IDramaturgy, umculo |

Uhlelo luzoveza izindlela nezindlela zokwenza idrama. izenzo zokukhiqiza uhlobo lwesiteji somculo (i-opera, i-ballet, i-operetta). Enhliziyweni yomculo uD. amanga imithetho ejwayelekile yedrama njengenye yezinhlobo zobuciko-va: ubukhona besikhungo esivezwe ngokucacile. udweshu oluziveza emzabalazweni phakathi kwamandla esenzo nokusabela, ukulandelana kwezigaba ezithile ekuvezweni kwemidlalo yeshashalazi. umqondo (incazelo, isakhiwo, intuthuko, uvuthondaba, i-denouement), njll. Lawa maphethini ajwayelekile aqondile. ukuphikiswa kuhlobo ngalunye lwedrama yomculo. amacala azowaveza ngokwendalo. izimali. I-Opera, ngokusho kuka-A. N. Serov, "umdlalo wasesiteji lapho isenzo esenzeka esiteji sibonakaliswa ngumculo, okungukuthi, ngokucula abalingiswa (ngabanye ngokwehlukana, noma ndawonye, ​​​​noma ku-chorus) nangamandla e-orchestra emculweni. ukusetshenziswa okuhluke ngokuphelele kwalawa mandla , aqala ngosekelo lwezwi olulula futhi agcine ngezinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ze-symphonic. Ku-ballet, kwezici ezintathu ezikhonjiswe nguSerov - idrama, ukucula kanye ne-orchestra - kukhona ezimbili, kuyilapho indima, efana nokucula ku-opera, ingeyomdanso kanye ne-pantomime. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuzo zombili izimo, umculo u-Ch. generalizing kusho, umthwali wesenzo esihlukanisayo, ayiphawuli kuphela ku-otd. izimo, kodwa futhi ixhumanisa zonke izici zedrama, iveza imithombo efihliwe yokuziphatha kwesenzo. abantu, ubudlelwane babo bangaphakathi obuyinkimbinkimbi, ngokuvamile buveza ngokuqondile u-ch. umqondo wokukhiqiza Indima ehamba phambili yomculo ku-opera nezinye izinhlobo zedrama yomculo. I-art-va ichaza izici eziningi zokubunjwa kwazo, okuhlukile ekwakhiweni kwe-lit. idrama. Imininingwane yomculo. D. kucatshangelwa kakade ekwakhiweni kweskripthi futhi ngokuqhubekayo ekuthuthukisweni kwe-libretto. Ezimweni lapho isisekelo sokudala i-libretto siyidrama yemibhalo eqediwe. ukubunjwa, njengomthetho, izinguquko eziningi zenziwa kuwo, akuthinti umbhalo ngokwawo kuphela, kodwa futhi nohlelo olujwayelekile lwamadrama. ukuthuthukiswa (izibonelo zokubhala ama-opera ngokugcwele, umbhalo ongashintshiwe wedrama yombhalo zimbalwa). Omunye umehluko ovame kakhulu phakathi kwe-opera libretto kanye ne-lit. idrama iqukethe ukufinyeza okukhulu, ukufingqa. Umlingiswa onemibandela nakakhulu futhi ojwayelekile uyisici sesimo se-ballet, njengoba ulimi lwezimpawu zomzimba namapulastiki lungenalo izinga lokuhlukanisa nokuqiniseka kwe-semantic okungokwemvelo enkulumweni yomlomo. Kulokhu, njengoba uG. A. Laroche uyaphawula, “i-opera libretto iphakathi nendawo phakathi kwedrama yamazwi nohlelo lwe-ballet.” Kunezinhlobo ezixubile zomculo. D., ukuhlanganisa izici ze-opera nedrama yomlomo. Lezi zihlanganisa i-operetta, idrama. ukudlala ngomculo, okuvamile phakathi kwabantu bezikhova. kanye neMpumalanga yangaphandle, i-singspiel kanye nezinye izindawo ezinhle. izinhlobo, lapho umculo. iziqephu ezihlanganiswe nezigcawu zengxoxo. Zingahlotshaniswa nomkhakha wama-muses. D. uma kwenzeka izikhathi ezibalulekile ezibalulekile zesenzo zivezwa emculweni. Lona umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo kanye nedrama evamile yomdlalo, lapho umculo uhlala usendaweni yesinye sezinsiza ezisesiteji futhi usetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela, ngezinjongo zemifanekiso noma ukunikeza ukusebenza kwesiteji.

