Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka |

UMichael Glinka

Sinomsebenzi omkhulu osihlalele! Yakha esakho isitayela futhi uvule indlela entsha yomculo we-opera yaseRussia. M. Glinka

UGlinka ... wayehambisana nezidingo zesikhathi kanye nengqikithi eyisisekelo yabantu bakhe kangangokuthi umsebenzi awuqala wachuma futhi wakhula ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu futhi wanikeza izithelo ezazingaziwa ezweni lethu phakathi nawo wonke amakhulu eminyaka omlando wakhe. ukuphila. V. Stasov

Kumuntu kaM. Glinka, isiko lomculo laseRussia okokuqala ngqa labeka phambili umqambi wokubaluleka komhlaba. Ngokusekelwe emasikweni eminyaka amadala omculo wesintu waseRussia nochwepheshe, impumelelo kanye nesipiliyoni sobuciko baseYurophu, uGlinka uqedele inqubo yokwakha isikole sikazwelonke sabaqambi, esawina ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. enye yezindawo ezihamba phambili emasikweni aseYurophu, yaba ngumqambi wokuqala waseRussia wasendulo. Encwadini yakhe, u-Glinka waveza izifiso zemibono eqhubekayo yangaleso sikhathi. Imisebenzi yakhe igcwele imibono yokushisekela izwe, ukholo kubantu. Njengo-A. Pushkin, uGlinka wahlabelela ubuhle bokuphila, ukunqoba kwengqondo, ubuhle, ubulungisa. Wakha ubuciko obuvumelanayo futhi obuhle kangangokuthi umuntu akakhathali ukubuncoma, ethola ukuphelela okwengeziwe kuyo.

Yini eyalolonga ubuntu bomqambi? U-Glinka ubhala ngalokhu ku-"Notes" yakhe - isibonelo esihle sezincwadi zememori. Ubiza izingoma zesiRashiya ngokuthi yizinto eziyinhloko ezenzeka ebuntwaneni (“zaziyisizathu sokuqala esenza kamuva ngaqala ukuthuthukisa umculo wesintu ikakhulukazi waseRussia”), kanye ne-orchestra kamalume, “ayeyithanda ngaphezu kwakho konke.” Esengumfana, uGlinka wayedlala umtshingo neviolin kuyo, futhi njengoba ekhula, wayeqhuba. “Injabulo yobunkondlo ephilayo” yagcwalisa umphefumulo wakhe ngokukhala kwezinsimbi nokucula kwesonto. U-Glinka osemncane wadweba kahle, efisa ukuhamba, wayehlukaniswa nengqondo yakhe esheshayo nomcabango ocebile. Izehlakalo ezimbili ezinkulu zomlando zingamaqiniso abaluleke kakhulu omlando wakhe womqambi wesikhathi esizayo: iMpi Yezwe Yango-1812 kanye nokuvukela kukaDecembrist ngo-1825. Banquma umqondo oyinhloko wobuciko be-uXNUMXbuXNUMXb (“Masinikele imiphefumulo yethu ezweni loBaba ngokumangalisayo. izifiso”), kanye nezinkolelo zezombangazwe. Ngokusho komngane wobusha bakhe uN. Markevich, "uMikhailo Glinka ... akazange azwelane nanoma yimaphi amaBourbons."

Umphumela onenzuzo kuGlinka kwaba ukuhlala kwakhe eSt. Petersburg Noble Boarding School (1817-22), esidume ngothisha baso abacabanga kancane kancane. Umfundisi wakhe esikoleni okuhlalwa kuso kwakunguV. Küchelbecker, uDecembrist wesikhathi esizayo. Intsha yadlula endaweni yezingxabano ezishisayo zezombangazwe nezincwadi nabangane, futhi abanye abantu abaseduze neGlinka ngemva kokunqotshwa kokuvukela kukaDecembrist babephakathi kwalabo abadingiselwe eSiberia. Akumangalisi ukuthi uGlinka waphenywa ngemibuzo mayelana nokuxhumana kwakhe "nabavukeli".

Ekwakhekeni kwemibono nobuciko bomqambi wesikhathi esizayo, izincwadi zesiRashiya zadlala indima ebalulekile ngentshisekelo yazo emlandweni, ekudaleni nasekuphileni kwabantu; ukuxhumana okuqondile no-A. Pushkin, V. Zhukovsky, A. Delvig, A. Griboyedov, V. Odoevsky, A. Mitskevich. Okuhlangenwe nakho komculo nakho kwakuhlukahlukene. U-Glinka wathatha izifundo zepiyano (ku-J. Field, wabe esesuka ku-S. Mayer), wafunda ukucula nokudlala i-violin. Wayevame ukuvakashela amathiyetha, ukuya kusihlwa zomculo, ukudlala umculo ezandleni 4 nabazalwane Vielgorsky, A. Varlamov, waqala ukuqamba ezothando, imidlalo yezinsimbi. Ngo-1825, kwavela omunye wobuciko bezingoma zesiRashiya - uthando "Ungalingi" emavesini ka-E. Baratynsky.

