UJohann Christian Bach |

UJohn Christian Bach

U-Johann Christian Bach, phakathi kokunye ukufaneleka, ukhulise futhi watshala imbali yomusa nomusa emhlabathini wasendulo. F. Rohlic

"Iqhawe elikhulu kunawo wonke amadodana kaSebastian" (G. Abert), umbusi wemicabango yomculo waseYurophu, uthisha wemfashini, umqambi odumile, ongakwazi ukuncintisana nodumo nanoma yimuphi umuntu wesikhathi sakhe. Isiphetho esinjalo esinomona sehlela omncane emadodaneni ka-JS Bach, u-Johann Christian, owangena emlandweni ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Milanese" noma "London" Bach. Kwaphela iminyaka esemncane kaJohann Christian eJalimane: kuze kube yiminyaka engu-15 ekhaya labazali, futhi ngaphansi kokuqeqeshwa kukaFiliphu umfowabo omdala ka-Philip Emanuel - "Berlin" Bach - ePotsdam enkantolo kaFrederick the Great. Ngo-1754, le nsizwa, owokuqala futhi kuphela emndenini wonke, ishiya izwe lakubo phakade. Indlela yakhe ilele e-Italy, eqhubeka ngekhulu le-XVIII. ube yi-mecca yomculo yaseYurophu. Ngemuva kwempumelelo yomculi osemusha eBerlin njengomculi we-harpsichord, kanye nolwazi oluncane lokuqamba, aluthuthukisile kakade e-Bologna, noPadre Martini odumile. UFortune kwasekuqaleni wamoyizela uJohann Christian, okwaqhutshwa kakhulu ukwamukela kwakhe ubuKatolika. Izincwadi zokuncoma ezivela eNaples, ngaleso sikhathi ezazivela eMilan, kanye nedumela lomfundi wasePadre Martini, zavula iminyango yeMilan Cathedral kaJohann Christian, lapho athatha indawo yomunye wabahlabeleli. Kodwa umsebenzi womculi wesonto, owayenguyise nabafowabo, akazange neze ahehe omncane weBachs. Ngokushesha, umqambi omusha we-opera wazimemezela, enqoba ngokushesha izigaba zaseshashalazini ezihamba phambili e-Italy: ama-opus akhe adlalwa eTurin, eNaples, eMilan, eParma, ePerugia, futhi ekupheleni kwawo-60s. futhi ekhaya, e-Braunschweig. Udumo luka-Johann Christian lwafinyelela eVienna naseLondon, kwathi ngoMeyi 1762 wacela iziphathimandla zesonto imvume yokugcwalisa umyalo we-opera owawuvela eLondon Royal Theatre.

Kwaqala isikhathi esisha empilweni ye-maestro, owayemiselwe ukuba ngowesibili eqenjini elidumile labaculi baseJalimane abenza inkazimulo ... ukuvela ogwini lwe-Albion I. Haydn ... Ngeke kube ihaba ukucabangela i-3-1762 empilweni yomculo yenhloko-dolobha yaseNgilandi ngesikhathi sika-Johann Christian, owawina ngokufanelekile isiteketiso esithi "London" Bach.

Ukuqina kokuqamba kanye nomsebenzi wakhe wobuciko, ngisho nangezindinganiso zekhulu le-XVIII. yayinkulu. Unomdlandla futhi unenjongo - yile ndlela asibheka ngayo esithombeni esimangalisayo somngane wakhe u-T. Gainsborough (1776), othunywe nguPadre Martini, wakwazi ukumboza cishe zonke izinhlobo ezingenzeka zempilo yomculo yangaleso sikhathi.

Okokuqala, ithiyetha. Kokubili iRoyal Courtyard, lapho kwadlalwa khona ama-opus "amaNtaliyane" e-maestro, kanye neRoyal Covent Garden, lapho ngo-1765 kwenzeka khona umbukiso wokuqala we-opera yendabuko ye-ballad yesiNgisi iMill Maiden, okwamlethela ukuthandwa okukhethekile. Izingoma ze-“The Servant” zaziculwa yizilaleli eziningi. Akuphumelelanga kangako ama-arias ase-Italy, ashicilelwe futhi asakazwa ngokuhlukana, kanye nezingoma ngokwazo, eziqoqwe kumaqoqo ama-3.

