Elisabeth Schwarzkopf |

Elizabeth Schwarzkopf

Phakathi kwabaculi bengxenye yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX, u-Elisabeth Schwarzkopf uthatha indawo ekhethekile, eqhathaniswa noMaria Callas kuphela. Futhi namuhla, emashumini eminyaka kamuva kusukela ngesikhathi lapho umculi egcina ukubonakala phambi komphakathi, ngenxa yabathandi be-opera, igama lakhe lisafanisela izinga lokucula kwe-opera.

Nakuba umlando wesiko lokucula wazi izibonelo eziningi zendlela abaculi abanamakhono ampofu okukhuluma bakwazi ngayo ukuzuza imiphumela ebalulekile yobuciko, isibonelo sikaSchwarzkopf sibonakala siyingqayizivele ngempela. Emaphephandabeni, kwakuvame ukuvuma izono ezinjengalezi: "Uma kuleyo minyaka lapho u-Elisabeth Schwarzkopf eqala umsebenzi wakhe, othile wangitshela ukuthi uzoba umculi omkhulu, ngingangabaza ngobuqotho. Wazuza isimangaliso sangempela. Manje ngiqiniseka ngokuqinile ukuthi ukube abanye abaculi okungenani bebengaba nezinhlayiyana zokucula kwakhe okumnandi, ukuzwela kwezobuciko, ukuthatheka ngobuciko, ngokusobala besiyoba nawo wonke amaqembu e-opera ahlanganisa izinkanyezi zokuqala kuphela.

U-Elisabeth Schwarzkopf wazalelwa edolobheni lasePoland iJarocin, eduze kwasePoznan, ngo-December 9, 1915. Kusukela esemncane wayewuthanda umculo. Esikoleni sasemaphandleni lapho uyise efundisa khona, intombazane yabamba iqhaza emikhiqizweni emincane eyenzeka eduze kwelinye idolobha lasePoland - iLegnica. Indodakazi kathisha wesiGreki nesiLatini esikoleni sabesilisa, wake wacula ngisho nezingxenye zabesifazane emdlalweni we-opera owaqanjwa abafundi ngokwabo.

Isifiso sokuba umculi ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, ngokusobala, saba umgomo wakhe wokuphila. U-Elisabeth uya eBerlin futhi ungena eSikoleni Esiphakeme Somculo, ngaleso sikhathi esasiyisikhungo semfundo yomculo esihlonishwa kakhulu eJalimane.

Wamukelwa ekilasini lakhe ngumculi odumile uLula Mys-Gmeiner. Wayethambekele ekukholelweni ukuthi umfundi wakhe une-mezzo-soprano. Leli phutha licishe laphenduka ukulahlekelwa izwi kuye. Amakilasi awahambanga kahle kakhulu. Umculi osemusha wezwa ukuthi izwi lakhe alilaleli kahle. Washeshe wakhathala ekilasini. Eminyakeni emibili kuphela kamuva, abanye othisha bezwi bathola ukuthi u-Schwarzkopf wayengeyona i-mezzo-soprano, kodwa i-coloratura soprano! Izwi ngokushesha lazwakala liqiniseka ngokwengeziwe, likhanya, likhululekile.

E-Conservatory, u-Elizabeth akazange agcine esifundweni, kodwa wafunda upiyano kanye ne-viola, wakwazi ukucula ekwayeni, ukudlala i-glockenspiel ku-orchestra yabafundi, iqhaza kuma-ensembles e-chamber, futhi wazama ngisho namakhono akhe ekubunjweni.

Ngo-1938, uSchwarzkopf wathweswa iziqu eBerlin Higher School of Music. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kamuva, i-Berlin City Opera yayidinga ngokuphuthumayo umlingisi endimeni encane yentombazane yezimbali eWagner's Parsifal. Indima kwakudingeka ifundwe ngosuku, kodwa lokhu akuzange kumkhathaze uSchwarzkopf. Ukwazile ukwenza okuhle kubabukeli nabaphathi beshashalazi. Kodwa, ngokusobala, akusekho: wamukelwa eqenjini, kodwa eminyakeni eyalandela wabelwa cishe izindima ze-episodic kuphela - ngonyaka wokusebenza endaweni yaseshashalazini, wahlabelela izindima ezincane ezingamashumi amabili. Kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile umculi wayenethuba lokungena esiteji ngezindima zangempela.

