Ukwenza |

Ukuqhuba (kusuka ku-German dirigieren, French diriger - ukuqondisa, ukuphatha, ukuphatha; Ukuqhuba isiNgisi) kungenye yezinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zobuciko bokwenza umculo; ukuphathwa kweqembu labaculi (i-orchestra, ikhwaya, i-ensemble, i-opera noma i-ballet troupe, njll.) ohlelweni lokufunda nokusebenza komphakathi komculo yibo. isebenza. Kuqhutshwa umqhubi. I-conductor inikeza ukuvumelana kwe-ensemble kanye nobuchwepheshe. ukusebenza kahle, futhi ulwela nokudlulisa ubuciko bakhe kubaculi abaholwa nguye. izinhloso, ukuveza ohlelweni lokufeza incazelo yabo yokusungula. inhloso yomqambi, ukuqonda kwakhe okuqukethwe kanye nesitayela. izici zalo mkhiqizo. Uhlelo lokusebenza lomqhubi lusekelwe ocwaningweni olunzulu kanye nokukhiqizwa kabusha okunembe kakhulu, ngokucophelela kombhalo wamaphuzu ombhali.

Nakuba ubuciko bomqhubi wesimanje. ukuqonda kwakhe ukuthi zizimele kanjani. uhlobo lokudlalwa komculo, oluthuthukiswe kamuva nje (ikota yesi-2 yekhulu le-19), umsuka wawo ungalandelelwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngisho nasezithombeni eziqoshiwe zaseGibhithe nase-Asiriya zikhona izithombe zokudlalwa komculo ngokuhlanganyela, ikakhulukazi. emculweni ofanayo. izinsimbi zomculo, abaculi abaningana ngaphansi kokuqondisa komuntu ophethe induku esandleni sakhe. Ezigabeni zokuqala zokuthuthukiswa komkhuba wamakwaya wesintu, umdanso wawusenziwa ngomunye wabaculi - umholi. Wasungula ukwakheka nokuvumelana kwesisusa (“wagcina ithoni”), wabonisa i-tempo nokuguquguquka. amathunzi. Ngezinye izikhathi wayebala isigqi ngokushaya izandla noma ngokushaya unyawo. Izindlela ezifanayo zezinhlangano zemethrikhi ngokuhlanganyela. amakhonsathi (ukushaya izinyawo, ukushaya izandla, ukudlala izinsimbi ezishaywayo) kwasinda kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-20. kwamanye amaqembu ethnographic. Emandulo (eGibhithe, eGrisi), bese kuba cf. ekhulwini leminyaka, ukuphathwa kwekwaya (isonto) ngosizo lwe-cheironomy (kusukela kwelesiGreek xeir - hand, nomos - law, rule) kwakusakazekile. Lolu hlobo lomdanso lwalusekelwe ohlelweni lokunyakaza okunemibandela (okungokomfanekiso) kwezandla neminwe yomqhubi, okwakusekelwa okuhambisanayo. ukunyakaza kwekhanda nomzimba. Ezisebenzisa, umqhubi ubonise i-tempo, imitha, isigqi kuma-chorist, aphinde aveze ama-contours omculo onikeziwe (ukunyakaza kwawo phezulu noma phansi). Ukushukuma komzimba kombhidisi nakho kubonise izithunzi zokukhuluma futhi, ngobuciko bakho bepulasitiki, bekufanele buhambisane nomlingisi ojwayelekile womculo odlalwayo. Inkinga ye-polyphony, ukubukeka kwesistimu ye-mensural kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-ork. imidlalo yenza kudingeke isigqi esicacile. inhlangano ehlangene. Ngokuhambisana ne-cheironomy, indlela entsha ye-D. iqala ukwakheka ngosizo lwe-"battuta" (induku; kusukela kubhethri yesiNtaliyane - ukushaya, ukushaya, bheka i-Battuta 2), eyayihlanganisa "ukushaya isigqi", ngokuvamile kakhulu. phezulu (“ukuqhuba umsindo”) . Esinye sezibonakaliso zokuqala ezinokwethenjelwa zokusetshenziswa kwe-trampoline, ngokusobala, ubuciko. isithombe sesonto. ensemble, ehlobene ne-1432. "Ukuqhuba okunomsindo" kwakusetshenziswe ngaphambili. E-Greece, umholi wekhwaya, lapho enza izinhlekelele, wayephawula isigqi ngokuzwakala konyawo lwakhe, esebenzisa izicathulo ezinezinsimbi zensimbi kulokhu.