Imibono eminingi yobuciko ekhanyayo yanikezwa uGlinka ngokuhamba: uhambo oluya eCaucasus (1823), ukuhlala e-Italy, Austria, Germany (1830-34). Insizwa enobungane, eshisekayo, eshisekayo, ehlanganisa umusa nokungagwegwesi nokuzwela kwezinkondlo, yenza abangane kalula. E-Italy, uGlinka wasondelana noV. Bellini, G. Donizetti, wahlangana noF. Mendelssohn, futhi kamuva uG. Berlioz, J. Meyerbeer, S. Moniuszko wayezovela phakathi kwabangane bakhe. Ethatha ngokulangazela imibono ehlukahlukene, u-Glinka wafunda ngokujulile nangokufuna ukwazi, ngemva kokuphothula imfundo yakhe yomculo eBerlin nomfundisi odumile u-Z. Dehn.

Kulapha, kude nezwe lakubo, lapho uGlinka eqaphela ngokugcwele isiphetho sakhe sangempela. "Umbono womculo wezwe ... wacaca futhi wacaca, kwavela inhloso yokwakha i-opera yaseRussia." Lelisu lafezeka lapho ebuyela eSt. Petersburg: ngo-1836, i-opera ethi Ivan Susanin yaqedwa. Isakhiwo saso, esigqugquzelwa nguZhukovsky, senza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlanganisa umqondo wesenzo egameni lokusindisa izwe lomama, elaliheha kakhulu uGlinka. Lokhu bekukusha: kuwo wonke umculo waseYurophu nowaseRussia lalingekho iqhawe elishisekela izwe elinjengoSusanin, umfanekiso wakhe ohlanganisa izici ezingcono kakhulu ezivamile zomlingiswa kazwelonke.

Umbono wamaqhawe uhlanganiswe nguGlinka ngezindlela eziwuphawu lobuciko bezwe, ngokusekelwe emasikweni acebe kakhulu okubhalwa kwengoma yaseRussia, ubuciko bekwaya baseRussia obuchwepheshile, obuhlanganiswe ngokwemvelo nemithetho yomculo we-opera yaseYurophu, nemigomo yokuthuthukiswa kwe-symphonic.

I-premiere ye-opera ngoNovemba 27, 1836 yabonwa yizibalo ezihamba phambili zesiko laseRussia njengomcimbi obaluleke kakhulu. "Nge-opera ka-Glinka, kukhona ... into entsha ku-Art, futhi inkathi entsha iqala emlandweni wayo - inkathi yomculo waseRussia," kubhala u-Odoevsky. I-opera yaziswa kakhulu amaRussia, ababhali bamanye amazwe kamuva nabagxeki. U-Pushkin, owayekhona ku-Premiere, wabhala i-quatrain:

Ukulalela lezi zindaba Umona, umnyama ngenxa yonya, Uvumele uququde, kodwa uGlinka Akakwazi ukunamathela obishini.

Impumelelo igqugquzele umqambi. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuqala kukaSusanin, umsebenzi waqala ku-opera ethi Ruslan noLyudmila (esekelwe esimisweni senkondlo kaPushkin). Nokho, zonke izinhlobo zezimo: umshado ongaphumelelanga owaphela ngesehlukaniso; isihe esikhulu kunazo zonke - inkonzo kuChoir yaseNkantolo, eyathatha amandla amaningi; ukufa okudabukisayo kukaPushkin ku-duel, okwacekela phansi amasu omsebenzi ohlanganyelwe - konke lokhu akuhambisani nenqubo yokudala. Kuphazanyiswe ukuphazamiseka kwasekhaya. Isikhathi esithile u-Glinka wayehlala nombhali wemidlalo u-N. Kukolnik endaweni enomsindo futhi ejabulisayo ye-puppet "ubuzalwane" - abaculi, izimbongi, eziphazamise kakhulu ekudaleni. Naphezu kwalokhu, umsebenzi waqhubekela phambili, kanye neminye imisebenzi yavela ngokufanayo - ezothando ezisekelwe ezinkondlweni zikaPushkin, umjikelezo wezwi "Farewell to Petersburg" (esiteshini saseKukolnik), inguqulo yokuqala ye "Fantasy Waltz", umculo wedrama kaKukolnik " Prince Kholmsky".

Imisebenzi kaGlinka njengomculi nothisha wezwi isukela ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ubhala "I-Etudes for the Voice", "Izivivinyo Zokuthuthukisa Izwi", "Isikole Sokucula". Phakathi kwabafundi bakhe kukhona S. Gulak-Artemovsky, D. Leonova nabanye.

