UHenry Purcell (uHenry Purcell) |

UHenry Purcell

I-Purcell. Isandulelo (Andres Segovia)

... Kusukela ekuthandeni kwakhe, ukuphila okudlula ngokushesha, kwakukhona uchungechunge lwezingoma, ezintsha, ezivela enhliziyweni, esinye sezibuko ezihlanzekile zomphefumulo wamaNgisi. R. Rollan

"I-Orpheus yaseBrithani" yabiza abantu besikhathi sika-H. Purcell. Igama lakhe emlandweni wesiko lamaNgisi limi eduze kwamagama amakhulu kaW. Shakespeare, J. Byron, C. Dickens. Umsebenzi kaPurcell wathuthukiswa enkathini Yokubuyisela, esimweni sokuphakanyiswa ngokomoya, lapho amasiko amangalisayo obuciko beRenaissance ebuyela ekuphileni (isibonelo, ukuduma kwemidlalo yaseshashalazini, eyashushiswa ngesikhathi sikaCromwell); kwavela izinhlobo zentando yeningi zempilo yomculo - amakhonsathi akhokhelwayo, izinhlangano zamakhonsathi ezwe, ama-orchestra amasha, ama-chapel, njll. Ukhulela enhlabathini ecebile yesiko lamaNgisi, ethatha amasiko omculo ahamba phambili aseFrance nase-Italy, ubuciko bukaPurcell bahlala ezizukulwaneni eziningi zabantu bakubo buyisiqongo esinesizungu, esingafinyeleleki .

UPurcell wazalelwa emndenini womculi wasenkantolo. Izifundo zomculo womqambi wesikhathi esizayo zaqala eRoyal Chapel, wazi kahle i-violin, i-organ kanye ne-harpsichord, ecula ekwayeni, wathatha izifundo zokuqamba ku-P. Humphrey (prev.) no-J. Blow; imibhalo yakhe yobusha ivela njalo ephrintiwe. Kusukela ngo-1673 kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, uPurcell wayesenkonzweni yenkantolo kaCharles II. Wenza imisebenzi eminingi (umqambi we-24 Violins of the King ensemble, elingisa i-orchestra edumile kaLouis XIV, umculi we-Westminster Abbey kanye neRoyal Chapel, umculi we-harpsichord wenkosi), uPurcell uqambe okuningi kuyo yonke le minyaka. Umsebenzi womqambi waqhubeka uwubizo lwakhe oluyinhloko. Umsebenzi onzima kakhulu, ukulahlekelwa okukhulu (amadodana angu-3 kaPurcell afa esemncane) wehlisa amandla omqambi - washona eneminyaka engu-36.

Ubuhlakani bokudala bukaPurcell, odale imisebenzi enenani eliphakeme kakhulu lobuciko ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene, lwembulwa ngokucace kakhulu emkhakheni womculo wetiyetha. Umqambi wabhala umculo wemidlalo yaseshashalazini engu-50. Le ndawo ethakazelisa kakhulu yomsebenzi wakhe ixhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa namasiko emidlalo yeshashalazi kazwelonke; ikakhulukazi, ngohlobo lwemaski olwavela enkantolo yaseStuarts engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. (i-masque umdlalo wesiteji lapho izigcawu zemidlalo, izingxoxo zishintshana nezinombolo zomculo). Ukuxhumana nezwe lemidlalo yaseshashalazini, ukusebenzisana nababhali bemidlalo abanekhono, ukukhanga iziqephu ezihlukahlukene nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene kwaphefumulela umqambi, kwamshukumisela ukuba afune ukuvezwa okugcizelelwe okwengeziwe nokunezici eziningi. Ngakho, umdlalo othi The Fairy Queen (owuthathelwe mahhala wencwadi kaShakespeare ethi A Midsummer Night’s Dream, umbhali wombhalo, pref. E. Setl) uhlukaniswa nengcebo ekhethekile yezithombe zomculo. I-allegory ne-extravaganza, amaphupho namagama aphezulu, iziqephu zohlobo lwesintu kanye ne-buffoonery - yonke into ibonakala ezinombolweni zomculo zalokhu kusebenza komlingo. Uma umculo we-The Tempest (ukuhlelwa kabusha komdlalo kaShakespeare) uhlangana nesitayela sokudlala saseNtaliyane, khona-ke umculo weNkosi u-Arthur ubonisa ngokucacile uhlobo lomlingiswa wesizwe (emdlalweni ka-J. Dryden, amasiko angamaqaba amaSaxon. ziqhathaniswa nezicukuthwane nobukhali bama Britons).