Ngekhulu le-17 nele-18, ngokufika kwesistimu ye-bass evamile, ukushaya izigubhu kwakwenziwa umculi owayedlala indima ye-bass evamile ku-harpsichord noma i-organ. Umqhubi unqume i-tempo ngochungechunge lwezingoma, egcizelela isigqi ngokuphimisa noma izibalo. Abanye abaqhubi balolu hlobo (isibonelo, i-JS Bach), ngaphezu kokudlala i-organ noma i-harpsichord, benza imiyalelo ngamehlo abo, ikhanda, umunwe, ngezinye izikhathi ukucula ingoma noma ukushaya isigqi ngezinyawo zabo. Kanye nale ndlela ye-D., indlela ye-D. ngosizo lwe-battuta yaqhubeka ikhona. Kuze kube ngu-1687, u-JB Lully wasebenzisa umoba omkhulu, omkhulukazi, awushaya ngawo phansi, futhi u-WA Weber waphendukela “ekuqhubeni okunomsindo” ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, eshaya amaphuzu ngeshubhu lesikhumba eligxishiwe. ngoboya. Njengoba ukusebenza kwe-bass jikelele kunciphise kakhulu ithuba lokuqondisa. ithonya lomqhubi eqenjini, kusukela ngekhulu le-18. umdlali wevayolini wokuqala (umphelezeli) uya ngokuya ebaluleka. Wayesiza umqhubi we-violin ukuthi alawule ingoma yakhe ngokudlala ivayolini, futhi ngezinye izikhathi wayeka ukudlala futhi esebenzisa umnsalo njengenduku (i-battutu). Lo mkhuba uholele ekutheni kuqhamuke laba okuthiwa. ukuqhutshwa kabili: ku-opera, umculi wehabhu wayeqhuba abahlabeleli, futhi umphelezeli wayelawula i-orchestra. Kulaba baholi ababili, ngezinye izikhathi kwakunezelwa owesithathu - umculi we-cellist wokuqala, owayehlala eduze nomqhubi we-harpsichord futhi edlala iphimbo lebhesi ngokuphindaphinda okuhambisana namanothi akhe, noma umculi wekwaya olawula ikhwaya. Lapho wenza i-wok.-instr. izingoma, inani labaqhubi kwezinye izimo lifinyelele ezinhlanu.

Kusukela esitezi sesi-2. Ngekhulu le-18, njengoba isistimu ye-bass evamile ibuna, umqhubi we-violinist kancane kancane waba umholi oyedwa we-ensemble (ngokwesibonelo, u-K. Dittersdorf, J. Haydn, F. Habenek wenza ngale ndlela). Le ndlela ye-D. yagcinwa isikhathi eside futhi ngekhulu le-19. kuma-ballroom nakuma-orchestra asengadini, emidansweni emincane. Folk orchestra uhlamvu. I-orchestra yayithandwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, iholwa umqhubi we-violinist, umbhali wama-waltzes adumile nama-operettas I. Strauss (indodana). Indlela efanayo ye-D. ngezinye izikhathi isetshenziswa ekuculweni komculo wekhulu le-17 nele-18.

Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-symphony. umculo, ukukhula kokuguquguquka kwawo. ukuhlukahluka, ukunwetshwa kanye yinkimbinkimbi yokwakhiwa kwe-orchestra, isifiso sokuzwakalisa okukhulu nokugqama kwe-ork. imidlalo yayifuna ngokuphikelela ukuthi umqhubi akhululwe ekuhlanganyeleni neqembu elivamile ukuze akwazi ukugxilisa ingqondo yakhe ekuqondiseni bonke abanye abaculi. Umdlali wevayolini uya ngokuya ethanda ukudlala insimbi yakhe. Ngakho, ukubonakala kuka-D. kwesimanje. ukuqonda kwalungiselelwa - kwasala kuphela ukuze esikhundleni somnsalo womphathi wekhonsathi kufakwe induku yomqhubi.

Phakathi kwabaqhubi bokuqala abasebenzisa induku yomqhubi kwakuno-I. Mosel (1812, Vienna), KM Weber (1817, Dresden), L. Spohr (1817, Frankfurt am Main, 1819, London), kanye noG. Spontini (1820, Berlin), ongawubambanga ekupheleni, kodwa phakathi, njengabanye abaqhubi abasebenzisa umqulu womculo kaD.

Abaqhubi bokuqala abakhulu abacula emadolobheni ahlukene ngama-orchestra “angaphandle” kwakunguG. Berlioz noF. Mendelssohn. Omunye wabasunguli besimanje D. (kanye L. Beethoven kanye G. Berlioz) kufanele kubhekwe R. Wagner. Elandela isibonelo sikaWagner, umqhubi, owayekade emile ekhonsoli yakhe ebheke izethameli, wafulathela, okwaqinisekisa ukuthintana kobuciko okuphelele phakathi kombhidisi nabaculi be-orchestra. Indawo evelele phakathi kwabaqhubi bangaleso sikhathi ekaF. Liszt. Ngama-40s wekhulu le-19. indlela entsha ye-D. ekugcineni ivunyiwe. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, uhlobo lwesimanje lomqhubi-umculi ongahlanganyeli emisebenzini yokuqamba. Umculi wokuqala owawina imidlalo yamazwe ngamazwe ngemidlalo yakhe yokuvakasha. ukuqashelwa, kwakungu-H. von Bülow. Isikhundla esiholayo ekupheleni kwe-19 - ekuqaleni. Ikhulu lama-20 lamthatha. ekuqhubeni isikole, okwakukhona nabaqhubi abathile abavelele baseHungary. kanye nobuzwe base-Austrian. Laba ngama-conductor abebeyingxenye yababizwa. i-post-Wagner emihlanu - X. Richter, F. Motl, G. Mahler, A. Nikish, F. Weingartner, kanye no-K. Muck, R. Strauss. E-France, kusho kakhulu. U-E. Colne kanye no-C. Lamoureux babengabamele isudi ka-D. yalesi sikhathi. Phakathi kwabaqhubi abakhulu bengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lama-20. kanye namashumi eminyaka alandelayo - B. Walter, W. Furtwangler, O. Klemperer, O. Fried, L. Blech (Germany), A. Toscanini, V. Ferrero (Italy), P. Monteux, S. Munsch, A. Kluytens ( France), A. Zemlinsky, F. Shtidri, E. Kleiber, G. Karajan (Austria), T. Beecham, A. Boult, G. Wood, A. Coates (England), V. Berdyaev, G. Fitelberg ( Poland ), V. Mengelberg (Netherlands), L. Bernstein, J. Sell, L. Stokowski, Y. Ormandy, L. Mazel (USA), E. Ansermet (Switzerland), D. Mitropoulos (Greece), V, Talich ( Czechoslovakia), J. Ferenchik (Hungary), J. Georgescu, J. Enescu (Romania), L. Matachich (Yugoslavia).

