UJohn Cage |

UJohn Cage

Umqambi nomqambi waseMelika, umsebenzi wakhe ophikisanayo awuthintanga kakhulu umculo wesimanje kuphela, kodwa futhi umkhuba wonke kwezobuciko baphakathi nekhulu lama-20, ohlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwezakhi "okungahleliwe" (i-aleatoric) kanye nezimo zokuphila "eziluhlaza". I-Cage yakhuthazwa izimfundiso ze-Zen Buddhism, ngokusho ukuthi imvelo ayinakho isakhiwo sangaphakathi, noma isigaba sezenzakalo. Waphinde wathonywa imibono yesimanje yokuxhumana kwazo zonke izenzakalo, ezathuthukiswa isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu uM. McLuhan kanye nomdwebi wezakhiwo uB. Fuller. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Cage yafika emculweni ohlanganisa izici "zomsindo" kanye "nokuthula", esetshenziswa imisindo yemvelo, "etholakele", kanye ne-electronics kanye ne-aleatorics. Izithelo zalokhu okuhlangenwe nakho azikwazi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi zihlobene nesigaba semisebenzi yobuciko, kodwa lokhu kuhambisana ncamashi nomqondo weCage, ngokusho ukuthi isipiliyoni esinjalo "sisethula khona kanye umnyombo wempilo esiyiphilayo. .”

UCage wazalwa ngoSepthemba 5, 1912 eLos Angeles. Wafunda ePomona College, wabe eseseYurophu, futhi ngemva kokubuyela eLos Angeles wafunda no-A. Weiss, A. Schoenberg noG. Cowell. Enganelisekile ngemikhawulo ebekwe yisistimu ye-tonal yendabuko yaseNtshonalanga, waqala ukudala izingoma ngokufaka imisindo, imithombo eyayingezona izinsimbi zomculo, kodwa izinto ezihlukahlukene ezizungezile umuntu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ama-rattles, ama-crackers, kanye nemisindo. okukhiqizwa yizinqubo ezingavamile njengokuthi, isibonelo, ngokucwilisa ama-gong anyakazayo emanzini. Ngo-1938, uCage wasungula okuthiwa. upiyano olulungisiwe lapho izinto ezahlukene zifakwa ngaphansi kwezintambo, ngenxa yalokho upiyano luphenduke lube iqoqo elincane le-percussion. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, waqala ukwethula i-aleatoriki ezingomeni zakhe, esebenzisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokukhohlisa ngamadayisi, amakhadi, kanye neNcwadi Yezinguquko (I Ching), incwadi yasendulo yamaShayina yokubhula. Abanye abaqambi bake basebenzisa izinto “ezingahleliwe” ezingomeni zabo ngaphambili, kodwa i-Cage yaba ngeyokuqala ukusebenzisa i-aleatoric ngokuhlelekile, okuyenza ibe umgomo oyinhloko wokuqanjwa. Uphinde waba ngomunye wabokuqala ukusebenzisa imisindo ethile kanye namathuba akhethekile okushintsha imisindo yendabuko etholwe lapho usebenza nesiqophamazwi.

Izingoma ezintathu ezidume kakhulu zikaCage zenziwa okokuqala ngo-1952. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ingoma edume kabi ethi 4'33”, okuyimizuzu emi-4 nemizuzwana engama-33 yokuthula. Kodwa-ke, ukuthula kulo msebenzi akusho ukungabi khona okuphelele komsindo, njengoba i-Cage, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ifuna ukudonsela ukunaka kwabalaleli emisindo yemvelo yendawo lapho i-4'33 yenziwa khona. I-Imaginary Landscape No. 4 (I-Imaginary Landscape No. 4) ibhalelwe imisakazo ye-12, futhi lapha konke - ukukhethwa kweziteshi, amandla omsindo, ubude besiqephu - kunqunywa ngengozi. Umsebenzi ongenasihloko, owenziwa e-Black Mountain College ngokubamba iqhaza komdwebi u-R. Rauschenberg, umdansi nomdwebi wamaculo uM. Cunningham nabanye, waba isibonelo sohlobo "olwenzekayo", lapho izinto ezimangalisayo nezomculo zihlanganiswa khona kanye kanye, ngokuvamile. izenzo ezingenangqondo zabadlali. Ngalokhu kusungulwa, kanye nomsebenzi wakhe emakilasini okuqanjwa eNew School for Social Research eNew York, uCage waba nomthelela obonakalayo kuso sonke isizukulwane samaciko amukela umbono wakhe: konke okwenzekayo kungabhekwa njengeshashalazi (“ yaseshashalazini” iyikho konke okwenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa), futhi le midlalo yeshashalazi ilingana nokuphila.

Kusukela ngawo-1940, uCage waqamba futhi wenza umculo womdanso. Izingoma zakhe zomdanso azihlobene ne-choreography: umculo nomdanso zivela ngasikhathi sinye, zigcina isimo sazo. Iningi lalezi zingoma (ezinye ngezinye izikhathi ezisebenzisa ukuphindaphinda ngendlela "eyenzekayo") zidalwe ngokubambisana neqembu lomdanso lika-M. Cunningham, lapho uCage wayengumqondisi womculo.

Imisebenzi yemibhalo kaCage, okuhlanganisa noSilence (Silence, 1961), A Year from Monday (A Year from Monday, 1968) and For the Birds (For the Birds, 1981), idlulela ngale kwezindaba zomculo, ihlanganisa yonke inqwaba yemibono ephathelene ” umdlalo ongenanhloso” womdwebi kanye nobunye bempilo, imvelo nobuciko. UCage washona eNew York ngo-Agasti 12, 1992.

Encyclopedia