Ivan Vasilyevich Ershov |

U-Ivan Ershov

"Uma u-Sobinov ayengoyena ophelele kunabo bonke abadlali bezingoma zesiRashiya, khona-ke phakathi kwabadlali bamaqembu e-tenor amaqhawe, indawo efanayo kwakungeka-Ershov," kubhala u-DN Lebedev. - Ummeleli omkhulu kunayo yonke yesikole samazwi esinengqondo, u-Ershov wagomela ngokuqinile nangokucacile izimiso zayo.

Umsebenzi ka-Ershov wawushisa, ujabule, uheha inkanuko. Njengoba ayephila, ngakho wayesebenza. Amandla okukholisa, ubulula kwakuyingxenye ebalulekile yemvelo yakhe yobuciko.

Akumangalisi ukuthi omunye wabantu besikhathi sakhe wambiza ngokuthi uChaliapin phakathi kwabadlali.

U-Ivan Vasilyevich Ershov wazalwa ngo-November 20, 1867. “Ukukhula kwami ​​kwakunzima,” kukhumbula u-Ershov. - Ngangineminyaka emndenini "umlomo owengeziwe". Umama wayesebenza njengenceku emndenini wabantu abampofu. Ngangizoba unjiniyela wezitimela. Useziphumelele izivivinyo zokuba ngumsizi womshayeli futhi usehambe kaningi eya kulayini, ehamba ngesitimela esishisayo. Kodwa u-Anton Rubinstein omkhulu wadonsela ukunaka kimi, insizwa. Kusukela lapho, impilo yami ibizinikele kwezobuciko, emculweni.”

Yebo, njengoba kwenzeka, icala lamsiza. U-Ershov wafunda esikoleni sesitimela e-Yelets, esivame ukuqhutshwa kumakhonsathi ayizimfundamakhwela. Amakhono akhe angavamile ayengenakuphikwa. Lapha wezwakala uprofesa weSt. Petersburg Conservatory NB Pansh. Utshele u-AG Rubinstein ngensizwa enekhono. Ngokuncoma komdlali wepiyano omkhulu, umdwebi wemishini izolo waba ngumfundi wekilasi lezwi, eliholwa nguStanislav Ivanovich Gabel. Iminyaka yokufunda yayingelula: yonke imali engenayo yayingama-ruble angu-15 ngenyanga, imifundaze kanye nesidlo sasemini samahhala.

Ngo-1893 u-Ershov wathweswa iziqu eSt. Petersburg Conservatory. Ngawo lowo nyaka wenza umdlalo wakhe wokuqala njengoFaust.

U-AA Gozenpud uyabhala: “Umculi osemusha akazange abonakale emuhle. Welulekwa ukuthi aye e-Italy ukuze athuthuke. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezine zamakilasi nothisha uRossi, wenza ikhono lakhe lokuqala ngempumelelo enkulu eRegio Opera House. Impumelelo entsha yamlethela ukusebenza kwendima kaJosé kuCarmen. Amahemuhemu mayelana nokusebenza kwangaphandle kwe-Yershov afinyelele eNapravnik naseVsevolozhsky, futhi umculi wanikezwa i-debut entsha. Ngokwesici, lokhu kwenzeka ngemva kokuthola udumo phesheya. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi izinyanga ezi-4 zamakilasi noRossi zingacebisa kakhulu isiko lakhe lezwi. Ebuyela eRussia, u-Ershov wenza eKharkov ngesizini ka-1894/95. Ukuqala e Mariinsky Theatre kwenzeka ngo-April 1895 njengoba Faust.

Lokhu kudlala kwakuphawuleka nokuthi omunye oqalayo, i-bass encane Fyodor Chaliapin, wenza njengoMephistopheles. Esikhathini esizayo, njengoba wazi, Chaliapin wacula cishe kuzo zonke izigaba ezinkulu emhlabeni, futhi yonke impilo ka-Ershov yokudala yayilinganiselwe ku-Mariinsky (kamuva yaseKirov) yaseshashalazini.