eRussia kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-18. D. yayihlotshaniswa ne-preim. nekwaya. ukubulawa. Ukuxhumana kwenothi eliphelele ukunyakaza okubili kwesandla, inothi elinguhhafu kumnyakazo owodwa, njll., okungukuthi, izindlela ezithile zokuqhuba, sekukhulunywa ngazo ku-NP Diletsky's Musician Grammar (ingxenye yesi-2 yekhulu le-17). I-orc yokuqala yaseRussia. abaqhubi bekungabaculi abavela kuma-serfs. Phakathi kwabo kufanele kuthiwe SA Degtyarev, owahola i-orchestra yenqaba yaseSheremetev. Abaqhubi abadumile kakhulu bekhulu le-18. - I-violinists nabaqambi u-IE Khandoshkin no-VA Pashkevich. Ekuqaleni kwentuthuko, isiRashiya Imisebenzi ka-KA Kavos, KF Albrecht (Petersburg), kanye no-II Iogannis (eMoscow) yadlala indima ebalulekile emdlalweni we-operatic. Waqhuba i-orchestra futhi ngo-1837-39 waqondisa i-Court Choir ka-MI Glinka. Abaqhubi abakhulu baseRussia ekuqondeni kwanamuhla ubuciko be-D. (ingxenye yesi-2 yekhulu le-19), umuntu kufanele acabangele u-MA Balakirev, AG Rubinshtein no-NG Rubinshtein - isiRashiya sokuqala. umqhubi-umculi, owayengeyena ngesikhathi esifanayo umqambi. Abaqambi u-NA Rimsky-Korsakov, PI Tchaikovsky, futhi kamuva u-AK Glazunov wasebenza ngendlela ehlelekile njengabaqhubi. Kusho. indawo emlandweni waseRussia. isicelo somqhubi singese-EF Napravnik. Abaqhubi abavelele bezizukulwane ezalandela zesiRashiya. Phakathi kwabaculi kwakukhona u-VI Safonov, u-SV Rakhmaninov, no-SA Koussevitzky (ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20). Eminyakeni yokuqala ye-post-revolutionary, ukuqhakaza kwemisebenzi ye-NS Golovanov, AM Pazovsky, IV Pribik, SA Samosud, VI Suk. Eminyakeni yangaphambi kokuguquguquka ePetersburg. i-Conservatory yayidume ngekilasi eliqhuba (labafundi bokuqamba), elaliholwa nguNN Cherepnin. Abaholi bokuqala abazimele, abangahlotshaniswa nomnyango womqambi, abaqhuba amakilasi, adalwe ngemva kwe-Great October. usocialist. amavukelambuso eMoscow naseLeningrad conservatories kwaba KS Saradzhev (eMoscow), EA Cooper, NA Malko kanye AV Gauk (Leningrad). Ngo-1938, umncintiswano wokuqala we-All-Union Conducting Competition wawubanjelwe eMoscow, owaveza inani labaqhubi abanamakhono - abamele izikhova ezincane. izikole zase-D. Abaphumelele umncintiswano kwakungu-EA Mravinsky, NG Rakhlin, A. Sh. UMelik-Pashaev, KK Ivanov, MI Paverman. Ngokukhuphuka okwengeziwe emculweni. isiko kuma-republic kazwelonke eSoviet Union phakathi kwezikhova ezihamba phambili. abaqhubi bahlanganisa abameleli bangoDisemba. ubuzwe; abaqhubi NP Anosov, M. Ashrafi, LE Wigner, LM Ginzburg, EM Grikurov, OA Dimitriadi, VA Dranishnikov, VB Dudarova, KP Kondrashin, RV Matsov, ES Mikeladze, IA Musin, VV Nebolsin, NZ Niyazi, AI Orlov, NS Rabinovich GN Rozhdestvensky, EP Svetlanov, KA Simeonov, MA Tavrizian, VS Tolba, EO Amathani, Yu. F. Fayer, BE Khaykin, L P. Steinberg, AK Jansons.

Imincintiswano Yokuqhuba Inyunyana Yesibili neyesithathu iqoke iqembu labaqhubi abanesiphiwo besizukulwane esisha. Abaphumelele yilaba: Yu. Kh. Temirkanov, D. Yu. Tyulin, F. Sh. Mansurov, AS Dmitriev, MD Shostakovich, Yu. I. Simonov (2), AN Lazarev, VG Nelson (3).

