Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin (Alexander Scriabin).

Alexander Scriabin

Umculo kaScriabin uyisifiso esingavimbeki, esijulile somuntu senkululeko, injabulo, ukujabulela ukuphila. … Usaqhubeka nokuba ngufakazi ophilayo wezifiso ezinhle zesikhathi sakhe, lapho ayengumuntu “oqhumayo”, othokozisayo futhi ongaphumuli yesiko. B. Asafiev

U-A. Scriabin wangena emculweni waseRussia ngasekupheleni kwawo-1890. futhi ngokushesha wazimemezela njengomuntu ohlukile, onesiphiwo esigqamile. Umsunguli onesibindi, “umfuni okhaliphile wezindlela ezintsha,” ngokukaN. Myaskovsky, “ngosizo lolimi olusha ngokuphelele, olungakaze lubonwe ngaphambili, usivulela amathemba amangalisayo angokomzwelo, izinga eliphakeme kangaka lokukhanyiselwa okungokomoya okukhulayo phakathi kwethu. amehlo ethu entweni ebalulekile emhlabeni wonke.” Ukuqamba okusha kukaScriabin kwazibonakalisa kokubili emkhakheni womculo, ukuvumelana, ukuthungwa, i-orchestration kanye nokuchazwa okuqondile komjikelezo, kanye nemvelaphi yemiklamo nemibono, okuyinto ngokwezinga elikhulu ehlangene ne-aesthetics yothando kanye nezinkondlo zezimpawu zesiRashiya. Naphezu kwendlela emfushane yokudala, umqambi udale imisebenzi eminingi ezinhlobonhlobo zomculo we-symphonic nopiyano. Wabhala ama-symphonies angu-3, ​​"Inkondlo ye-Ecstasy", inkondlo ethi "Prometheus" ye-orchestra, i-Concerto yePiano ne-Orchestra; Ama-sonata angu-10, izinkondlo, ama-preludes, ama-etudes nezinye izingoma ze-pianoforte. I-Creativity Scriabin yaphenduka ungwaqa nenkathi eyinkimbinkimbi nesiyaluyalu yokuphenduka kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka kanye nokuqala kwekhulu elisha, le-XX. Ukungezwani nethoni evuthayo, izifiso ze-titanic zenkululeko yomoya, izinhloso zobuhle nokukhanya, ubuzalwane bomhlaba wonke babantu bugcwele ubuciko balo mculi-isazi sefilosofi, simsondeza kubameleli abangcono kakhulu besiko laseRussia.

U-Scriabin wazalelwa emndenini wezinzalamizi ohlakaniphile. Umama owashona ekuseni (ngendlela, umdlali wopiyano onekhono) wathathelwa indawo u-anti wakhe, uLyubov Alexandrovna Skryabina, owaba uthisha wakhe wokuqala womculo. Ubaba wayesebenza emkhakheni wobunxusa. Uthando lomculo lubonakale emncane. USasha kusukela esemncane. Kodwa-ke, ngokwesiko lomndeni, lapho eneminyaka engu-10 wathunyelwa ku-cadet Corps. Ngenxa yempilo ebuthaka, uScriabin wakhululwa enkonzweni yezempi ebuhlungu, okwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuba anikele isikhathi esengeziwe emculweni. Kusukela ehlobo lika-1882, izifundo zepiyano ezivamile zaqala (no-G. Konyus, i-theorist eyaziwayo, umqambi, umdlali wepiyano; kamuva - noprofesa e-conservatory N. Zverev) kanye nokubunjwa (no-S. Taneyev). NgoJanuwari 1888, u-Scriabin osemusha wangena eMoscow Conservatory ekilasini lika-V. Safonov (piano) no-S. Taneyev (i-counterpoint). Ngemva kokuqeda inkambo yokuphikisa noTaneyev, u-Scriabin wathuthela ekilasini lika-A. Arensky lokuqamba mahhala, kodwa ubuhlobo babo abuzange buphumelele. U-Scriabin uphumelele kahle kakhulu e-conservatory njengomdlali wopiyano.