Kodwa ngolunye usuku umculi osemusha waba nenhlanhla: ku-Cavalier of the Roses, lapho ahlabelela khona i-Zerbinetta, wezwa futhi waziswa umculi odumile uMaria Ivogun, naye owakhanya kule ngxenye esikhathini esidlule. Lo mhlangano wadlala indima ebalulekile ku-biography kaSchwarzkopf. Umculi ozwelayo, u-Ivogün wabona ithalente langempela eSchwarzkopf futhi waqala ukusebenza naye. Wamfaka ezimfihlakalweni zesu lasesiteji, wamsiza ekunwebiseni ama-horizons akhe, wamethula emhlabeni wezingoma zomculo we-chamber, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, wavusa uthando lwakhe lokucula kwe-chamber.

Ngemva kwamakilasi no-Ivogün Schwarzkopf, uqala ukuzuza udumo olwengeziwe. Ukuphela kwempi, kwabonakala, kufanele kube nesandla kulokhu. Umqondisi we-Vienna Opera wamnikeza inkontileka, futhi umculi wenza izinhlelo ezikhanyayo.

Kodwa kungazelelwe odokotela bathola isifo sofuba kumdwebi, okwacishe kwamenza wakhohlwa isiteji unomphela. Noma kunjalo, isifo sanqotshwa.

Ngo-1946, umculi wenza i-debut yakhe e-Vienna Opera. Umphakathi wakwazi ukwazisa ngempela uSchwarzkopf, owaba omunye wabaculi abahamba phambili be-Vienna Opera. Ngesikhashana nje wenza izingxenye zeNedda ePagliacci nguR. Leoncavallo, Gilda eRigoletto kaVerdi, uMarcellina kuFidelio kaBeethoven.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Elizabeth waba nomhlangano ojabulisayo nomyeni wakhe wesikhathi esizayo, u-Impresario odumile Walter Legge. Omunye wezingcweti ezinkulu zobuciko bomculo wesikhathi sethu, ngaleso sikhathi wayekhathazekile ngomqondo wokusakaza umculo ngosizo lwerekhodi legilamafoni, okwabe sekuqala ukuguqulwa kube okudlala isikhathi eside. Ukurekhoda kuphela, u-Legge waphikisana, okwazi ukuguqula i-elitist ibe yinqwaba, okwenza impumelelo yabahumushi abakhulu kakhulu ifinyeleleke kuwo wonke umuntu; uma kungenjalo akwenzi mqondo ukufaka amakhonsathi abizayo. Kuyena ukuthi sikweleta kakhulu iqiniso lokuthi ubuciko babaqhubi nabahlabeleli abaningi besikhathi sethu buhlala nathi. “Ngabe ngingubani ngaphandle kwakhe? U-Elisabeth Schwarzkopf uthe kamuva kakhulu. - Cishe, i-soloist enhle ye-Vienna Opera ... "

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-40, amarekhodi Schwarzkopf waqala ukuvela. Omunye wabo ngandlela-thile weza kumqhubi uWilhelm Furtwängler. Umaestro ovelele wajabula kangangokuthi wammema ngokushesha ukuthi abambe iqhaza ekuculweni kwe-Brahms' German Requiem kuMkhosi weLucerne.

Unyaka ka-1947 waba ingqopha-mlando kumculi. U-Schwarzkopf uhamba nohambo lwamazwe ngamazwe olunomthwalo wemfanelo. Udlala kuMkhosi waseSalzburg, bese – esiteji semidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseLondon ethi “Covent Garden”, kuma-opera kaMozart athi “The Marriage of Figaro” kanye “noDon Giovanni”. Abagxeki “be-Albion enenkungu” babiza umculi ngazwi linye ngokuthi “ukutholwa” kwe-Vienna Opera. Ngakho uSchwarzkopf uza nodumo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, impilo yakhe yonke iwuchungechunge olungaphazamiseki lokunqoba. Imidlalo namakhonsathi emadolobheni amakhulu aseYurophu naseMelika ayalandelana.

Ngama-50s, lo mculi wazinza eLondon isikhathi eside, lapho ayevame ukwenza khona esiteji se-Covent Garden Theatre. Enhloko-dolobha yaseNgilandi, Schwarzkopf wahlangana ovelele umqambi Russian kanye wopiyano NK Medtner. Kanye naye, wabhala izingoma eziningi zothando ku-disc, futhi wenza izingoma zakhe ngokuphindaphindiwe kumakhonsathi.