Emkhakheni wekhwaya D., amasiko ongcweti abavelele abaphuma enkathini yangaphambi kwenguquko. ikhwaya. izikole, AD Kastalsky, PG Chesnokov, AV Nikolsky, MG Klimov, NM Danilin, AV Aleksandrov, AV Sveshnikov baqhubeka ngempumelelo abafundi bezikhova. Conservatory GA Dmitrievsky, KB Ptitsa, VG Sokolov, AA Yurlov nabanye. Ku-D., njengakunoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lomculo. ukusebenza, khombisa izinga lokuthuthuka kwamamuse. art-va kanye nobuhle. imigomo yalesi sikhathi, imiphakathi. izindawo, izikole, nomuntu ngamunye. izici zethalente lomqhubi, isiko lakhe, ukunambitha, intando, ukuhlakanipha, isimo sengqondo, njll. Modern. D. idinga kumbhidisi ulwazi olubanzi emkhakheni womculo. izincwadi, eyasungulwa. umculo-thiyeri. ukuqeqeshwa, umculo ophezulu. isiphiwo - indlebe ecashile, eqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile, umculo omnandi. inkumbulo, umuzwa wesimo, isigqi, kanye nokunaka okugxilile. Isimo esidingekayo siwukuthi umqhubi unentando esebenzayo enenjongo. Umqhubi kufanele abe isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esibucayi, abe nesiphiwo sokuba uthisha-uthisha kanye namakhono athile enhlangano; lezi zimfanelo zidingeka ikakhulukazi kubaqhubi abangabaholi baphakade (isikhathi eside) be-Ph.D. ithimba lomculo.

Lapho enza ukukhiqiza umqhubi ngokuvamile usebenzisa amaphuzu. Nokho, abaqhubi bekhonsathi abaningi besimanje baqhuba ngekhanda, ngaphandle kwamaphuzu noma ikhonsoli. Abanye, abavumayo ukuthi umqhubi kufanele asho amaphuzu ngekhanda, bakholelwa ukuthi ukwenqaba komqhubi wekhonsoli ngendelelo namaphuzu kusesimweni sokuthatheka okungadingekile futhi kuphambukisa ukunaka kwezilaleli kusiqephu esidlalwayo. Umqhubi we-opera kufanele abe nolwazi ngezindaba ze-wok. ubuchwepheshe, kanye nokuba nedramaturgy. ubukhazikhazi, ikhono lokuqondisa ukuthuthukiswa kwawo wonke amamuse enqubweni ye-D. isenzo se-scenic sisonke, ngaphandle kwalokho ukudalwa kwakhe kweqiniso nomqondisi akunakwenzeka. Uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-D. ukuphelezelwa komdlali oyedwa (isibonelo, umdlali wopiyano, oshaya ivayolini noma oshaya ucingo ngesikhathi sekhonsathi ene-orchestra). Kulokhu, umqhubi uqondisa ubuciko bakhe. izinhloso ngokwenza. inhloso yalo mculi.

Ubuciko be-D. busekelwe ohlelweni olukhethekile, oluklanywe ngokukhethekile lokunyakaza kwezandla. Ubuso bomqhubi, ukubuka kwakhe, nesimo sobuso nakho kunendima enkulu enqubweni yokulingisa. Iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu ku-suit-ve D. ingeyokuqala. igagasi (i-Auftakt yesiJalimane) - uhlobo "lokuphefumula", empeleni futhi lubangela, njengempendulo, umsindo we-orchestra, i-choir. Kusho. indawo ku-D. inqubo inikezwa isikhathi, okungukuthi, ukuqokwa ngosizo lwezandla ezinyakaziswayo ze-metrorhythmic. izakhiwo zomculo. Isikhathi siyisisekelo (ikhanvasi) yobuciko. D.