Iminyaka eyishumi (1882-92) umqambi eqamba izingcezu eziningi zomculo, ikakhulukazi upiyano. Phakathi kwabo kukhona ama-waltze nama-mazurkas, ama-preludes kanye nama-etudes, ama-nocturnes nama-sonatas, lapho "i-Scriabin inothi" yabo isivele izwakale (nakuba ngezinye izikhathi umuntu angazizwa ithonya likaF. Chopin, owathandwa kakhulu u-Scriabin osemusha futhi, ngokusho kuka-F. izikhumbuzo zabantu besikhathi sakhe, ezenziwe ngokuphelele). Yonke imidlalo kaScriabin njengomdlali wopiyano, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusihlwa kwabafundi noma embuthanweni wobungani, futhi kamuva ezigabeni ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, yayiqhutshwa ngempumelelo eqhubekayo, wakwazi ukudonsa ukunaka kwezilaleli kusukela emisindweni yokuqala yokuqala. upiyano. Ngemva kokuphothula e-Conservatory, kwaqala isikhathi esisha empilweni nasemsebenzini kaScriabin (1892-1902). Uqala indlela ezimele njengomqambi-piyano. Isikhathi sakhe sigcwele uhambo lwamakhonsathi ekhaya naphesheya, ehlanganisa umculo; imisebenzi yakhe yaqala ukunyatheliswa yindlu yokushicilela kaM. Belyaev (umthengisi wezingodo ocebile kanye no-philanthropist), owazisa ubuhlakani bomqambi osemusha; ubudlelwano nabanye abaculi buyakhula, ngokwesibonelo, neBelyaevsky Circle eSt. Petersburg, ehlanganisa uN. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov, nabanye; ukuqashelwa kukhula kokubili eRussia nakwamanye amazwe. Izilingo ezihambisana nesifo sesandla sokudla "esidlaliwe ngokweqile" zishiywe ngemuva. UScriabin unelungelo lokuthi: “Unamandla futhi unamandla lowo oye wabhekana nokuphelelwa ithemba futhi wakunqoba.” Emaphephandabeni akwamanye amazwe, wabizwa ngokuthi “ubuntu obukhethekile, umqambi nomdlali wopiyano ovelele, ubuntu nesazi sefilosofi esivelele; ungowokushisekela futhi uyilangabi elingcwele.” Phakathi nale minyaka, kwaqanjwa izifundo eziyi-12 kanye nezandulela ezingama-47; 2 izingcezu kwesokunxele, 3 sonatas; Ikhonsathi yepiyano ne-orchestra (1897), inkondlo ye-orchestra ethi "Amaphupho", ama-symphonies angu-2 esikhumbuzo anomqondo ovezwe ngokucacile wefilosofi nokuziphatha, njll.

Iminyaka yokuchuma kokudala (1903-08) yaqondana nokukhuphuka okukhulu komphakathi eRussia ngobusuku bangaphambi kokuqaliswa kwenguquko yokuqala yaseRussia. Iningi lale minyaka, uScriabin wayehlala eSwitzerland, kodwa wayenesithakazelo esikhulu ezenzakalweni zokuvukela umbuso ezweni lakubo futhi ezwelana nabavukeli. Wabonisa isithakazelo esikhulayo kwifilosofi - waphinde waphendukela emibonweni yesazi sefilosofi esidumile S. Trubetskoy, wahlangana noG. Plekhanov eSwitzerland (1906), wafunda imisebenzi kaK. Marx, F. Engels, VI Lenin, Plekhanov. Nakuba umbono wezwe we-Scriabin no-Plekhanov wema ezigxotsheni ezahlukene, laba bazisa kakhulu ubuntu bomqambi. Eshiya eRussia iminyaka eminingana, uScriabin wafuna ukukhulula isikhathi esengeziwe sokudala, ukubalekela isimo saseMoscow (ngo-1898-1903, phakathi kwezinye izinto, wafundisa eMoscow Conservatory). Okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomzwelo kwale minyaka nakho kwakuhlotshaniswa nezinguquko empilweni yakhe yomuntu siqu (eshiya umkakhe u-V. Isakovich, umculi wopiyano omuhle kakhulu nomgqugquzeli womculo wakhe, nokuzwana no-T. Schlozer, owadlala indima engacacile empilweni kaScriabin) . Njengoba ehlala ikakhulukazi eSwitzerland, uScriabin wayehamba ngokuphindaphindiwe namakhonsathi eya eParis, e-Amsterdam, eBrussels, eLiege naseMelika. Amakhonsathi abe yimpumelelo enkulu.