Ekuqaleni, u-Ershov wahlabelela izinhlobonhlobo zezingxenye ze-tenor, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwacaca ukuthi ubizo lwakhe lwangempela kwakuyizindima zobuqhawe. Kwakukule ndlela lapho amakhono akhe avelele embulwa hhayi nje njengomculi, kodwa njengomculi-umlingisi. Echaza ubuciko bakhe bobuciko, u-Ershov wabhala:

“Izwi lomculi yizwi lenhliziyo. Igama, isimo sobuso, ukuguqulwa kwesimo somuntu imvunulo yenkathi, imvunulo yobuzwe kanye nokuhambisana nesigaba sabo; iminyaka yakhe, uhlamvu lwakhe, isimo sakhe sengqondo emvelweni, njll njll - konke lokhu kudinga kumculi-umlingisi umuzwa ofanele wombala ohambisanayo womsindo wezwi lakhe, ngaphandle kwalokho yonke into i-bel canto ne-bel canto, njll. njll. Iqiniso ngobuciko!..

Zingaki izinguquko ezintanjeni, imibala, zonke izinhlobo zokusonteka nokuphenduka kwezwi ezingaba sezwini, kodwa alikho iqiniso, imizwa yenhliziyo nomoya!

UFaust noRomeo abazange bahambisane nganoma iyiphi indlela nobuntu bomculi. U-Tannhäuser no-Orestes balethe impumelelo yangempela ku-Ershov. Ngenxa yabo, ithalente lasesiteji lomculi osemusha lembulwa futhi amandla nokuzwakala kwezwi kwabonakala.

Umgxeki uKondratiev uphawula ngokwaneliseka indlela u-Ershov adlala ngayo kuyi-Oresteia: “U-Ershov waba nombono omuhle . . . Ngemva komdlalo wesibili: "U-Ershov wenza isimanga endaweni yesehlakalo."

Okunye ukunqoba kokudala kuka-Ershov kwaba ukusebenza kwakhe ku-opera uSamsoni noDelila. Mayelana naye, uKondratiev wabhala: “U-Ershov wenza kahle kakhulu uSamsoni.” Uthole impumelelo entsha engxenyeni ye-Sobinin, ecula ingoma evame ukuphuthelwa nekwaya ethi “Bafowethu, esiphephweni seqhwa.” Iqukethe "C" kanye "D-flat" ephindwe izikhathi eziningana, ifinyeleleka kuma-tenor ambalwa. Cishe bonke abameleli bomculo waseSt.

Kondratiev waphawula encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo: “I-aria ibhalwe encwadini ephakeme engavamile kangangokuthi iyesabeka ngisho nalapho iyifunda. Ngangesaba u-Yershov, kodwa waphuma kulolu vivinyo ngokuhlonishwa. Ikakhulukazi wenza ngobuqili ingxenye ephakathi ye-cantabile, izethameli zambiza ngokuvala izindlebe futhi zafuna ukuphindaphinda, wagcwalisa isidingo somphakathi futhi wacula ngokuzolile futhi okungcono kakhulu okwesibili.

U-Ershov uphinde wadala isithombe sikaFinn eRuslan noLyudmila ngendlela entsha ngokuphelele. U-BV wabhala ngalokhu. U-Asafiev: "Ukusebenza kuwubuciko obuphilayo, obubonakalayo, ngoba "izwi elizwakalayo", ekuphikisaneni okutholwa nguYershov, lisebenza njengesixhumanisi ekugelezeni okuqhubekayo (kule ndima yomsindo) yenqubo yokubunjwa ngaso sonke isikhathi, yonke into engokomoya. ukunyakaza. Kokubili kuyathusa futhi kuyajabulisa. Kuyethusa ngoba phakathi kwabantu abaningi ababambe iqhaza ku-opera njengobuciko, bambalwa kakhulu abamiselwe ukuqonda ukujula okugcwele namandla okukhuluma atholakala kuyo. Kuyajabulisa ngoba, ukulalela ukusebenza kuka-Yershov, ngokuphazima kweso ungezwa okuthile okungavezwanga kunoma yiziphi izincwadi futhi ezingenakudluliswa nganoma iyiphi incazelo: ubuhle bokushaywa kokuphila ekuboniseni ukungezwani kwemizwelo ngomsindo womculo, okunengqondo ngegama.

Uma ubheka uhlu lwezingxenye ze-opera ezenziwa ngu-Ershov, yena, njenganoma yimuphi umculi omkhulu, ubonakala ngokucebile nokuhlukahluka. I-panorama ebanzi kakhulu - kusukela eMozart, Weber, Beethoven naseBellini kuya eRachmaninoff, Richard Strauss naseProkofiev. Waba nempumelelo enhle kakhulu kuma-opera kaGlinka noTchaikovsky, uDargomyzhsky noRubinstein, uVerdi noBizet.

