uM. Talley, L. Tibbett nabanye abaculi abadumile), u-Anderson wenza i-debut yakhe ku-albhamu Isiteji sekhonsathi ngo-1925, nokho, ngaphandle kwempumelelo enkulu. Ngemva kokuwina umncintiswano wokucula owawuhlelwe yi-New York Philharmonic, i-National Association of Negro Musicians inikeza umculi osemusha ithuba lokuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe eNgilandi, lapho ithalenta lakhe laqashelwa khona ngumqhubi odumile uHenry Wood. Ngo-1929, u-Anderson wenza i-debut yakhe eCarnegie Hall. Nokho, ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga kwavimbela umculi ukuba athole ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke kwabaphakeme baseMelika. Aphinde ahambe aye Ezweni Elidala. Ngo-1930, uhambo lwakhe lokunqoba lwaseYurophu lwaqala eBerlin. UMarian uyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa amakhono akhe, uthatha izifundo ezimbalwa kumculi odumile waseMahler uMadame Charles Caille. Ngo-1935, u-Anderson wenza ikhonsathi eSalzburg Festival. Yilapho ikhono lakhe elamjabulisa khona uToscanini. Ngo-1934-35. uvakashela i-USSR.

Ngo-1935, ekuqaleni kuka-Arthur Rubinstein, umhlangano obalulekile phakathi kukaMarian Anderson kanye no-Impresario omkhulu, ongowokuzalwa eRussia, uSaul Yurok (igama langempela lomdabu waseBryansk nguSolomon Gurkov) eParis. Wakwazi ukwenza imbobo emqondweni wamaMelika, esebenzisa iLincoln Memorial kulokhu. Ngo-April 9, 1939, abantu abangu-75 ababesezitebhisini zemabula eSikhumbuzweni balalela ukucula komculi omkhulu, oseye waba uphawu lokulwela ukulingana kwezinhlanga. Kusukela lapho, oMongameli base-US u-Roosevelt, u-Eisenhower, futhi kamuva u-Kennedy baye bahlonishwa ngokuphatha uMarian Anderson. Umsebenzi omuhle wekhonsathi womculi, ochungechungeni lwakhe oluhlanganisa izinsimbi zomculo nezingoma zikaBach, Handel, Beethoven, Schubert, Schumann, Mahler, Sibelius, osebenza nguGershwin nabanye abaningi, waphela ngo-April 000, 18 eCarnegie Hall. Umculi omkhulu wafa ngo-April 1965, 8 ePortland.

Kanye kuphela emsebenzini wakhe wonke lapho i-Negro diva evelele yaphendukela ohlotsheni lwe-opera. Ngo-1955, waba ngowesifazane wokuqala omnyama ukucula eMetropolitan Opera. Lokhu kwenzeka phakathi neminyaka yobuqondisi beRudolf Bing edumile. Nansi indlela alichaza ngayo leli qiniso elibalulekile:

'Ukuvela kukaNkk. Anderson - umculi wokuqala omnyama emlandweni weshashalazi, umculi wamaqembu amakhulu, esiteji 'Metropolitan' - lesi ngesinye sezikhathi emsebenzini wami weshashalazi, engiziqhenya kakhulu ngawo. . Bengifuna ukwenza lokhu kusukela onyakeni wami wokuqala e-Met, kodwa kwaze kwaba ngo-1954 lapho saba nengxenye efanele - u-Ulrika e-Un ballo e-maschera - edinga isenzo esincane ngakho-ke izivivinyo ezimbalwa, ezibalulekile kumculi. . , umsebenzi wekhonsathi omatasa kakhulu, futhi kule ngxenye kwakungabalulekile kangangokuthi izwi lomculi lalingasenamandla.

Futhi ngakho konke lokhu, isimemo sakhe senzeka kuphela ngenxa yethuba lenhlanhla: kwenye yezindawo zokwamukela izivakashi ezihlelwe nguSaul Yurok we-ballet 'Sadler's Wells', ngahlala eduze kwakhe. Ngokushesha saxoxa ngombuzo wokuthembisana kwakhe umshado, futhi konke kwahlelwa phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa. Ibhodi Labaphathiswa be-Metropolitan Opera belingekho phakathi kwezinhlangano eziningi ezithumele ukuhalalisela kwazo ngesikhathi kuzwakala lezi zindaba…'. Ngo-Okthoba 9, 1954, i-New York Times yazisa abafundi ngokusayinwa kwenkontileka yetiyetha no-Anderson.

Futhi ngoJanuwari 7, 1955, i-debut eyingqophamlando ye-diva enkulu yaseMelika yenzeke enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yase-United States. Inqwaba yabaculi be-opera abavelele babambe iqhaza ekubonisweni kokuqala: uRichard Tucker (uRichard), uZinka Milanova (Amelia), uLeonard Warren (Renato), uRoberta Peters (Oscar). Ngemva kwesitendi somqhubi kwakukhona omunye wabaqhubi abakhulu bekhulu lama-20, uDimitrios Mitropoulos.

E. Tsodokov