UWilhelm Friedemann Bach |

UWilhelm Friedemann Bach

… wakhuluma nami ngomculo kanye nangomculi we-ogani oyedwa ogama lakhe lingu-WF Bach … Lo mculi unesiphiwo esivelele sayo yonke into engiyizwile (noma engingayicabanga), mayelana nokujula kolwazi oluvumelanayo namandla okucula… G. van Swiegen – Prince. Kaunitz Berlin, ngo-1774

Amadodana ka-JS Bach ashiye uphawu olukhanyayo emculweni wekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Umthala okhazimulayo wabaqambi abane abangabazalwane uholwa ngokufanelekile omdala wabo uWilhelm Friedemann, oqanjwe ngegama elithi “Gallic” Bach emlandweni. Izibulo nentandokazi, kanye nomunye wabafundi bokuqala bakayise omkhulu, uWilhelm Friedemann wazuza njengefa amasiko awanikwa kuye ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu. “Nansi indodana yami ethandekayo,” uJohann Sebastian wayevame ukusho, ngokwenganekwane, “intando yami enhle ikuyo.” Akumangalisi ukuthi umbhali wokuqala wokuphila komuntu ka-JS Bach, I. Forkel, wayekholelwa ukuthi “uWilhelm Friedemann, ngokwemvelaphi yomculo, wayesondelene kakhulu noyise,” futhi, ababhali bokuphila kwendodana yakhe bambeka phakathi “ izinceku zokugcina zesiko le-baroque yezitho.” Nokho, esinye isici asisona isici esifana nalesi: “uthando phakathi kwezingcweti zaseJalimane zomculo we-rococo.” Empeleni akukho ukuphikisana lapha.

U-Wilhelm Friedemann ngempela wayengaphansi kokuqina okunengqondo kanye nenganekwane engalawuleki, izindlela ezimangalisayo kanye nezingoma ezihlabayo, ukufundisa okusobala kanye nokunwebeka kwesigqi somdanso. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, imfundo yomculo yomqambi yafakwa endaweni yobuchwepheshe. Kuye, u-JS Bach wokuqala waqala ukubhala "izifundo" ze-clavier, okuthi, kanye nezincwadi ezikhethiwe zabanye ababhali, zifakwe ku-"Clavier Book of WF Bach" edumile. Izinga lalezi zifundo - lapha izandulela, izinto eziqanjiwe, izingcezu zomdanso, amalungiselelo e-chorale, eseyisikole sazo zonke izizukulwane ezalandela - kukhombisa ukukhula okusheshayo kuka-Wilhelm Friedemann njengomculi we-harpsichord. Kwanele ukusho ukuthi izethulo zoMqulu I we-Well-Tempered Clavier, ezaziyingxenye yencwajana, zazihloselwe umculi oneminyaka eyishumi nambili (!). Ngo-1726, izifundo ze-violin no-IG Braun zengezwa ezifundweni ze-clavier, kwathi ngo-1723 uFriedemann waphothula eLeipzig Thomasschule, ethole imfundo evamile eqinile yomculi eNyuvesi yaseLeipzig. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ungumsizi osebenzayo ku-Johann Sebastian (ngaleso sikhathi umfundisi weSonto likaSt. Thomas), owayehola ukuphindaphinda nokuhlela amaqembu, evame ukufaka esikhundleni sikayise ku-organ. Ngokunokwenzeka, iSix Organ Sonatas yavela ngaleso sikhathi, eyabhalwa uBach, ngokusho kukaForkel, “eyenzela indodana yakhe endala uWilhelm Friedemann, ukuze imenze umpetha wokudlala isitho somzimba, agcina eseba nguye.” Akumangazi ukuthi ngokulungiselela okunjalo, uWilhelm Friedemann waphumelela ngobuhlakani ukuhlolwa kwesikhundla se-oganist eSontweni likaSt. UJohn Sebastian. Ubaba nendodana badlale amakhonsathi akabili, ngokusobala aqanjwa u-Bach Sr. ikakhulukazi kulo mcimbi. Iminyaka engu-1733 yaseDresden yisikhathi sokukhula okukhulu kobuciko bomculi, okwagqugquzelwa kakhulu umoya wesinye sezikhungo zomculo ezigqame kakhulu eYurophu. Emjikelezweni wabangane abasha beLeipzigian esencane, inhloko ye-Dresden Opera ngu-I. Hasse nomkakhe ongadumile kangako, umculi uF. Bordoni, kanye nabaculi bezinsimbi zasenkantolo. Ngokulandelayo, abakwaDresdeners bakhangwa ikhono likaWilhelm Friedemann, umshayi wamahabhu nomshayi wezinsimbi. Uba uthisha wezemfashini.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-ogani yesonto lamaProthestani, uWilhelm Friedemann ahlala kuyo ethembekile ngokujulile ngokomyalo kayise, yabhekana nokuhlukana okuthile eDresden yamaKatolika, okungenzeka yaba umfutho wokuthuthela ensimini ehlonishwa kakhulu. izwe lamaProthestani. Ngo-1746, uWilhelm Friedemann (ngaphandle kwecala!) wathatha isikhundla esihloniphekile sokuba umshayi we-ogani e-Liebfrauenkirche e-Halle, waba umlandeli ofanelekayo ka-F. Tsakhov (uthisha u-GF Handel) no-S. Scheidt, owake wadumisa isifunda sabo.

