AmaGreki Asendulo |

Izindlela zamaGreki zasendulo ziyizinhlelo zezindlela zomculo zomculo waseGrisi lasendulo, ezazingayazi i-polyphony ngomqondo wesimanje. Isisekelo sesistimu ye-modal kwakungama-tetrachords (ekuqaleni ayehla kuphela). Ngokuya ngokwakhiwa kwesikhawu sama-tetrachords, amaGreki ahlukanisa imizwa engu-3, ​​noma isizukulwane (genn): i-diatonic, i-chromatic ne-enharmonic (umehluko ukhonjiswa ngokwenza lula okuthile):

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-diatonic. ama-tetrachords ayenezinhlobo ezi-3, ezihlukile endaweni yemizuzwana emikhulu nemincane:

Ukwakheka kwe-Fret ye-oda eliphakeme kwavela njengenhlanganisela yama-tetrachords. Kwakunezimiso ezimbili zokuhlanganisa: “ihlanganisiwe” (i-synapn) nokuvumelana kwemisindo eseduze kuma-tetrachords (ngokwesibonelo, d1-c1 – h – a, a – g – f – e) kanye “nokwehlukana” (diasenxis), kanye yimiphi imisindo eseduze eyahlukaniswa ithoni yonke (isibonelo, e1 – d1 – c1 – h, a – g – f – e). Okubaluleke kakhulu kwezinhlangano ze-tetrachords yizindlela ze-octave (okuthiwa "izinhlobo ze-octave" noma i-armoniai - "i-harmonies"). Ama-Frets amakhulu ayebhekwa njengeDorian, Phrygian kanye neLydian, i-to-rye yakhiwa ngokuhlanganisa izincwadi ezimbili. ama-tetrachords afanayo ngesakhiwo; I-Mixolydian (“I-Mixed-Lydian”) yahunyushwa njengenhlanganisela ekhethekile yama-tetrachords aseLydian.

Uhlangothi - ama-hypolades enziwa kusukela kokuyinhloko ngokuhlela kabusha ama-tetrachords futhi angeze isikali ku-octave (amagama ezindlela zesiGreki awahambisani nalawo aseYurophu kamuva). Uhlelo lwezindlela eziyisikhombisa ze-octave:

Umbono ogcwele wezinye isiGreki. isistimu ye-modal ngokuvamile imele i-sustnma teleion – “isistimu ephelele (okungukuthi ephelele)”. Ngezansi kukhona okuthiwa. "Fixed" (noma "non-modulating") uhlelo - ametabolon:

Izinyathelo zegama zivela endaweni yokukhipha ithoni enikeziwe ezintanjeni. insimbi ye-cithara. Ubunikazi bamagama wezinyathelo ezingaphakathi kwe-octave (isb, i-vntn isebenza kukho kokubili u-a1 no-e1) bubonisa isimiso se-tetrachordal (hhayi i-octave) ye-ext. ukwakheka kohlelo. UDkt okuhlukile kwesistimu ephelele - i-metabolon ibonakala ngokufaka i-tetrachord synnmmenon "ehlehliswayo" (ekhanyisiwe - exhunyiwe) dl - c1 - b - a, ukwandisa umthamo wesistimu.

Lapho uhlelo oluphelele ludluliselwa kwezinye izigaba, okuthiwa. izikali ze-transpositional, ngosizo okwakungenzeka ukuthi litholakale ngaphakathi kwebanga elifanayo (lyre, cithara) dec. izilinganiso ze-modal (i-tonoi - okhiye).