Ngo-1951, kanye noFurtwängler, wabamba iqhaza kuMkhosi we-Bayreuth, lapho kudlalwa khona i-Beethoven's Ninth Symphony nasemkhiqizweni “woguquko” we-“Rheingold d'Or” ka-Wieland Wagner. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Schwarzkopf uhlanganyela ekusebenzeni kwe-opera kaStravinsky ethi "The Rake's Adventures" kanye nomlobi, owayesemuva kwekhonsoli. U-Teatro alla Scala umnike ukuhlonishwa ngokudlala ingxenye ka-Mélisande onyakeni weminyaka engamashumi amahlanu we-Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande. U-Wilhelm Furtwängler njengomdlali wopiyano waqopha izingoma zika-Hugo Wolf kanye naye, u-Nikolai Medtner – izingoma zakhe zothando, izingoma zika-Edwin Fischer – uSchubert, izingoma ezincane nezingoma zika-Mozart zika-Mozart, u-Glen Gould – izingoma zika-Richard Strauss. Ngo-1955, evela ezandleni zikaToscanini, wamukela umklomelo weGolden Orpheus.

Le minyaka iwukuqhakaza kwethalente lokudala lomculi. Ngo-1953, umculi wenza i-debut yakhe e-United States - okokuqala ngohlelo lwekhonsathi eNew York, kamuva - esiteji se-opera saseSan Francisco. USchwarzkopf udlala eChicago naseLondon, eVienna naseSalzburg, eBrussels naseMilan. Esiteji se-"La Scala" kaMilan okokuqala ngqa ukhombisa enye yezindima zakhe ezigqame kakhulu - uMarshall ku-"Der Rosenkavalier" kaR. Strauss.

U-VV Timokhin uyabhala: "Isidalwa esidala ngempela seshashalazi yomculo yesimanje kwakunguMarshall, intokazi ehloniphekile yomphakathi waseViennese maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX," kubhala u-VV Timokhin. - Abanye abaqondisi be "The Knight of the Roses" ngasikhathi sinye bakubone kudingekile ukwengeza ukuthi: "Owesifazane usevele efiphala, ongaphasanga nje owokuqala, kodwa nentsha yesibili." Futhi lo wesifazane uthanda futhi uthandwa yintsha u-Octavian. Yeka, okungase kubonakale, ububanzi bokuhlanganisa idrama yomkaMarshal osekhulile ngendlela ethinta inhliziyo futhi ethinta inhliziyo ngangokunokwenzeka! Kodwa u-Schwarzkopf akazange alandele le ndlela (kungaba okulungile kakhulu ukusho, kuphela kule ndlela), enikeza umbono wakhe wesithombe, lapho izethameli zakhangwa khona ngokunembile ngokudluliswa okucashile kwazo zonke izici ezingokwengqondo, ezingokomzwelo eziyinkimbinkimbi. uhla lwesipiliyoni seqhawekazi.

Muhle ngendlela ethokozisayo, egcwele ukuvevezela okubabayo kanye nokuthandeka kweqiniso. Abalaleli bakhumbula ngokushesha u-Countess Almaviva wakhe ku-Umshado we-Figaro. Futhi nakuba ithoni eyinhloko engokomzwelo yesithombe sikaMarshall isivele ihlukile, ingoma kaMozart, umusa, umusa ocashile yahlala iyisici sayo esiyinhloko.

Ukukhanya, kuhle ngendlela emangalisayo, i-silvery timbre, izwi likaSchwarzkopf lalinekhono elimangalisayo lokumboza noma yibuphi ugqinsi lwezinsimbi zezinsimbi. Ukucula kwakhe kwakuhlala kucacile futhi kungokwemvelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuthungwa kwezwi kwakuyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani. Ubuciko bakhe nomuzwa wesitayela kwakukuhle. Yingakho i-repertoire yomculi ibishaya ngezinhlobonhlobo. Uphumelele ngokulinganayo ezindimeni ezingafani njengoGilda, Mélisande, Nedda, Mimi, Cio-Cio-San, Eleanor (Lohengrin), Marceline (Fidelio), kodwa impumelelo yakhe ephakeme kakhulu ihlotshaniswa nokuhunyushwa kwama-opera kaMozart noRichard Strauss.