Kodwa-ke, isikhumbuzo emlandweni wezobuciko be-opera samiswa ngumculi waseRussia kuye ngeziqongo ezimbili. Enye yazo ukusebenza okumangalisayo kwezingxenye zemisebenzi kaWagner. U-Ershov wayekholisa ngokulinganayo ku-Lohengrin ne-Tannhäuser, i-Valkyrie ne-Rhine Gold, i-Tristan ne-Isolde kanye ne-Death of the Gods. Lapha umculi wathola into eyinkimbinkimbi futhi enomvuzo yokuhlanganisa izimiso zakhe zobuciko. “Yonke ingqikithi yemisebenzi kaWagner igcwele ubukhulu besenzo,” kugcizelela lo mculi. - Umculo walo mqambi unobuhle ngokwedlulele, kodwa udinga ukuzithiba okukhethekile kwemizwa yobuciko ku-tempo. Konke kufanele kuphakanyiswe - ukubukeka, izwi, ukuthinta. Umlingisi kufanele akwazi ukudlala ngaphandle kwamagama kulezo zigcawu lapho kungekho kucula, kodwa umsindo oqhubekayo kuphela. Kuyadingeka ukufanisa ijubane lokunyakaza kwesiteji nomculo we-orchestra. NgoWagner, umculo, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, uhlonishwa kumlingisi-umculi. Ukwephula lokhu kunamathiselwe kusho ukunqamula ubunye besiteji nesigqi somculo. Kodwa lokhu kuhlukaniswa okufanayo akubophi umlingisi futhi kumtshela ukuthi ubukhosi obudingekayo, isikhumbuzo, isenzo esibanzi, esihamba kancane, esihambisana nomoya womculo kaWagner.

UCosima Wagner, umfelokazi womqambi, wabhalela umculi ngo-September 15, 1901: “Abangane abaningi bobuciko bethu kanye namaciko amaningi, kuhlanganise noNksz. Ngiyakubuza ukuthi indlela yakho ngelinye ilanga izokuyisa e-Bayreuth futhi uma ungathanda ukuma lapho ukuze ukhulume nami mayelana nokusebenza kwamaJalimane kwale misebenzi. Angikholwa ukuthi ngiyoke ngilithole ithuba lokuya eRussia, yingakho ngenza lesi sicelo kuwe. Ngethemba ukuthi izifundo zakho zizokuvumela ukuba uye eholidini nokuthi leli holide alikude kakhulu. Ngicela wamukele inhlonipho yami ejulile.”

Yebo, udumo lomculi waseWagnerian lunamathele ku-Yershov. Kodwa kwakungelula kangako ukuhlephula lo mculo esiteji.

Ngo-1933 u-Ershov wakhumbula: “Yonke indlela ye-Mariinsky Theatre endala yayimzonda uWagner. U-Lohengrin kanye no-Tannhäuser babesavunyelwe ngandlela thize esiteji, beguqula lawa ma-opera angamaqhawe awenza abe yimidlalo yesitayela sase-Italy. Kwaphindwa amahemuhemu amaFilisti okuthi uWagner wonakalisa amazwi abahlabeleli, evala izindlebe izilaleli ngokuduma kwe-orchestra. Kwaba sengathi bafinyelele esivumelwaneni noYankee onomqondo omncane, iqhawe lendaba kaMark Twain, elikhononda ngokuthi umculo weLohengrin uvala izindlebe. Lohengrin!

Kwakukhona nesimo sengqondo esicasulayo, ngisho nokuhlambalaza umculi waseRussia: "Uzoyaphi ngokungazilungiselele kanye nokuntula isiko lakho ukuthatha uWagner! Ngeke uthole lutho.” Esikhathini esizayo, ukuphila kwaphika lezi zibikezelo ezicasulayo. I-Mariinsky Stage ithole phakathi kwabadlali bayo abadlali abaningi abahle kakhulu bezingxenye ze-Wagner repertoire ... "

Esinye isiqongo esivelele esinqotshwe umculi yingxenye yeGrishka Kuterma ku-opera kaRimsky-Korsakov ethi The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh kanye neMaiden Fevronia. I-Rimsky-Korsakov Theatre nayo i-Yershov Theatre. USadko ungomunye wobuciko bomculi, owaphawulwa ngumqambi ngokwakhe. Wenza kahle kakhulu uBerendey ku-Snow Maiden, uMikhail Tucha ku-The Maid of Pskov. Kodwa impumelelo ephakeme kakhulu yomculi - ukudalwa kwesithombe sikaGrishka Kuterma, waqala ukudlala le ndima ngo-1907.