Ama-Frets negenera (kanye nezigqi) amaGreki ayethi umlingiswa othile (“ethos”). Ngakho-ke, imodi yamaDorian (iziwula - esinye sezizwe zomdabu zamaGreki) yayibhekwa njengeqinile, inesibindi, ngokokuziphatha njengebaluleke kakhulu; I-Phrygian (i-Phrygia ne-Lydia - izifunda zase-Asia Minor) - ijabule, inomdlandla, i-Bacchic:

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-chromatic ne-anharmonic. igenera ihlukanisa umculo wamaGreki kowaseYurophu wakamuva. I-Diatonism, ebusa ekugcineni, yayiphakathi kwamaGreki, nakuba ibaluleke kakhulu, kodwa iseyinye kuphela yamaphimbo amathathu e-modal. imikhakha. Ingcebo yamathuba omculo. iphimbo laphinde lavezwa ezinhlobonhlobo zezingxube zemizwelo, ukwethulwa “kwemibala” yezwi (xpoai), engazange imiswe njengemizwa ekhethekile.

NgesiGreki uhlelo lwezindlela luye lwavela ngokomlando. Izinhlobo ezindala kakhulu ze-antique. I-Greece, ngokusobala, yayihlotshaniswa nesilinganiso se-pentatonic, esaboniswa ekulungiseni ama-archaic. izintambo. amathuluzi. Uhlelo lwamamodi nokuthambekela olwakhiwe ngesisekelo sama-tetrachords athuthukiswe ngendlela yokwandisa ububanzi be-modal.

References: Plato, Ezombusazwe noma Umbuso, Op., Ingxenye III, trans. kusukela kusiGreki, vol. 3, St. Petersburg, 1863, § 398, p. 164-67; U-Aristotle, Ezombusazwe, trans. kwesiGreki, M., 1911, incwadi. VIII, isikh. 7, p. 372-77; Plutarch, On Music, trans. kusukela esiGrekini, P., 1922; Abangaziwa, Isingeniso se-harmonica, Amazwi okuqala, ukuhumusha nokuchaza, amanothi ka-GA Ivanov, "Philological Review", 1894, vol. VII, incwadi. 1-2; U-Petr BI, Ezingomeni, izakhiwo nezindlela zomculo wasendulo wamaGreki, K., 1901; Abacabangi basendulo mayelana nobuciko, comp. U-Asmus BF, M., 1937; Gruber RI, Umlando Wamasiko omculo, vol. 1, ingxenye 1, M.-L., 1941; Ubuhle bomculo wasendulo. Ngena. indatshana kanye nokuqoqwa kwemibhalo ka-AF Losev. Isandulela kanye no-eder jikelele. VP Shestakova, M., 1960; U-Gertsman EB, Umbono wezindawo ezahlukene zomsindo wephimbo ekucabangeni komculo wasendulo, "I-Bulletin of Ancient History", 1971, No 4; Bellermann, F., Die Tonleitern und Musiknoten der Griechen, B., 1847; Westphal R., Harmonik und Melopüe der Griechen, Lpz., 1864; Gevaert fr. A., Histoire et théorie de la musique de l'antiquité, v. 1-2, Gand, 1875-81; Riemann H., Katechismus der Musikgeschichte, Bd 1, Lpz., 1888; pyc. trans., M., 1896; I-Monro DB, Izindlela zomculo wasendulo wamaGreki, Oxf., 1894; Abert H., Die Lehre vom Ethos in der griechischen Musik, Lpz., 1899; Sachs C., Die Musik der Antike, Potsdam, 1928; pyc. nge. otd. izahluko ngaphansi kwekhanda. "Imibono yethiyori yomculo nezinsimbi zamaGreki asendulo", ngo-Sat: Isiko lomculo wezwe lasendulo, L., 1937; Gombosi O., Tonarten und Stimmungen der antiken Musik, Kph., 1939; Ursprung O., Die antiken Transpositionsskalen und die Kirchentöne, “AfMf”, 1940, Jahrg. 5, H. 3, S. 129-52; Dzhudzhev S., Theory on Bulgarian Folk music, vol. 2, uSofia, 1955; Husmann, H., Grundlagen der antiken und orientalischen Musikkultur, B., 1961.

Yu. H. Kholopov