Indawo yesibili ebaluleke kakhulu yomsebenzi ka-Johann Christian yayidlala umculo nokufundisa embuthanweni wezicukuthwane ezithanda umculo, ikakhulukazi umsekeli wakhe u-Queen Charlotte (ngendlela, ongowokuzalwa eJalimane). Kwakudingeka futhi ngicule ngomculo ongcwele, owawudlalwa ngokwesiko lamaNgisi eshashalazini ngesikhathi seLent. Nanka ama-oratorio ka-N. Iommelli, G. Pergolesi, kanye nezingoma zakhe, umqambi aqala ukuzibhala e-Italy (I-Requiem, iMisa Elifushane, njll.). Kumelwe kuvunywe ukuthi izinhlobo ezingokomoya zazingenasithakazelo esincane futhi aziphumelelanga kakhulu (ngisho namacala okuhluleka ayaziwa) ku-"London" Bach, owazinikela ngokuphelele emculweni wezwe. Ngokwezinga elikhulu kakhulu, lokhu kwazibonakalisa mhlawumbe emkhakheni obaluleke kakhulu we-maestro - "i-Bach-Abel concertos", ayisungula ngokwezentengiselwano nomngane wakhe osemusha, umqambi kanye nomdlali we-gambo, owayengumfundi ka-Johann Sebastian CF. Abela. Yasungulwa ngo-1764, i-Bach-Abel Concertos yabeka ithoni emhlabeni womculo waseLondon isikhathi eside. Ama-Premiere, amakhonsathi ahlomulayo, ukuboniswa kwezinsimbi ezintsha (isibonelo, ngenxa ka-Johann Christian, upiyano waqala ukucula njengensimbi eyedwa eLondon okokuqala ngqa) - konke lokhu kwaba isici esibalulekile sebhizinisi le-Bach-Abel, elinikeze kufika kumakhonsathi angu-15 ngesizini. Isisekelo se-repertoire kwakuyimisebenzi yabahleli ngokwabo: ama-cantatas, ama-symphonies, ama-overtures, amakhonsathi, izingoma eziningi zegumbi. Lapha umuntu wayengezwa ama-symphonies kaHaydn, ajwayelane nabacula ngabodwana be-Mannheim Chapel edumile.

Ngokulandelayo, izincwadi “zesiNgisi” zasakazwa kabanzi eYurophu. Kakade ngeminyaka yama-60s. zenziwa eParis. Abathandi bomculo baseYurophu bafuna ukuthola u-Johann Christian hhayi nje umqambi, kodwa futhi njengomphathi weqembu. Impumelelo ethile yayimlindile eMannheim, okwabhalwa kuyo izingoma eziningi (kuhlanganise ne-6 quintets op. 11 yomtshingo, i-oboe, i-violin, i-viola ne-basso continuo, enikezelwe kusazi somculo esidumile U-Karl Theodor). UJohann Christian waze wathuthela eMannheim isikhashana, lapho imidlalo yakhe ye-opera ethi Themistocles (1772) kanye noLucius Sulla (1774) yenziwa ngempumelelo.

Ethembele ekudumeni kwakhe emibuthanweni yesiFulentshi njengomqambi wezinsimbi, ubhalela ngokukhethekile iParis (eyalelwe yiRoyal Academy of Music) i-opera Amadis yaseGaul, eyaqala ukwenziwa ngaphambi kukaMarie Antoinette ngo-1779. Nakuba yenziwa ngendlela yesiFulentshi - nge-divertissement yendabuko. ekugcineni isenzo ngasinye - i-opera ayizange ibe yimpumelelo, ephawula ukuqala kokuncipha okujwayelekile komsebenzi wokudala nobuciko be-maestro. Igama lakhe lisaqhubeka nokuvela ohlwini lwemidlalo yeshashalazi yasebukhosini, kodwa i-Amadis ehlulekile yayimiselwe ukuba i-opus yokugcina ka-Johann Christian. Kancane kancane, intshisekelo ku-“Bach-Abel Concertos” nayo iyashabalala. Izingxabano zenkantolo ezenqaba u-Johann Christian ngezindima zesibili, impilo ewohlokayo, izikweletu zaholela ekufeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi komqambi, owasinda isikhashana enkazimulweni yakhe efiphele. Umphakathi wamaNgisi, owawuhahela izinto ezintsha, wakhohlwa ngokushesha.