Kukhona amaqembu uSchwarzkopf awenza, njengoba bethi, "eyakhe". Ngaphezu kukaMarshall, lona ngu-Countess Madeleine ku-Strauss's Capriccio, Fiordiligi ku-Mozart's All They Are, Elvira eDon Giovanni, i-Countess e-Le nozze di Figaro. "Kodwa, ngokusobala, abaculi kuphela abangawazisa ngempela umsebenzi wakhe wokuqamba amagama, ubucwebe bawo wonke ama-nuance ashukumisayo nomsindo, izinto zakhe zobuciko ezimangalisayo, azichitha kalula," kusho u-VV Timokhin.

Kulokhu, icala, elatshelwa ngumyeni womculi uWalter Legge, libonisa. U-Schwarzkopf ubelokhu ebazisa ubuciko bukaCallas. Ngemva kokuzwa uCallas eLa Traviata ngo-1953 eParma, u-Elisabeth wanquma ukushiya indima kaVioletta unomphela. Wayecabanga ukuthi wayengeke akwazi ukudlala futhi acule kangcono le ngxenye. U-Kallas, naye, wazisa kakhulu amakhono okusebenza ka-Schwarzkopf.

Ngemva kwesinye sezikhathi zokuqopha ngokubamba iqhaza kukaCallas, u-Legge waphawula ukuthi umculi uvame ukuphinda inkulumo edumile evela ku-Verdi opera. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, waba nombono wokuthi wayeyifuna kabuhlungu inketho elungile kodwa engayitholi.

Engakwazi ukukumela, uKallas waphendukela ku-Legge: “Uzoba nini lapha namuhla uSchwarzkopf?” Waphendula ngokuthi bavumelana ngokuthi bahlangane endaweni yokudlela ukuze badle isidlo sasemini. Ngaphambi kokuba u-Schwarzkopf avele ehholo, uKallas, ngokunwebeka kwakhe okuphawulekayo, waphuthuma kuye futhi waqala ukucula ingoma embi: “Lalela, Elisabeth, wenza kanjani lapha, kule ndawo, inkulumo eshabalala kangaka?” USchwarzkopf waqale wadideka: “Yebo, kodwa hhayi manje, ngemva kwalokho, asidle isidlo sasemini kuqala.” UCallas waphikelela eyedwa: “Cha, manje le nkulumo iyangihlupha!” U-Schwarzkopf wavuma - isidlo sasemini sabekwa eceleni, futhi lapha, endaweni yokudlela, isifundo esingavamile saqala. Ngakusasa, ngehora leshumi ekuseni, kwakhala ucingo ekamelweni likaSchwarzkopf: ngakolunye uhlangothi locingo, uCallas: “Ngiyabonga, Elisabeth. Ungisize kakhulu izolo. Ekugcineni ngathola i-diminuendo engangiyidinga.”

U-Schwarzkopf wayevuma ngokuzithandela ukwenza amakhonsathi, kodwa akazange abe nesikhathi sokwenza njalo. Phela, ngaphezu kwe-opera, wabuye wabamba iqhaza ekukhiqizeni i-operetta ka-Johann Strauss noFranz Lehar, ekusebenzeni kwemisebenzi yezwi ne-symphonic. Kodwa ngo-1971, eshiya isiteji, wazinikela ngokuphelele engomeni, ezothando. Lapha wayencamela amagama kaRichard Strauss, kodwa akazange akhohlwe amanye ama-Classics aseJalimane - uMozart noBeethoven, uSchumann noSchubert, uWagner, uBrahms, Wolf ...

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-70, ngemva kokushona komyeni wakhe, Schwarzkopf washiya umsebenzi ekhonsathini, ngemva kokunikeza amakhonsathi yokuvalelisa e-New York, Hamburg, Paris futhi Vienna. Umthombo wogqozi lwakhe washabalala, futhi ekhumbula indoda eyamnika isipho emhlabeni wonke, wayeka ukucula. Kodwa akazange ahlukane nezobuciko. "I-Genius, mhlawumbe, ikhono elingapheli lokusebenza ngaphandle kokuphumula," uthanda ukuphinda amazwi omyeni wakhe.

Umdwebi uzinikela ekufundiseni amazwi. Emadolobheni ahlukene aseYurophu, uqhuba amasemina nezifundo, eziheha abaculi abasebasha abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba. “Ukufundisa kuyisandiso sokucula. Ngenza lokho engikwenzile ukuphila kwami ​​konke; yasebenza ngobuhle, ukuba neqiniso komsindo, ukwethembeka esitayeleni nasekuvezeni imizwa.

U-PS Elisabeth Schwarzkopf washona ngobusuku buka-August 2-3, 2006.