Ukushuba kwesimo senhlalo eRussia bekungeke kuthinte umculi obucayi. I-Symphony Yesithathu ("Inkondlo Yaphezulu", 1904), "Inkondlo Yenjabulo" (1907), i-Sonatas yesine neyesihlanu yaba ukuphakama kweqiniso kweqiniso; wabuye waqamba ama-etudes, izinkondlo ezi-5 zepianoforte (phakathi kwazo ethi “Tragic” kanye “noSathane”), njll. Eziningi zalezi zingoma zisondele “Nenkondlo Yaphezulu” ngokwesakhiwo somfanekiso. Izingxenye ezi-3 ze-symphony (“Ukuzabalaza”, “Injabulo”, “Umdlalo KaNkulunkulu”) zithengiswa ndawonye ngenxa yetimu ehamba phambili yokuziqinisekisa kusukela esethulweni. Ngokuhambisana nohlelo, i-symphony ikhuluma "ngokuthuthukiswa komoya womuntu", okuthi, ngokungabaza nomzabalazo, ukunqoba "injabulo yezwe lenyama" kanye "ne-pantheism", ifika "kuhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi wamahhala - a. umdlalo waphezulu”. Ukulandela okuqhubekayo kwezingxenye, ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso ze-leitmotivity kanye ne-monothematism, isethulo se-improvisational-fluid, njengokungathi, sula imingcele yomjikelezo we-symphonic, ukuyisondeza enkondlweni enkulu yengxenye eyodwa. Ulimi lwe-harmonic lubonakala luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngokwethulwa kokuvumelana kwe-tart nokuzwakala okubukhali. Ukwakhiwa kwe-orchestra kwanda kakhulu ngenxa yokuqiniswa kwamaqembu ezinsimbi zomoya nezinsimbi zomculo ezishaywayo. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, izinsimbi zomculo ezizimele ezihlotshaniswa nesithombe esithile somculo ziyagqama. Ngokuncika kakhulu emasikweni e-symphonism ye-Romantic sekwephuzile (F. Liszt, R. Wagner), kanye no-P. Tchaikovsky, u-Scriabin wadala ngesikhathi esifanayo umsebenzi owammisa ngesiko lama-symphonic lesiRashiya nezwe njengomqambi omusha.

I-“Poem of Ecstasy” iwumsebenzi wesibindi esingakaze sibonwe ekuklanyweni. Inohlelo lokubhala, oluvezwe evesini futhi olufana nombono we-Third Symphony. Njengehubo lentando enqoba konke yomuntu, amazwi okugcina ombhalo azwakala:

Umkhathi wahlokoma Ukukhala kwenjabulo ngikhona!

Ukuchichima ngaphakathi kwenkondlo yokunyakaza okukodwa kwezindikimba-izimpawu - i-laconic motifs evezwayo, intuthuko yabo ehlukahlukene (indawo ebalulekile lapha ingeyamadivayisi we-polyphonic), futhi ekugcineni, i-orchestration enemibala egqamile ngokukhazimulayo kanye neziphetho zemikhosi ziveza leso simo sengqondo, iScriabin. ibiza injabulo. Indima ebalulekile evezwayo idlalwa ulimi oluvumelanayo olucebile nolunemibalabala, lapho ukuvumelana okuyinkimbinkimbi nokungazinzi ngokucijile sekuvele kugcwele.