Ukuze afane nabanduleli bakhe abaphawulekayo, uWilhelm Friedemann wakhanga umhlambi ngentuthuko yakhe ephefumulelwe. U-“Gallic” Bach uphinde waba ngumqondisi womculo wedolobha, omsebenzi wakhe wawuhlanganisa nokubamba imikhosi yedolobha neyesonto, lapho amakhwaya nama-orchestra amasonto amathathu amakhulu edolobha ayehlanganyela khona. Ungakhohlwa uWilhelm Friedemann kanye neLeipzig yangakubo.

Isikhathi se-Gallic, esathatha iminyaka engaba ngu-20, sasingenalo ifu. "UMnu. Wilhelm Friedemann ohlonishwa kakhulu futhi ofundile," njengoba ayebizwa kanjalo ngesikhathi sakhe esimemweni saseGallic, wazuza idumela, elingathandeki koyise bedolobha, lomuntu ocabanga ngokukhululekile ongafuni ukufeza ngokungangabazeki umgomo wakhe. “intshiseko ngempilo enhle neyisibonelo” eshiwo kwinkontileka. Futhi, okwadumaza iziphathimandla zesonto, wayevame ukuhamba ayofuna indawo enenzuzo kakhudlwana. Ekugcineni, ngo-1762, wasishiya ngokuphelele isimo somculi "enkonzweni", waba, mhlawumbe, umculi wokuqala wamahhala emlandweni womculo.

UWilhelm Friedemann, nokho, akazange ayeke ukukhathalela ubuso bakhe bomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kwezicelo zesikhathi eside, ngo-1767 wathola isihloko senkantolo yaseDarmstadt Kapellmeister, enqaba, nokho, ukunikezwa kokuthatha le ndawo hhayi ngegama, kodwa empeleni. Njengoba ehlala eHalle, akazange aziphilise njengothisha nomshayi womculo womculo womculo womculo, owayesamangaza ongoti ngemicabango yakhe evuthayo. Ngo-1770, eqhutshwa ubumpofu (ifa lomkakhe lathengiswa ngaphansi kwesando), uWilhelm Friedemann nomndeni wakhe bathuthela eBraunschweig. Ababhali bomlando wokuphila kwabo baphawula ukuthi isikhathi seBrunswick siyingozi kakhulu kumqambi, ozichitha ngokungakhethi lapho elahlekelwa izifundo eziqhubekayo. Ubudedengu bukaWilhelm Friedemann kwaba nomphumela odabukisayo ekugcinweni kwemibhalo yesandla kayise. Indlalifa yama-autographs ayigugu e-Bach, wayekulungele ukuhlukana nawo kalula. Kungemva kweminyaka emi-4 kuphela lapho akhumbula khona, isibonelo, inhloso yakhe elandelayo: “… ukuhamba kwami ​​eBraunschweig kwakushesha kangangokuthi angikwazanga ukuhlanganisa uhlu lwamanothi ami nezincwadi ezishiywe lapho; mayelana nekababa ethi The Art of Fugue… ngisakhumbula, kodwa ezinye izingoma zesonto namasethi onyaka…. Mhlonishwa … bathembise ukungiphendula imali endalini ngokuhlanganyela nomculi othile oziqondayo lezi zincwadi.

