I-Heitor Villa-Lobos |

UHector Villa-Lobos

U-Vila Lobos uhlala engomunye wezibalo ezinhle zomculo wesimanje kanye nokuziqhenya okukhulu kwezwe elamzala. P. Casals

Umqambi waseBrazil, umbhidisi, umqambi wezinganekwane, uthisha nomculi nosaziwayo wasesidlangalaleni u-E. Vila Lobos ungomunye wabaqambi abakhulu nabaqambi abaningi bekhulu lesi-XNUMX. “UVila Lobos wasungula umculo wesizwe waseBrazil, wavusa isithakazelo esijulile ezinganekwaneni phakathi kwabantu besikhathi sakhe futhi wabeka isisekelo esiqinile ababezokwakha kuso iThempeli eliwubukhazikhazi abaqambi baseBrazil,” kubhala uV. Maryse.

Umqambi wakusasa uthole izingoma zakhe zokuqala zomculo ezivela kuyise, umthandi womculo onothando kanye nomculi we-cellist omuhle. Wafundisa uHeitor osemusha ukufunda umculo nokudlala i-cello. Khona-ke umqambi wesikhathi esizayo wakwazi ngokuzimela izinsimbi zomculo eziningana ze-orchestra Kusukela eneminyaka engu-16, u-Vila Lobos waqala ukuphila komculi ojikelezayo. Eyedwa noma neqembu labadwebi abajikelezayo, enomngane oqhubekayo - isiginci, wayehamba ezweni lonke, edlala ezindaweni zokudlela ne-cinema, wafunda impilo yabantu, amasiko, waqoqa futhi waqopha izingoma zomdabu kanye nemiculo. Kungakho, phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zemisebenzi yomqambi, indawo ebalulekile ithathwa izingoma nemidanso yesintu ayihlela.

Engakwazi ukuthola imfundo esikoleni somculo, engahlangabezani nokusekelwa kwezifiso zakhe zomculo emndenini, u-Vila Lobos wakwazi kahle izisekelo zamakhono omqambi ochwepheshe ikakhulukazi ngenxa yethalente lakhe elikhulu, ukubekezela, ukuzinikela, ngisho nezifundo zesikhashana noF. UBraga no-E. Oswald.

I-Paris yadlala indima ebalulekile empilweni nasemsebenzini weVila Lobos. Lapha, kusukela ngo-1923, wathuthuka njengomqambi. Imihlangano noM. Ravel, M. de Falla, S. Prokofiev nabanye abaculi abavelele babe nomthelela othile ekwakhiweni kobuntu bokudala bomqambi. Eminyakeni yama-20s. uqamba okuningi, unikeza amakhonsathi, njalo enza zonke isizini ezweni lakubo njengomqhubi, enza izingoma zakhe futhi asebenze abaqambi besimanje baseYurophu.

U-Vila Lobos wayengumuntu omkhulu kunabo bonke kwezomculo nomphakathi eBrazil, waba nesandla ngazo zonke izindlela ekuthuthukiseni isiko lomculo walo. Kusukela ngo-1931, umqambi uye waba ukhomishana kahulumeni wezemfundo zomculo. Emadolobheni amaningi ezwe, wasungula izikole zomculo namakhwaya, wasungula uhlelo olucatshangelwe kahle lwemfundo yomculo yezingane, lapho indawo enkulu yanikezwa khona ukucula kwamakhwaya. Kamuva, uVila Lobos wahlela iNational Conservatory of Choral Singing (1942). Ngokuzihambela kwakhe, ngo-1945, kwavulwa i-Brazilian Academy of Music eRio de Janeiro, umqambi ayihola kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe. U-Vila Lobos waba negalelo elibalulekile ocwaningweni lwezinganekwane zomculo nezinkondlo zaseBrazil, wakha imiqulu eyisithupha ethi “Umhlahlandlela Osebenzayo Wesifundo Sezinganekwane”, onenani le-encyclopedic ngempela.

Umqambi usebenze cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zomculo - kusukela ku-opera kuye emculweni wezingane. Ifa elikhulu lika-Vila Lobos lemisebenzi engaphezu kuka-1000 lihlanganisa ama-symphonies (12), izinkondlo ze-symphonic nama-suites, ama-opera, ama-ballet, amakhonsathi wezinsimbi, ama-quartet (17), izingcezu zepiyano, ezothando, njll. Emsebenzini wakhe, wenza izinto eziningi azithandayo. namathonya, phakathi kwawo ithonya le-impressionism lalinamandla kakhulu. Nokho, imisebenzi engcono kakhulu yomqambi inomlingiswa kazwelonke ophinyiselwe. Bafingqa izici ezijwayelekile zobuciko bendabuko baseBrazil: i-modal, i-harmonic, uhlobo; ngokuvamile isisekelo semisebenzi yakhe yizingoma nemidanso yesintu ethandwayo.

Phakathi kwezingoma eziningi ze-Vila Lobos, 14 Shoro (1920-29) kanye nomjikelezo waseBrazil waseBahian (1930-44) zidinga ukunakwa okukhethekile. "I-Shoro", ngokomqambi, "iwuhlobo olusha lokuqanjwa komculo, oluhlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zomculo waseBrazil, amaNegro nowaseNdiya, okubonisa imvelaphi yesigqi nohlobo lobuciko besintu." I-Vila Lobos ayihlanganisi nje uhlobo lomculo wesintu kuphela, kodwa futhi nabalingisi. Empeleni, "14 Shoro" uhlobo lwesithombe somculo saseBrazil, lapho izinhlobo zezingoma zomdabu nemidanso, umsindo wezinsimbi zomdabu zenziwa kabusha. Umjikelezo we-Bahian waseBrazil ungomunye wemisebenzi edume kakhulu ka-Vila Lobos. Imvelaphi yombono wawo wonke ama-suites angu-9 alo mjikelezo, ophefumulelwe umuzwa wokuncoma ubuhlakani bukaJS Bach, ulele eqinisweni lokuthi akukho sitayela somculo womqambi omkhulu waseJalimane kuwo. Lona umculo ojwayelekile waseBrazil, okukodwa kokubonakaliswa okugqama kakhulu kwesitayela sikazwelonke.

Imisebenzi yomqambi ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe yazuza ukuthandwa okubanzi eBrazil nakwamanye amazwe. Namuhla, ezweni lakubo lomqambi, umncintiswano obizwa ngegama lakhe uqhutshwa ngendlela ehlelekile. Lo mcimbi womculo, ophenduka iholide lezwe langempela, uheha abaculi abavela emazweni amaningi omhlaba.

I. Vetlitsyna