Ukuphila okufushane, i-"London" Bach idale inqwaba yezingoma, eveza umoya wesikhathi sakhe ngokuphelela okungavamile. Umoya we-epoch usuzofika cishe. Izinkulumo zakhe kubaba omkhulu "alte Perucke" (lit. - "iwigi endala") ziyaziwa. Kula mazwi, akukho ukunganaki okungaka kwesiko lomndeni elidala njengesibonakaliso sokuphendukela okusha, lapho uJohann Christian ahamba khona kakhulu kunabafowabo. Inkulumo kwenye yezinhlamvu zika-WA Mozart iyisici: “Manje ngiqoqa amafugue ka-Bach. "NjengoSebastian, kanjalo no-Emanuel noFriedemann" (1782), ngaleyo ndlela akazange ahlukanise uyise emadodaneni akhe amadala lapho efunda isitayela esidala. Futhi uMozart waba nomuzwa ohluke ngokuphelele ngesithixo sakhe saseLondon (ukujwayelana kwenzeka ngo-1764 phakathi nohambo lukaMozart eLondon), okwakuyisikhungo sakhe esithuthuke kakhulu kwezobuciko bomculo.

Ingxenye ebalulekile yefa le-"London" Bach yenziwe ama-opera ikakhulukazi ochungechungeni lwe-seria, olwaqala ekuqaleni kwawo-60-70s. Ikhulu le-XVIII emisebenzini kaJ. Sarti, P. Guglielmi, N. Piccinni nabanye abameleli balokho okubizwa ngokuthi. Intsha yesibili yesikole se-neo-Neapolitan. Indima ebalulekile kule nqubo ingeka-Johann Christian, owaqala umsebenzi wakhe wokudlala eNaples futhi empeleni wahola isiqondiso esishiwo ngenhla.

Yavutha ngeminyaka yawo-70s. Empini edumile phakathi "kwama-glukkists nama-picchinists", "London" Bach cishe yayisohlangothini lwakamuva. Akubanga yize ukuthi yena, ngaphandle kokungabaza, wanikeza inguqulo yakhe ye-Gluck's Orpheus, ehlinzeka, ngokubambisana noGuglielmi, le opera yokuqala yenguquko enezinombolo ezifakiwe (!), ukuze ithole isilinganiso esidingekayo sokuzijabulisa kwakusihlwa. "Izinto ezintsha" zabanjwa ngempumelelo eLondon izinkathi ezimbalwa zonyaka (1769-73), zabe sezithunyelwa nguBach eNaples (1774).

Ama-opera ka-Johann Christian uqobo, aklanywe ngokohlelo olwaziwayo “lwekhonsathi yemvunulo”, abekhona kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX. I-libretto yohlobo lwe-Metastasia, ngaphandle ayihlukile kakhulu kwezinye inqwaba yamanye ama-opuses alolu hlobo. Lokhu ukudalwa okuncane kakhulu komqambi-umbhali wemidlalo. Amandla abo akwenye indawo: ekuphaneni okumnandi, ukuphelela kwesimo, “ukunotha kokuzwana, indwangu enekhono yezingxenye, ukusetshenziswa okusha okujabulisayo kwezinsimbi zomoya” (C. Burney).

Umsebenzi wezinsimbi zika-Bach umakwa ngezinhlobonhlobo ezingavamile. Ukuthandwa okubanzi kwemibhalo yakhe, eyasakazwa ezinhlwini (njengoba basho ngaleso sikhathi "kubathandi bokuzijabulisa", kusukela ezakhamuzini ezivamile kuya kumalungu ezikole zasebukhosini), imfanelo ephikisanayo (uJohann Christian wayenezinhlobo okungenani ezi-3 zesibongo sakhe: ngaphezu kwalokho. ukuya kusiJalimane.. Bach, Italian.Bakki, English . Bakk) akuvumeli ukucabangela ngokugcwele yonke into edalwe umqambi, ohlanganise cishe zonke izinhlobo zezinsimbi zangaleso sikhathi.