Le ncwadi isivele ithunyelwe ivela eBerlin, lapho uWilhelm Friedemann amukelwa khona ngomusa enkantolo yeNkosazana Anna Amalia, udadewabo kaFrederick Omkhulu, umthandi omkhulu womculo nomxhasi wezobuciko, owayejabule ngokuthuthukiswa kwezitho zenkosi. U-Anna Amalia uba umfundi wakhe, kanye noSarah Levy (ugogo kaF. Mendelssohn) kanye no-I. Kirnberger (umqambi wasenkantolo, owake wangumfundi kaJohann Sebastian, owayengumvikeli kaWilhelm Friedemann eBerlin). Esikhundleni sokubonga, uthisha osanda kwenziwa waba nemibono ngendawo kaKirnberger, kodwa isihloko sozungu siyamjikela: U-Anna-Amalia uphuca uWilhelm Friedemann umusa wakhe.

Iminyaka eyishumi edlule yokuphila komqambi iphawuleka ngesizungu nokudumala. Ukwenza umculo embuthanweni omncane wongoti (“Lapho edlala, ngabanjwa ukwesaba okungcwele,” kukhumbula uForkel, “yonke into yayibabazeka kakhulu futhi inesizotha …”) kwaba ukuphela kwento eyayijabulisa izinsuku ezimnyama. Ngo-1784, uWilhelm Friedemann uyafa, eshiya umkakhe nendodakazi yakhe bengenamali. Kuyaziwa ukuthi iqoqo elivela ekusebenzeni kweBerlin kwe-Handel's Messiah ngo-1785 lanikelwa ukuze kuzuze bona. Lesi isiphetho esidabukisayo se-oganist yokuqala yaseJalimane, ngokusho kwe-obituary.

Ukufunda ngefa likaFriedemann kunzima kakhulu. Okokuqala, ngokusho kukaForkel, "wathuthukisa okungaphezu kwalokho akubhalile." Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibhalo yesandla eminingi ayikwazi ukuhlonzwa futhi ibhalwe usuku. I-apocrypha kaFriedemann ayizange idalulwe ngokugcwele noma, ukuba khona okungenzeka okukhonjiswe ukushintshwa okungabonakali ngokuphelele okwatholakala ngesikhathi sokuphila komqambi: kwesinye isikhathi, wavala imisebenzi kayise ngesignesha yakhe, kwesinye, ngokuphambene nalokho, ebona. lokho okuthakaselayo ifa lombhalo wesandla lika-Johann Sebastian livusa, wengeza kuye ama-opus akhe amabili. Sekuyisikhathi eside u-Wilhelm Friedemann ephinde wathi i-organ Concerto in D minor, eyehlele kithi ngekhophi ye-Bach. Njengoba kwenzeka, ubunikazi bungokuka-A. Vivaldi, futhi ikhophi yenziwa ngu-JS Bach emuva eminyakeni ye-Weimar, lapho uFriedemann eseyingane. Kukho konke lokho, umsebenzi kaWilhelm Friedemann ubanzi impela, ungahlukaniswa ngokwemibandela ube yizikhathi ezi-4. ELeipzig (ngaphambi kuka-1733) kwabhalwa izingcezu ezimbalwa ngokuyinhloko ze-clavier. E-Dresden (1733-46), ikakhulukazi izingoma zomculo (amakhonsathi, ama-sonatas, ama-symphonies) adalwa. E-Halle (1746-70), kanye nomculo wezinsimbi, kwavela ama-cantata angu-2 - ingxenye ethakazelisa kakhulu yefa likaFriedemann.