I-premiere ethi "Ruslan noLyudmila" ngoNovemba 27, 1842 yaletha imizwa enzima kaGlinka. Umphakathi wezicukuthwane, owawuholwa umkhaya wasebukhosini, wawuhlangabezana nenzondo nomdlalo we-opera. Futhi phakathi kwabasekeli bakaGlinka, imibono yahlukaniswa kakhulu. Izizathu zesimo sengqondo esiyinkimbinkimbi ku-opera zilele engqikithini emisha ejulile yomsebenzi, lapho kwaqala khona inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini, eyayingaziwa eYurophu, lapho kwavela khona imikhakha ehlukahlukene yomculo engokomfanekiso ngendlela eyinqaba - epic. , i-lyrical, oriental, kumnandi. UGlinka “wacula inkondlo kaPushkin ngendlela eyisimangaliso” ( B. Asafiev ), futhi ukwenzeka ngokushesha kwezenzakalo ezisekelwe ekushintsheni kwezithombe ezimibalabala kwashukunyiswa amazwi kaPushkin: “Izenzo zesikhathi esidlule, izinganekwane zasendulo.” Njengokuthuthukiswa kwemibono ejulile kaPushkin, ezinye izici ze-opera zavela ku-opera. Umculo libalele, ucula uthando lokuphila, ukholo ekunqobeni okuhle phezu kobubi, ufana nodumo oludumile "Phila ilanga, ubumnyama bufihle!", Futhi isitayela sezwe esikhanyayo se-opera, njengokungathi, sikhula ngaphandle. imigqa yesandulela; "Kukhona umoya waseRussia, kukhona iphunga laseRussia." UGlinka wachitha iminyaka embalwa elandelayo phesheya eParis (1844-45) naseSpain (1845-47), efunde iSpanishi ngokukhethekile ngaphambi kohambo. E-Paris, ikhonsathi yemisebenzi kaGlinka yaba nempumelelo enkulu, abhala ngayo: “... umqambi wokuqala waseRussia, owethula umphakathi waseParis egameni lakhe kanye nemisebenzi yakhe ebhalwe kulo ERussia naseRussia“. Okuvelayo kwaseSpain kugqugquzele uGlinka ukuthi enze izingcezu ezimbili ze-symphonic: "I-Jota yase-Aragon" (1845) kanye "Nezinkumbulo Zobusuku Behlobo eMadrid" (1848-51). Ngesikhathi esifanayo nabo, ngo-1848, i-"Kamarinskaya" edumile yavela - ifantasy ezihlokweni zezingoma ezimbili zesiRashiya. Umculo wama-symphonic waseRussia usuka kule misebenzi, ngokufanayo “ebikwe kochwepheshe nomphakathi ovamile.”

Eminyakeni eyishumi yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, uGlinka wayehlala ngokushintshana eRussia (Novospasskoye, St. Petersburg, Smolensk) nakwamanye amazwe (Warsaw, Paris, Berlin). Isimo sobutha obungapheli obulokhu buqina saba nomphumela ocindezelayo kuye. Yindilinga encane kuphela yabathandi beqiniso nabashisekayo abamsekela phakathi nale minyaka. Phakathi kwabo kukhona A. Dargomyzhsky, ubungane bakhe baqala ngesikhathi ukukhiqizwa kwe-opera Ivan Susanin; V. Stasov, A. Serov, abasha M. Balakirev. Umsebenzi wokudala we-Glinka wehla ngokuphawulekayo, kodwa izitayela ezintsha zobuciko baseRussia ezihlobene nokuchuma "kwesikole semvelo" azizange zidlule kuye futhi zinqume isiqondiso sokuqhubeka kokusesha kwezobuciko. Uqala umsebenzi ku-symphony yohlelo "Taras Bulba" kanye ne-opera-drama "Two-wife" (ngokusho kuka-A. Shakhovsky, engapheli). Ngaso leso sikhathi, kwaphakama intshisekelo kubuciko be-polyphonic beRenaissance, umbono wokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kuxhunywe "i-Western Fugue ne-"Western Fugue". ngemibandela yomculo wethu izibopho zomshado osemthethweni. Lokhu kwaphinde kwaholela uGlinka ngo-1856 waya eBerlin eZ. Den. Kwaqala isiteji esisha emlandweni wakhe wokudala, esasingahloselwe ukuphela ... U-Glinka wayengenaso isikhathi sokwenza okuningi kwalokho okwakuhleliwe. Kodwa-ke, imibono yakhe yathuthukiswa emsebenzini wabaqambi baseRussia bezizukulwane ezalandela, ababhala igama lomsunguli womculo waseRussia kubhanela yabo yobuciko.

O. Averyanova