Emisebenzini yakhe ye-orchestra - ama-overtures nama-symphonies - u-Johann Christian wema esikhundleni se-pre-classicist kokubili ekwakhiweni kwayo yonke (ngokohlelo lwendabuko "Neapolitan", ngokushesha - kancane - ngokushesha), kanye nesixazululo se-orchestra, ngokuvamile kuye ngokuthi. endaweni kanye nemvelo yomculo. Kulokhu wehluka kokubili kwabakwaMannheimers nakwaHaydn wakuqala, ngokuzabalazela kwabo ukwenza ikristalu kokubili komjikelezo nezingoma. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona okuningi okufanayo: njengomthetho, izingxenye ezimbi kakhulu ze-"London" Bach zabhala, ngokulandelanayo, ngendlela ye-sonata allegro futhi "ngendlela eyintandokazi yenkathi ye-gallant - rondo" (Abert). Igalelo elibaluleke kakhulu lika-Johann Christian ekuthuthukiseni ikhonsathi livela emsebenzini wakhe ngezinhlobo eziningana. Kuyi-symphony yekhonsathi yezinsimbi zomculo eziyedwana ezimbalwa kanye ne-orchestra, isiphambano phakathi kwekhonsathi ye-baroque grosso kanye nekhonsathi eyedwa ye-classicism ekhulile. I-op edume kakhulu. I-18 yabadlala solo abane, eheha ukunotha kwezingoma, ubuhle, inkululeko yokwakha. Wonke ama-recitations ka-Johann Christian, ngaphandle kwama-opuses okuqala e-woodwinds (umtshingo, i-oboe ne-bassoon, eyadalwa ngesikhathi efunda ngaphansi kuka-Philipp Emanuel e-Potsdam Chapel), yabhalelwa i-clavier, insimbi eyayinencazelo yendawo yonke kuye. . Ngisho nasebusheni bakhe bokuqala, u-Johann Christian wazibonakalisa engumdlali we-clavier onekhono kakhulu, okusobala ukuthi wayefanelwe okungcono kakhulu, ngokombono wabazalwane, kanye nomona wabo omncane, ingxenye yefa: ama-harpsichords angu-3. Umculi wekhonsathi, uthisha osemfashinini, wachitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe edlala insimbi yakhe ayithandayo. Kubhalelwe ama-miniatures amaningi nama-sonatas e-clavier (okuhlanganisa "izifundo" ezinezandla zabafundi nezimfundamakhwela, eziheha ubusha nokuphelela kwazo kwasekuqaleni, inala yezinto ezitholwe ekuqaleni, umusa nobuhle). Okuphawulekayo kancane umjikelezo we-Six sonatas we-harpsichord noma i-“piano-forte” (1765), ehlelwa ngu-Mozart nge-clavier, ama-violin amabili nama-bass. Indima ye-clavier nayo inkulu kakhulu emculweni wegumbi lika-Johann Christian.

Iparele lobuhlakani buka-Johann Christian ama-opus akhe ahlanganisiwe (ama-quartets, ama-quintets, ama-sextets) anengxenye egcizelelayo yomunye wabahlanganyeli. Okuhamba phambili kwalolu hlobo lomculo yi-Concerto ye-clavier ne-orchestra (akubanga ngenhlanhla ukuthi u-Johann Christian ngo-1763 awine isicoco "senkosi yomculo" yendlovukazi ngekhonsathi ye-clavier). Kuye ukuthi ukufaneleka kungokokwakhiwa kohlobo olusha lwekhonsathi ye-clavier enokuvezwa okuphindwe kabili ekuhambeni oku-1.

Ukufa kukaJohann Christian, okungabonwa ngabaseLondon, kwabonwa nguMozart njengokulahlekelwa okukhulu emhlabeni womculo. Futhi emakhulwini eminyaka kuphela kamuva, ukuqonda kukaMozart “izimfanelo” zikayise ongokomoya kwanda emhlabeni wonke. “Imbali yomusa nomusa, amadodana kaSebastian amaqhawe amakhulu athatha indawo yakhe emfanele emlandweni womculo.”

T. Frumkis