Izikimu zesikhathi eziyinkimbinkimbi zisekelwe ekuguqulweni nasekuhlanganiseni ukunyakaza okwenza izinhlelo ezilula kakhulu. Imidwebo ikhombisa ukunyakaza kwesandla sokudla somqhubi. Ukwehla kwesilinganiso kuzo zonke izinhlelo kuboniswa ukunyakaza kusuka phezulu kuya phansi. Amasheya okugcina - phakathi nendawo naphezulu. Ukushaya kwesibili ohlelweni lwe-3-beat kuboniswa ukunyakaza kwesokudla (kude nomqhubi), ohlelweni lwe-4-beat - ngakwesobunxele. Ukunyakaza kwesandla sokunxele kwakhiwe njengesithombe sesibuko sokunyakaza kwesandla sokudla. Emsebenzini ka-D. ukusetshenziswa kokunyakaza okunjalo kwezandla zombili akuthandeki. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ikhono lokusebenzisa izandla zombili ngaphandle komunye nomunye kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba kuyisiko ku-D.'s inqubo yokuhlukanisa imisebenzi yezandla. Isandla sokudla sihloselwe i-preim. ukuze kubekwe isikhathi, isandla sobunxele sinikeza imiyalelo emkhakheni wokuguquguquka, ukucacisa, imisho. Nokho, ekusebenzeni, imisebenzi yezandla ayikaze ibekwe imingcele ngokuqinile. Ukuphakama kwekhono lomqhubi, kaningi futhi kunzima kakhulu ukungena kwamahhala kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi yezandla zombili ekuhambeni kwakhe. Ukunyakaza kwama-conductor amakhulu akulokothi kube ingcaca eqondile: kubonakala sengathi "bazikhulula ohlelweni", kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo bahlala bephethe izici ezibaluleke kakhulu zalo ukuze babone.

Umbhidisi kufanele akwazi ukuhlanganisa abantu ngabanye abaculi ngabanye ohlelweni lokucula, aqondise yonke imizamo yabo ekufezekiseni uhlelo lwabo lokucula. Ngokwemvelo yomthelela eqenjini labadlali, abaqhubi bangahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili. Esokuqala salezi “ngumqhubi-umashiqela”; ubeka phansi abaculi ngokungenamibandela entandweni yakhe, eyakhe. ubuntu obubodwa, ngezinye izikhathi ngokucindezela ngokungenasisekelo isinyathelo sabo. Umbhidisi wohlobo oluhlukile akalokothi afune ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abaculi be-orchestra bamlalela ngobumpumputhe, kodwa uzama ukuletha umculi wakhe phambili. hlela ukuqaphela komdlali ngamunye, ukumdonsa ngokufunda kwakhe inhloso yombhali. Ama-conductor amaningi ngo-December. idigri ihlanganisa izici zazo zombili izinhlobo.

Indlela ye-D. ngaphandle kwenduku nayo yasakazeka (yaqala ukusetshenziswa nguSafonov ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20). Inikeza inkululeko eyengeziwe nokuveza ukunyakaza kwesandla sokudla, kodwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibancisha ukukhanya nesigqi. ukucaca.

Ngawo-1920 kwamanye amazwe, kwenziwa imizamo yokwakha ama-orchestra ngaphandle kwabaqhubi. Iqembu elidlala unomphela ngaphandle komqhubi lalikhona eMoscow ngo-1922-32 (bheka i-Persimfans).

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1950 emazweni amaningi aqala ukubanjelwa amazwe ngamazwe. imincintiswano yomqhubi. Phakathi kwabaphumelele: K. Abbado, Z. Meta, S. Ozawa, S. Skrovachevsky. Kusukela ngo-1968 emiqhudelwaneni yamazwe ngamazwe kwakuhilela izikhova. abaqhubi. Iziqu zabaphumelele indondo ziwine ngu: Yu.I. Simonov, AM, 1968).

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E. Yebo. I-Ratser