Ngokubuya kukaScriabin ezweni lakubo ngoJanuwari 1909, inkathi yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe nomsebenzi iqala. Umqambi ugxilise ukunaka kwakhe okuyinhloko emgomweni owodwa - ukudalwa komsebenzi omkhulu oklanyelwe ukushintsha umhlaba, ukuguqula isintu. Yile ndlela umsebenzi wokwenziwa ovela ngayo - inkondlo ethi "Prometheus" ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-orchestra enkulu, ikhwaya, ingxenye eyedwa yepiyano, i-organ, kanye nemiphumela yokukhanyisa (ingxenye yokukhanya ibhaliwe kumaphuzu ). E-St. Petersburg, i-“Prometheus” yenziwa okokuqala ngo-March 9, 1911 ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-S. Koussevitzky ngokuhlanganyela kukaScriabin ngokwakhe njengomdlali wopiyano. I-Prometheus (noma Inkondlo Yomlilo, njengoba umlobi wayo ayibiza kanjalo) isekelwe enganekwaneni yasendulo yamaGreki ye-titan Prometheus. Ingqikithi yomzabalazo nokunqoba komuntu phezu kwamandla obubi nobumnyama, ehlehla ngaphambi kokukhanya komlilo, yaphefumulela uScriabin. Lapha uvuselela ngokuphelele ulimi lwakhe lwe-harmonic, ephambuka ohlelweni lwe-tonal lwendabuko. Izindikimba eziningi zibandakanyeka ekuthuthukisweni okukhulu kwe-symphonic. "I-Prometheus ingamandla asebenzayo wendawo yonke, isimiso sokudala, umlilo, ukukhanya, ukuphila, umzabalazo, umzamo, umcabango," kusho uScriabin mayelana neNkondlo yakhe Yomlilo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo nokucabanga nokuqamba i-Prometheus, i-Sonatas Yesithupha-yeshumi, inkondlo ethi "Elangabi", njll., yadalelwa upiyano. Umsebenzi womqambi, oshubile kuyo yonke iminyaka, amakhonsathi angaguquki kanye nohambo oluhambisana nawo (ngokuvamile ngenjongo yokondla umndeni) kancane kancane kwayicekela phansi impilo yakhe eyayivele intekenteke.

U-Scriabin washona ngokuzumayo ngenxa yobuthi obuvamile egazini. Izindaba zokushona kwakhe esemncane zashaqisa wonke umuntu. Yonke i-Moscow yobuciko yambona ehamba ohambweni lwakhe lokugcina, kwakukhona abafundi abaningi abasha. "U-Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin," wabhala uPlekhanov, "wayeyindodana yesikhathi sakhe. … Umsebenzi kaScriabin kwakuyisikhathi sakhe, evezwa ngemisindo. Kodwa lapho okwesikhashana, okwedlulayo uthola ukubonakala kwayo emsebenzini womdwebi omkhulu, uyazuza Unomphela okusho futhi kwenziwa okungenangqondo".

T. Ershova

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Imisebenzi eyinhloko kaScriabin

I-Symphonic

Piano Concerto in F sharp minor, Op. 20 (1896-1897). "Amaphupho", ngo-E minor, Op. 24 (1898). I-Symphony yokuqala, ku-E enkulu, i-Op. 26 (1899-1900). I-Symphony Yesibili, ku-C minor, Op. 29 (1901). I-Symphony Yesithathu (Inkondlo Yaphezulu), ku-C minor, Op. 43 (1902-1904). Inkondlo ye-Ecstasy, C enkulu, Op. 54 (1904-1907). Prometheus (Inkondlo Yomlilo), Op. 60 (1909-1910).

upiyano

10 sonatas: No. 1 ku-F omncane, Op. 6 (1893); No. 2 (sonata-fantasy), ku-G-sharp minor, Op. 19 (1892-1897); No. 3 ku-F ocijile omncane, Op. 23 (1897-1898); No. 4, F ebukhali enkulu, Op. 30 (1903); No. 5, Op. 53 (1907); No. 6, Op. 62 (1911-1912); No. 7, Op. 64 (1911-1912); No. 8, Op. 66 (1912-1913); No. 9, Op. 68 (1911-1913): No. 10, Op. 70 (1913).