Imisebenzi yetiyetha kaPurcell, kuye ngokuthuthuka nesisindo sezinombolo zomculo, isondela ku-opera noma imidlalo yasetiyetha yangempela ngomculo. I-opera ka-Purcell kuphela ngomqondo ogcwele, lapho wonke umbhalo we-libretto usethelwe emculweni, ithi Dido kanye no-Aeneas (i-libretto ka-N. Tate esekelwe ku-Virgil's Aeneid – 1689). Umlingiswa ngamunye obukhali wezithombe zomculo, izinkondlo, ezintekenteke, ezengqondo eziyinkimbinkimbi, nokuxhumana kwenhlabathi ejulile nenganekwane yamaNgisi, izinhlobo zansuku zonke (inkundla yokubuthana kwabathakathi, amakhwaya nemidanso yamatilosi) - le nhlanganisela inqume ukubukeka okuyingqayizivele ngokuphelele kwe i-opera kazwelonke yokuqala yesiNgisi, omunye wemisebenzi yomqambi ophelele kakhulu. U-Purcell wayehlose ukuthi "i-Dido" yenziwe hhayi ngabahlabeleli abaqeqeshiwe, kodwa ngabafundi besikole okuhlalwa kuso. Lokhu kuchaza kakhulu indawo yokugcina impahla yomsebenzi - amafomu amancane, ukungabikho kwezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-virtuoso, ithoni eqinile, ehloniphekile. I-Dido's dying aria, isigcawu sokugcina se-opera, umvuthwandaba wayo ohlasimulisa umzimba, kwaba ukutholakala okuhlakaniphile komqambi. Ukuzithoba esidalweni, emthandazweni nasekukhononeni, usizi lokuvalelisa kuzwakala kulo mculo wokuvuma izono ngokujulile. “Isimo sokuvalelisa nokufa kukaDido sisodwa singawuqeda lo msebenzi,” kubhala uR. Rolland.

Ngokusekelwe emasikweni acebe kakhulu e-polyphony kazwelonke yamakwaya, kwakhiwa umsebenzi wezwi kaPurcell: izingoma ezifakwe eqoqweni elishicilelwe ngemuva kokufa elithi “British Orpheus”, amakhwaya esitayela sesintu, amaculo (izingoma zokomoya zesiNgisi emibhalweni yebhayibheli, eyalungisa ngokomlando ama-oratorio e-GF Handel. ), ama-odes ezwe, ama-cantatas, ukubamba (ama-canon avamile empilweni yesiNgisi), njll. Ngemva kokusebenza iminyaka eminingi ne-24 Violins of the King ensemble, u-Purcell ushiye imisebenzi emangalisayo yezintambo (amaphupho angu-15, i-Violin Sonata, i-Chaconne ne-Pavane engu-4 izingxenye, ama-pawan ama-5, njll.). Ngaphansi kwethonya le-trio sonatas ngabaqambi base-Italy u-S. Rossi no-G. Vitali, ama-sonata angu-22 ama-violin amabili, i-bass ne-harpsichord yabhalwa. Umsebenzi kaPurcell we-clavier (ama-suites angu-8, izingcezu ezihlukene ezingaphezu kuka-40, imijikelezo emi-2 yokuhlukahluka, i-toccata) wathuthukisa amasiko ama-virginalists angamaNgisi (i-virginel iyinhlobonhlobo ye-harpsichord yesiNgisi).

Emakhulwini amabili kuphela eminyaka ngemva kokufa kukaPurcell lapho kwafika isikhathi sokuvuselela umsebenzi wakhe. I-Purcell Society, eyasungulwa ngo-2, yazibekela umgomo wocwaningo olunzulu ngefa lomqambi kanye nokulungiselela ukushicilelwa kweqoqo eliphelele lemisebenzi yakhe. Ngekhulu lama-XX. Abaculi abangamaNgisi bafuna ukudonsela ukunaka komphakathi emisebenzini yengcweti yokuqala yomculo waseRussia; Okubaluleke kakhulu ukwenza, ucwaningo, kanye nomsebenzi wokudala ka-B. Britten, umqambi wesiNgisi ovelele owenza izinhlelo zezingoma zika-Purcell, uhlelo olusha luka-Dido, odale i- Variations kanye ne-Fugue endikimbeni ka-Purcell – ingoma emnandi ye-orchestra, a. uhlobo lomhlahlandlela we-symphony orchestra.

I. Okhalova