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IsiJalimane Stimmführung, IsiNgisi. ingxenye yokubhala, ehamba phambili yezwi (e-USA), i-French conduite des voix

Ukunyakaza kwezwi ngalinye kanye nawo wonke amazwi ndawonye esiqeshini se-polyphonic somculo ngesikhathi soshintsho lusuka kwinhlanganisela yomsindo iye kwenye, ngamanye amazwi, umgomo ojwayelekile wokuthuthukiswa komculo womculo. imigqa (amazwi), okuqanjwa ngayo umculo. indwangu (ukwakheka) komsebenzi.

Izici zika-G. zincike kusitayela. izimiso zomqambi, zonke izikole zomqambi kanye nobuciko. izikhombisi-ndlela, kanye nokwakheka kwabadlali okwabhalelwa bona lokhu kuqanjwa. Ngomqondo obanzi, i-G. ingaphansi kokubili kwe-melodic ne-harmonic. amaphethini. Ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwamazwi kuthinta indawo yakhe eminyuziyamu. izindwangu (phezulu, phansi, phakathi, njll) futhi enze. amandla ethuluzi, okuphathiswe lona ukwenziwa kwalo.

Ngokwesilinganiso samazwi, u-G. uhlukaniswa ngokuqondile, ngokungaqondile nangokuphambene. Ukunyakaza okuqondile (okuhlukile - okuhambisanayo) kubonakala ngendlela eyodwa ekhuphukayo noma eyehlayo yokunyakaza kuwo wonke amazwi, ngokungaqondile - okushiya izwi elilodwa noma amaningi angashintshiwe. ukuphakama, okuphambene - diff. isiqondiso samazwi anyakazayo (ngesimo sawo esihlanzekile singenzeka kuphela ngamazwi amabili, ngenani elikhulu lamazwi ahlanganiswe nokunyakaza okuqondile noma okungaqondile).

Izwi ngalinye lingahamba ngezinyathelo noma ligxume. Ukunyakaza kwe-Stepwise kunikeza ukushelela okukhulu nokuhambisana kongwaqa; ukushintsha kwesibili kwawo wonke amazwi kungenza kube ngokwemvelo ngisho nokulandelana kongwaqa ngokuvumelana komunye nomunye. Ukushelela okukhethekile kufinyelelwa ngokunyakaza okungaqondile, lapho ithoni evamile yama-chords igcinwa, kuyilapho amanye amazwi ehamba kude. Ngokuya ngohlobo lokuxhumana phakathi kwamazwi azwakalayo kanyekanye, amazwi e-harmonic, i-heterophonic-subvocal, kanye ne-polyphonic ahlukaniswa.

i-harmonic g. okuhlotshaniswa ne-chordal, i-choral (bheka i-Chorale) ukuthungwa, okuhlukaniswa ubunye besigqi sawo wonke amazwi. Inombolo ephelele yomlando yamazwi yizine, ezihambisana namazwi ekwaya: i-soprano, i-alto, i-tenor ne-bass. Lawa mavoti angaphindeka kabili. Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-chords ngokunyakaza okungaqondile kubizwa ngokuthi ukuvumelana, okuqondile nokuphambene - melodic. ukuxhumana. Ngokuvamile kuvumelana. U-G. ungaphansi kokuhambisana nomculo oholayo (imvamisa ube sezwini eliphezulu) futhi ungowalokho okubizwa. i-harmonic ye-homophonic. ishede (bheka i-Homophony).

I-Heterofonno-podgolosochnoe G. (bheka i-heterophony) ibonakala ngokunyakaza okuqondile (okuvame ukuhambisana). Ekuwohlokeni. imisindo ehlukahlukene yomsindo ofanayo; izinga lokuhlukahluka lincike kwisitayela nakuzwelonke. imvelaphi yomsebenzi. Izwi le-Heterophonic-vocal liwuphawu lwezenzakalo eziningi zomculo nesitayela, isibonelo. yengoma kaGregory (eYurophu 11-14 eminyaka), inani lemibhangqwana. amasiko omculo (ikakhulukazi, ingoma yokudonsa yaseRussia); ezitholakala emisebenzini yabaqambi, ngokwezinga elithile noma kwelinye, basebenzisa amasiko ephimbo likaNar. umculo (MI Glinka, MP Mussorgsky, AP Borodin, SV Rakhmaninov, DD Shostakovich, SS Prokofiev, IF Stravinsky nabanye).