Elandela ngobuciko ezithendeni zika-Johann Sebastian, wayevame ukuqamba izingoma zakhe ngokususelwa ezihlokweni zikayise nezakhe zakuqala. Uhlu lwemisebenzi yezwi lulekelelwa ama-cantatas amaningana ezwe, iMisa laseJalimane, i-arias ngayinye, kanye ne-opera engaqediwe uLausus noLydia (1778-79, banyamalala), abakhulelwe kakade eBerlin. E-Braunschweig naseBerlin (1771-84) uFriedemann wayezilinganisele ku-harpsichord nezingoma ezihlukahlukene zegumbi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isitho sofuzo nesempilo yonke asishiyi nhlobo ifa lesitho. Umthuthukisi ohlakaniphile, maye, akakwazanga (futhi mhlawumbe akazange alwe), ehlulela ngamazwi kaForkel asevele ecashuniwe, ukulungisa imibono yakhe yomculo ephepheni.

Uhlu lwezinhlobo, nokho, alunikezi izizathu zokubheka ukuvela kwesitayela se-master. I-fugue "endala" kanye ne-sonata "entsha", i-symphony kanye ne-miniature ayizange ithathe indawo yodwa ngokulandelana kwezikhathi. Ngakho-ke, ama-polonaise angu-12 "angaphambi kothando" abhalwa eHalle, kuyilapho ama-fugues angu-8, athengisa umbhalo wesandla wendodana yeqiniso kayise, adalwe eBerlin ngokuzinikezela ku-Princess Amalia.

"Okudala" kanye "okusha" akuzange kwakhe leso sitayela "esihlanganisiwe", esijwayelekile, ngokwesibonelo, ku-Philipp Emanuel Bach. U-Wilhelm Friedemann ubonakala kakhulu ngokuguquguquka okuqhubekayo phakathi “kokudala” “nokusha” kwesinye isikhathi ngaphakathi kohlaka lokuqanjwa okukodwa. Isibonelo, ku-Concerto eyaziwa kakhulu yama-cembalos amabili, i-sonata yakudala ekuhambeni 1 iphendulwa uhlobo lwekhonsathi ye-baroque evamile yesiphetho.

Okudidayo kakhulu emvelweni kuyiphupho eliwuphawu luka-Wilhelm Friedemann. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu ukuqhubeka, noma kunalokho enye yeziqongo ekuthuthukisweni kwesiko lokuqala le-baroque. Ngokulandelana kwamaphaseji angavinjelwe, ukumiswa kwamahhala, ukuphindaphinda okuvezayo, u-Wilhelm Friedemann ubonakala eqhumisa indawo ebhalwe ukuthi “bushelelezi”. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengesibonelo, ku-Sonata ye-viola ne-clavier, kuma-polonaise angu-12, kuma-sonatas amaningi e-clavier, i-thematism eyinqaba, isibindi esimangalisayo nokugcwala kokuvumelana, ubunkimbinkimbi be-chiaroscuro enkulu, ukwehluleka okubukhali kwesigqi, imvelaphi yesakhiwo. afana namanye amakhasi e-Mozart, Beethoven, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho namakhasi e-Schubert ne-Schumann. Lolu hlangothi lwemvelo kaFriedemann luyindlela engcono kakhulu yokudlulisa lolu hlangothi lwemvelo kaFriedemann, ngendlela, uthando emoyeni, umbono wesazi-mlando saseJalimane uF. Rochlitz: “Fr. U-Bach, ehlukanisiwe nakho konke, engahlonyisiwe futhi engabusiswanga lutho ngaphandle kwephupho eliphakeme, lasezulwini, wazulazula, ethola konke ayedonswe kukho ekujuleni kobuciko bakhe.

T. Frumkis