Phakathi nentuthuko yomlando, izinhlobo ezithile zomculo ziye zathuthukiswa. D .: ku-opera - i-recitative, i-aria, i-arioso, i-decomp. izinhlobo zama-ensembles, amakhwaya; ku-ballet - imidanso ingeyakudala futhi iyisici, iziqephu ezisebenzayo (i-pas d'axion), i-choreographic. ama-ensembles (pas de deux, pas de trois, njll.). Azihlali zifana. Ngakho-ke, uma ngesiNtaliyane. Uchungechunge lwe-opera idramaturgy yekhulu le-18. imisebenzi nokuwohloka kwesakhiwo. uk. amafomu anqunywa kusengaphambili futhi alawulwa, khona-ke esikhathini esizayo kukhona ukuthambekela ekusetshenzisweni okuvumelana nezimo. Ulayini ocijile phakathi kwama-woks aphindaphindwayo nama-woks ayindilinga uyacekelwa phansi. iziqephu; lezi zakamuva ziba zihlukahlukene kakhulu ngesakhiwo futhi ziveze. umlingiswa, zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezixubile ziyavela. Izingxenye ezinkulu zesenzo (kusuka esiteji kuye kumdlalo wonke) zimbozwa ngokuqhubekayo ngomculo. ukuthuthukiswa. I-Opera D. inothiswa ngezindlela ezithile ze-symphony. ukuthuthukiswa okuthuthukisiwe emkhakheni we-instr. umculo. Enye yezindlela zokuhambisana kohlobo lwe-opera ukuhlanganiswa komnyango. abadlali kuchazwe. izingqikithi noma iphimbo. izakhiwo ezikhula ngokungaguquki kuso sonke isenzo (bona i-Leitmotif). Ukuguqulwa kwe-opera ibe idrama yomculo ephelele. konke kuqhutshwa ukusetshenziswa kwesimiso sokuphindaphinda (bheka i-Reprise), ubunye bepulani ye-tonal, ukudluliswa kwazo zonke izinhlobo "zama-arches" phakathi kwezikhathi ezikude kakhulu noma ezingaphansi kwesiteji. izenzo. UMn. yalezi zindlela zisetshenziswa futhi ku-ballet, lapho kusuka esitezi sesi-2. Umculo wekhulunyaka le-19 uthatha indima ehamba phambili ngokuqhubekayo, egcwele izici ze-symphony. Ekubonakalisweni kwayo okwedlulele, isifiso sokuhambisana ne-opera ne-ballet ngezinye izikhathi siholela ekwenqatshweni okuphelele kweziqephu eziyindilinga. Lesi sikhundla sithole okulandelayo kakhulu. ukukhuluma ngobuciko nangokwethiyori. imibono kaR. Wagner, owenqaba ngokuphelele isiko. uhlobo lwe-opera, ephikisana nayo nama-muses. idrama esuselwe “kwiculo elingapheli”. U-AS uDargomyzhsky wayefuna ukulungisa i-opera, ngokusekelwe ekulandeleni okuqhubekayo kwe-wok. ukuphindaphinda kwawo wonke amaphimbo. izithunzi zombhalo womlomo. Abaqambi bakaDkt. bahlanganiswe ngomculo. ukuthuthukiswa ngokuma kwesikhashana, okukuvumela ukuthi ugqamise isimo, isipiliyoni esingokomzwelo noma isici somlingiswa wesenzo eduze. ubuso.

Ezinhlotsheni zesiteji zomculo ezikhiqizwayo kunezimpawu zama-muses anjalo. izimiso zenhlangano eyakhayo yezinto ezibonakalayo, njengokuhlukahluka, ukufana kwe-rondo, i-sonatism. Ho ngokuvamile avela lapha ngokukhululeka nangokuguquguquka kakhulu kunase-instr. umculo, ukuthobela izidingo zamadrama. logic. Ngalo mqondo, u-PI Tchaikovsky wakhuluma ngomehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwe-opera ne-symphony. izitayela. “Ngenkathi eqamba i-opera,” waphawula, “umbhali kufanele ahlale ekhumbula lesi sigameko, okungukuthi khumbula ukuthi enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi akudingekile kuphela imiculo nemisindo, kodwa nesenzo … “. Lo mthetho oyinhloko womculo. D. ivumela inhlobonhlobo yokusungula ethile. izinqumo ezihlobene nokubola. isilinganiso se-wok. kanye ne-orc. waqala, ukuphela-kuya-ekupheleni ukuthuthukiswa kanye otd. iziqephu eziqediwe, eziphindaphindayo neziculwa kabanzi. umculo, ukucula yedwa, amaqoqo namakhwaya, njll. Izinhlobo zomculo. D. ayincikile kuphela kwezobuciko obujwayelekile. izitayela zenkathi, kodwa futhi ngesimo sesakhiwo, uhlobo lokukhiqiza. (umlando omkhulu-iqhawe, i-epic, inganekwane, idrama yamagama, i-comic opera noma i-ballet), kusukela kunqolobane ngayinye yobuciko bomqambi othile.

Umqondo womculo. D. iyasebenza nasemikhiqizweni. instr. umculo, hhayi ahlobene co stage. isenzo noma ukukhanya okuthile. uhlelo. Kuyinto evamile ukukhuluma nge-symphony. D., D. ifomu le-sonata, njll. Ikhono elikhona emculweni lokubonisa izithombe zangempela ekuhambeni, ekuthuthukisweni, ekulukeni nasekuzabalazweni kwezimiso eziphikisanayo livumela isifaniso namadrama. isenzo. Ho, ephendukela esifanisweni esinjalo, umuntu kufanele akhumbule ukuhlobana kwayo. Amaphethini athile, i-to-Crym ingaphansi kokuthuthukiswa kwamamuse. izithombe ku-instr. umculo, uhambisana kancane nemithetho yasesiteji. idrama.

References: Druskin M., Imibuzo yedrama yomculo we-opera, L., 1952; Yarustovsky B., Dramaturgy of Russian opera zakudala, M., 1952; eyakhe, I-Essays on the dramaturgy of the opera of the 1971th century, M., 1961; Ferman B., Okuyisisekelo sedramaturgy ye-operatic, encwadini: I-Opera House. eMoscow, XNUMX.

Yu. B. Umhlaba