91 isandulela: eqe. 2 No. 2 (1889), Op. 9 No. 1 (ngesandla sobunxele, 1894), 24 Preludes, Op. 11 (1888-1896), 6 izandulela, Op. 13 (1895), 5 izandulela, Op. 15 (1895-1896), 5 izandulela, Op. 16 (1894-1895), 7 izandulela, Op. 17 (1895-1896), Isandulelo ku-F-sharp Major (1896), 4 Preludes, Op. 22 (1897-1898), 2 izandulela, Op. 27 (1900), 4 izandulela, Op. 31 (1903), 4 izandulela, Op. 33 (1903), 3 izandulela, Op. 35 (1903), 4 izandulela, Op. 37 (1903), 4 izandulela, Op. 39 (1903), isandulela, u-Op. 45 No. 3 (1905), 4 izandulela, Op. 48 (1905), isandulela, u-Op. 49 No. 2 (1905), isandulela, Op. 51 No. 2 (1906), isandulela, Op. 56 No. 1 (1908), isandulela, Op. 59′ No. 2 (1910), 2 izandulela, Op. 67 (1912-1913), 5 izandulela, Op. 74 (1914).

Ucwaningo lwe-26: funda, op. 2 No. 1 (1887), 12 izifundo, Op. 8 (1894-1895), 8 izifundo, Op. 42 (1903), isifundo, Op. 49 No. 1 (1905), isifundo, Op. 56 No. 4 (1908), izifundo ze-3, Op. 65 (1912).

21 izinja: 10 Mazurkas, Op. 3 (1888-1890), 9 mazurkas, Op. 25 (1899), 2 mazurkas, Op. 40 (1903).

20 izinkondlo: 2 izinkondlo, Op. 32 (1903), Inkondlo Ebuhlungu, Op. 34 (1903), Inkondlo KaSathane, Op. 36 (1903), Inkondlo, Op. 41 (1903), 2 izinkondlo, Op. 44 (1904-1905), Inkondlo Emnandi, Op. 45 No. 2 (1905), "Inkondlo Ephefumulelwe", Op. 51 No. 3 (1906), Inkondlo, Op. 52 No. 1 (1907), “The Longing Poem”, Op. 52 No. 3 (1905), Inkondlo, Op. 59 No. 1 (1910), Nocturne Poem, Op. 61 (1911-1912), 2 izinkondlo: "Mask", "Strangeness", Op. 63 (1912); 2 izinkondlo, p. 69 (1913), 2 izinkondlo, Op. 71 (1914); inkondlo ethi “Elangabini”, p. 72 (1914).

11 okungajwayelekile: impromptu ngesimo se-mazurki, soch. 2 No. 3 (1889), 2 impromptu ifomu mazurki, op. 7 (1891), 2 impromptu, op. 10 (1894), 2 impromptu, op. 12 (1895), 2 impromptu, op. 14 (1895).

3 ebusuku: 2 nocturnes, Op. 5 (1890), nocturn, Op. 9 No. 2 yesandla sokunxele (1894).

3 imidanso: "Umdanso Wokulangazelela", op. 51 No. 4 (1906), 2 umdanso: "Garlands", "Gloomy Flames", Op. 73 (1914).

2 ama-waltz: eqe. 1 (1885-1886), op. 38 (1903). “Njenge-Waltz” (“I-Quasi valse”), i-Op. 47 (1905).

2 Icwecwe liyaphuma: eqe. 45 No. 1 (1905), Op. 58 (1910)

"Allegro Appassionáto", Op. 4 (1887-1894). Ikhonsathi i-Allegro, u-Op. 18 (1895-1896). Fantasy, op. 28 (1900-1901). Polonaise, Op. 21 (1897-1898). Scherzo, op. 46 (1905). "Amaphupho", op. 49 No. 3 (1905). "Fragility", op. 51 No. 1 (1906). "Imfihlakalo", op. 52 No. 2 (1907). "Irony", "Nuances", Op. 56 No. 2 kanye 3 (1908). "Desire", "Weasel in the dance" - 2 izingcezu, Op. 57 (1908).