AP Borodin. Ikhorasi yezakhamuzi ezivela ku-opera "Prince Igor".

i-polyphonic g. (bheka i-Polyphony) ihlotshaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo. ukubamba eziningana ezizimele noma ezizimele. imiculo.

R. Wagner. Ukudlulela ku-opera ethi "The Mastersingers of Nuremberg".

Isici esiyisici se-polyphonic G. ukuzimela kwesigqi kuzwi ngalinye ngokunyakaza kwawo okungaqondile.

Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuqashelwa okuhle komculo ngamunye ngendlebe futhi kukuvumela ukuthi ulandele inhlanganisela yawo.

Abaculi abaprakthiza kanye namathiyori sebeqalile ukunaka isiginci kusukela ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Ngakho-ke, uGuido d'Arezzo wakhuluma ngokumelene ne-Parallels. I-organum ka-Hukbald kanye nethiyori yakhe u-ukwenzeka wakha imithetho yokuhlanganisa amazwi ngama-cadences. Ukuthuthukiswa okwalandela kwemfundiso ka-G. kubonisa ngokuqondile ukuvela kweminyuziyamu. ubuciko, izitayela zayo eziyinhloko. Kuze kube ikhulu le-16 G. imithetho yokubola. amazwi ayehlukile - ku-countertenor ejoyina i-tenor ne-treble (for instr. performance), ukugxuma, ukuwela namanye amazwi kwakuvunyelwe. Ngekhulu le-16 ngenxa yokuphinyiswa komculo. izindwangu kanye nokusetshenziswa ukulingisa kwenzeka izindlela. ukulingana kwamavoti. UMn. imithetho ye-counterpoint yayiyimithetho ye-G. - ukunyakaza okuphambene kwamazwi njengesisekelo, ukuvinjelwa kokufana. ukunyakaza nokuphambana, okuthandwayo kwezikhawu ezincishisiwe kunezinyukile (njengoba ngemva kokugxuma, ukunyakaza kwe-melodic ngakolunye uhlangothi kubonakala kungokwemvelo), njll. (le mithetho, ngokwezinga elithile, igcine ukubaluleka kwayo ekuthunjweni kwekhwaya ye-homophonic). Kusukela ngekhulu le-17 lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umehluko kwasungulwa. izitayela eziqinile nezikhululekile. Isitayela esiqinile sasibonakala, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokungakhethi. inani lamazwi emsebenzini, ngesitayela samahhala, lalilokhu lishintsha njalo (kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi amazwi angempela, amazwi ahambisanayo nemisindo avela), "inkululeko" eminingi yayivunyelwe u-G. Ngenkathi ye-bass general, G. kancane kancane wazikhulula emithethweni eqinile yokuphikisa; ngesikhathi esifanayo, izwi eliphezulu liba yilelo elithuthukiswayo kakhulu, kuyilapho abanye behlala endaweni engaphansi. Isilinganiso esifanayo sigcinwa kakhulu ngisho nangemva kokuba i-bass evamile iyekile ukusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi upiyano. nomculo we-orchestra (ikakhulukazi "ukugcwalisa" indima yamazwi aphakathi), nakuba kusukela ekuqaleni. Ikhulu lama-20 inani le-polyphonic G. lenyuke futhi.

References: I-Skrebkov S., ukuhlaziywa kwe-Polyphonic, M., 1940; eyakhe, Incwadi ye-polyphony, M., 1965; yakhe, Harmony emculweni wesimanje, M., 1965; UMazel L., O melody, M., 1952; Berkov V., Harmony, incwadi yokufunda, ingxenye 1, M., 1962, 2 ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi: Textbook of harmony, M., 1970; I-Protopopov Vl., Umlando we-polyphony ezimeni zawo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Umculo waseRussia wakudala nowamaSoviet, M., 1962; yakhe, Umlando we-polyphony ezimweni zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ama-classics aseNtshonalanga Yurophu yekhulu le-XVIII-XIX, uM., 1965; Sposobin I., Ifomu lomculo, M., 1964; Tyulin Yu. kanye no-Privano N., Izisekelo Zethiyori Zokuvumelana, M., 1965; UStepanov A., Harmony, M., 1971; Stepanov A., Chugaev A., Polyphony, M., 1972.

FG Arzamanov