Umqondisi waleyo ngoma engasoze yalibaleka, u-VP Shkaber uthe: “Iciko lazizwa ngokujulile izici zokuhlupheka okukhulu nosizi lomuntu, waminza obishini lokudakwa, lapho ukuphila komuntu kwalahleka ngeze. Isimo sobuhlanya bakhe, izikhathi zomuntu ngamunye namaTatars ehlathini, noFevronia - zonke lezi zenzakalo zokudala zomculi-umculi zazinkulu kangangokuthi isithombe sikaGrishka esenziwe nguYershov asifaneleki nje kuphela ukutuswa, kodwa futhi nokujula. ukuthakasela ikhono lomdwebi: egcwele, enemibala, ngekhono elikhulu, wembula imizwa ecashile yeqhawe lakhe ... ukukhuphuka ngokweqile.

U-Andrei Nikolaevich Rimsky-Korsakov, ekhuluma nomdwebi egameni lomndeni womqambi, wabhala: "Mina mathupha, kanye namanye amalungu omndeni kaNikolai Andreevich, engikhulumela yena lapha, khumbula ukuthi umbhali weKitezh wazisa kakhulu. ithalente lakho lobuciko futhi, ikakhulukazi, ngalokho ukwaneliseka abheka ingqondo yakhe uGrishka Kuterma ngesimo sika-Ershov.

…Ukuhumusha kwakho indima ka-Kuterma kujule futhi kumuntu ngamunye kangangokuthi kufanele uqaphele ukuzimela okuwujuqu kulokhu okuthunyelwe kobuciko. Utshale imali ku-Grishka ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakho, umphefumulo womuntu, ngakho-ke nginelungelo lokusho ukuthi njengoba nje kungekho futhi angeke kube khona okwesibili u-Ivan Vasilievich Ershov, ngakho-ke akukho futhi akunakuba khona iGrishka yesibili enjalo.

Futhi ngaphambi kuka-1917, futhi eminyakeni yangemva kokuguquguquka, i-tenor yaseRussia yanikezwa izinkontileka ezinenzuzo phesheya. Nokho, ukuphila kwakhe konke wayethembekile esigabeni lapho indlela yakhe yokudala waqala - Mariinsky Theatre.

Ehalalisela umculi ogubha iminyaka engu-25 yomsebenzi wakhe wokudala, intatheli kanye nombhali wezincwadi u-AV Amfiteatrov wabhala, ikakhulukazi, ku-Ivan Vasilyevich: “Ukube ubufisa ukukhuluma ohambweni, ubuzoba usozigidi kudala. Uma wehlela kumaqhinga okukhangisa anjalo, avame kakhulu endaweni yamanje yobuciko, womabili ama-hemispheres ngabe agcwele ukukhala ngawe kudala. Kodwa wena, umpristi oqinile futhi ohlakaniphile wezobuciko, wedlula yonke le tinsel kanye ne-hype ngaphandle kokumbheka ngalapho. Ukuma ngokwethembeka nangesizotha “esikhundleni esikhazimulayo” osikhethile, uyisibonelo esingenakuqhathaniswa, esingenakuqhathaniswa sokuzimela kwezobuciko, ngokwedelela wenqaba zonke izindlela zobuciko ezingaphandle kwempumelelo nokubusa phakathi kwamaqabane akho… ukuze "indima yokuwina" alethe ngobugovu ethempelini lobuciko bakhe umsebenzi ongafanele, wezinga eliphansi.

Umshisekeli weqiniso, u-Ivan Vasilievich Ershov, eshiya isiteji, ehlale ecabanga ngekusasa leshashalazi yethu yomculo, wakhulisa ngentshiseko intsha yobuciko e-Opera Studio yaseLeningrad Conservatory, ehlelwe nguMozart, Rossini, Gounod, Dargomyzhsky, Rimsky-Korsakov. , Tchaikovsky, Rubinstein lapho. Ngokuzigqaja nangesizotha, wafingqa indlela yakhe yokudala ngala mazwi alandelayo: “Njengoba ngisebenza njengomdlali noma uthisha womculo, okokuqala ngizizwa ngiyisakhamuzi esikhululekile, esisebenza ngawo wonke amandla aso ukuze kuzuze umphakathi wezenhlalakahle. .”

Ivan Vasilyevich Ershov wafa ngoNovemba 21, 1943.