Domenico Scarlatti |

UDomenico Scarlatti

… Encokola futhi edlala, ngesigqi sakhe esimatasa kanye nokugxuma okudidayo, usungula izinhlobo ezintsha zobuciko… K. Kuznetsov

Kuwo wonke ubukhosi bakwa-Scarlatti - obunye obuvelele kakhulu emlandweni womculo - u-Giuseppe Domenico, indodana ka-Alessandro Scarlatti, oneminyaka efanayo no-JS Bach no-GF Handel, wazuza udumo olukhulu kakhulu. D. Scarlatti ungene emibhalweni yomlando wesiko lomculo ngokuyinhloko njengomunye wabasunguli bomculo wepiyano, umdali wesitayela se-virtuoso harpsichord.

UScarlatti wazalelwa eNaples. Wayengumfundi kayise nomculi ovelele u-G. Hertz, futhi lapho eneminyaka engu-16 waba umculi nomqambi we-Neapolitan Royal Chapel. Kodwa ngokushesha ubaba uthumela uDomenico eVenice. A. Scarlatti uchaza izizathu zesinqumo sakhe encwadini ayibhalela uDuke Alessandro Medici: “Ngamphoqa ukuba ahambe eNaples, lapho kwakunendawo eyanele yethalente lakhe, kodwa ithalenta lakhe lalingelona elendawo enjalo. Indodana yami iwukhozi amaphiko alo akhule…” Iminyaka engu-4 yezifundo nomqambi ovelele wase-Italy uF. Gasparini, ukwazana nobungane no-Handel, ukuxhumana no-B. Marcello odumile - konke lokhu akukwazanga kodwa ukudlala indima ebalulekile ekubumbeni Ithalente lomculo lika-Scarlatti.

Uma Venice ekuphileni komqambi wahlala ngezinye izikhathi efundisa futhi ngcono, khona-ke eRoma, lapho wathuthela sibonga uxhaso Cardinal Ottoboni, isikhathi sokuvuthwa kwakhe zokudala kakade waqala. Umbuthano ka-Scarlatti wokuxhumana komculo uhlanganisa u-B. Pasquini no-A. Corelli. Ubhalela indlovukazi yasePoland eyayidingisiwe uMaria Casimira ama-opera; kusukela ngo-1714 waba i-bandmaster eVatican, wadala umculo omningi ongcwele. Ngalesi sikhathi, inkazimulo kaScarlatti umculi iyahlanganiswa. Ngokwezikhumbuzo zomculi we-ogani wase-Ireland uThomas Rosengrave, owaba nengxenye ekudumeni komculi eNgilandi, akazange ezwe iziqephu ezinjalo nemiphumela edlula noma yiliphi izinga lokuphelela, “njengokungathi kunodeveli abayinkulungwane ngemva kwensimbi yomculo.” U-Scarlatti, i-virtuoso harpsichordist yekhonsathi, wayaziwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu. INaples, iFlorence, iVenice, iRome, iLondon, iLisbon, iDublin, iMadrid - lokhu kuyisimo esivamile kuphela sokuhamba okusheshayo komculi ezungeze izinhloko-dolobha zomhlaba. Izinkantolo zaseYurophu ezinethonya elikhulu zasekela umdlali okhaliphile wekhonsathi, abantu abathweswe imiqhele bazwakalisa isimo sabo sengqondo. Ngokusho kwezikhumbuzo zikaFarinelli, umngane womqambi, uScarlatti wayenama-harpsichords amaningi enziwe emazweni ahlukahlukene. Umqambi wetha insimbi ngayinye ngeciko elithile elidumile lase-Italy, ngokwenani analo kumculi. I-harpsichord eyintandokazi ka-Scarlatti yayibizwa ngokuthi "Raphael of Urbino".

Ngo-1720, u-Scarlatti wasuka e-Italy unomphela waya e-Lisbon enkantolo ye-Infanta Maria Barbara njengothisha wakhe kanye nomphathi weqembu. Kule nkonzo, wachitha ingxenye yesibili yokuphila kwakhe: kamuva, uMaria Barbara waba indlovukazi yaseSpain (1729) futhi uScarlatti wamlandela eSpain. Lapha waxhumana nomqambi u-A. Soler, ngomsebenzi wakhe ithonya lika-Scarlatti lathinta ubuciko be-clavier baseSpain.

Efa elibanzi lomqambi (ama-opera angama-20, cishe ama-oratorio nama-cantatas angama-20, amakhonsathi wezinsimbi angu-12, uquqaba, 2 “Miserere”, “Stabat mater”) imisebenzi ye-clavier igcine inani elijabulisayo lobuciko. Kwakukuzo lapho ubuhlakani bukaScarlatti bazibonakalisa ngokugcwala kweqiniso. Iqoqo eliphelele kakhulu le-sonatas yakhe yokunyakaza okukodwa liqukethe izingoma ezingama-555. Umqambi ngokwakhe wawabiza ngokuthi ama-exercises futhi wabhala esanduleleni sohlelo lwakhe lokuphila: “Ungalindi - noma ngabe ungumfundi ofundayo noma uchwepheshe - kule misebenzi yesu elijulile; zithathe njengomdlalo ukuze uzijwayeze ikhono le-harpsichord.” Le misebenzi ye-bravura nehlakaniphile igcwele umdlandla, ukukhalipha nokusungulwa. Bavusa ubudlelwano nezithombe ze-opera-buffa. Okuningi lapha kuvela kusitayela se-violin sase-Italy sanamuhla, futhi kusukela emculweni womdanso wesintu, hhayi nje isiNtaliyane kuphela, kodwa neSpanishi nesiPutukezi. Umgomo wesintu uhlanganiswe ngokukhethekile kuzo kanye nokucwebezela kobukhosi; ukuthuthukiswa - nge-prototypes yefomu le-sonata. I-clavier virtuosity yayintsha ngokuphelele: ukudlala amarejista, ukuwela izandla, ukugxuma okukhulu, izingoma eziphukile, iziqephu ezinamanothi aphindwe kabili. Umculo kaDomenico Scarlatti wabhekana nesiphetho esinzima. Ngokushesha ngemva kokufa komqambi, wayesekhohliwe; imibhalo yesandla yezindatshana yagcina itholakala emitatsheni yolwazi nasezinqolobaneni ezihlukahlukene; amaphuzu wokusebenza cishe wonke alahlekile ngokungenakulungiseka. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX intshisekelo kubuntu nomsebenzi kaScarlatti yaqala ukuvuseleleka. Ifa lakhe eliningi latholwa futhi lashicilelwa, laziwa emphakathini jikelele futhi langena esikhwameni segolide samasiko omculo womhlaba.

I. Vetlitsyna