I-Balalaika: incazelo yensimbi, isakhiwo, umlando, ukuthi izwakala kanjani, izinhlobo

Inkulumo ethi "insimbi yabantu baseRussia" ikhumbuza ngokushesha i-perky balalaika. Into engenasizotha ivela esikhathini esidlule, esikude kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukucacisa ukuthi yavela nini, iyaqhubeka nokujabulisa abathandi bomculo kuze kube yilolu suku.

Yini i-balalaika

I-balalaika ibizwa ngokuthi insimbi yomculo ehlutshiwe eyingxenye yeqembu labantu. Namuhla iwumndeni wonke, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ezinhlanu eziyinhloko.

Idivayisi yethuluzi

Iqukethe izici ezilandelayo:

• umzimba, unxantathu, flat ngaphambili, oyindilinga, onama-wedge angu-5-9 ngemuva;
• izintambo (inombolo ihlale ilingana - izingcezu ezintathu);
• ibhokisi lezwi - imbobo eyindilinga phakathi nomzimba, ohlangothini olungaphambili;
• intamo - ipuleti elide lezinkuni lapho izintambo zikhona;
• ama-frets - imichilo emincane etholakala ku-fretboard, eshintsha ithoni yezintambo zomsindo (inombolo ye-frets - 15-24);
• ama-shoulder blades - imininingwane efaka umqhele entanyeni, ngomshini onamathiselwe wokudonsa izintambo.

Izakhi ezingenhla ziyingxenye encane eyakha ucezu lomculo. Isamba senani lezingxenye zamathuluzi lidlula ama-70.

Isakhiwo se-balalaika nesiginci sinezici ezifanayo. Zombili izinsimbi zomculo zinezintambo futhi ziyahlwithwa. Kodwa isakhiwo, izici zokusetshenziswa zibonisa umehluko wesiginci:

• isimo somzimba;
• inani lezintambo;
• ukulinganisa;
• indlela yokusebenza;
• umehluko ngesakhiwo.

ukuzwakala

Umsindo we-balalaika u-sonorous, uphezulu, uphakeme, kunalokho uthambile. Ifanele abaphelezeli, ayibandakanyi ukuzicula uwedwa.

Izinhlobonhlobo ziyehluka ngobukhulu, inhloso, umsindo. Ochwepheshe banamasu amaningi okukhipha umsindo. Okuvame kakhulu: i-rattling, vibrato, tremolo, izingxenyana.

Yakha i-balaika

Ekuqaleni, i-balalaika nesistimu yahlala imiqondo engahambelani. Insimbi yayisetshenziswa izimfundamakhwela ezazingazi lutho ngohlelo lomculo. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, zonke izinhlobo zaba yingxenye ye-orchestra, kwavela izinketho ezimbalwa zokulungisa:

• Isakhiwo sezemfundo. Inothi elithi “mi”, elakhiwe ngokuzwakala kanyekanye kwezintambo ezimbili zokuqala, inothi elithi “la” – ngentambo yesithathu. Uhlelo selusabalele phakathi kwabadlali bekhonsathi bebalaika.
• Uhlelo lwabantu. I-Sol (intambo yokuqala), Mi (intambo yesibili), Yenza (intambo yesithathu). Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwesistimu yabantu. Kunamashumi amaningana esewonke: isifunda ngasinye sinendlela yaso yokushuna ithuluzi.
• I-Quantum Unison System. Imele umsindo wezintambo ze-prima balalaika, ichazwa yi-formula ye-La-Mi-Mi (kusukela kuchungechunge lokuqala kuya kweyesithathu).
• Uhlelo lwekota. Itholakala kuma-balalaika efomu lesibili, i-bass, i-double bass, i-viola. Amathoni ashintshana kanje: Re-La-Mi.

Umlando we-Balalaika

Umlando wokubukeka kwe-balalaika awukwazi ukutshelwa ngokungaguquki. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zomsuka. Ukushiwo okusemthethweni kuqale ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX; intandokazi edumile ivele ngaphambili kakhulu.

Ithiyori eyodwa ixhumanisa indaba yemvelaphi namazwe ase-Asia. Kwakukhona insimbi efanayo - i-domra, efana ngosayizi, umsindo, ukubukeka, isakhiwo.

Mhlawumbe, ngesikhathi sejoka lesiTatar-Mongol, izakhamuzi zaseRussia zaboleka izimiso zokudala i-domra, zashintsha ngandlela-thile, lapho zithola into entsha.

Inguqulo yesibili ithi: okusungulwayo kuqala ngesiRashiya. Owaqhamuka nakho akwaziwa. Igama lihambisana nemiqondo ethi "ukukhuluma", "ukukhuluma" (ukukhuluma ngokushesha). Imisindo eshayayo ethize ifana ngempela nengxoxo emnandi.

Isimo sengqondo ngale ndaba sasingesona sina, sivusa ubudlelwano nesigaba sabalimi abangafundile. I-Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich yenza imizamo yokuqeda ubumnandi obudumile. Umbono awuphumelelanga: ngemva kokufa kombusi, "i-balabolka" yasakazeka ngokushesha phakathi kwabalimi.

Imishini yasendulo ngaphandle yayihluke kwabesikhathi sabo, ngokuvamile yayibukeka ingenangqondo. Abalimi benza ithuluzi ngezindlela ezithuthukisiwe: amaladi asetshenziswa njengomzimba, imithambo yezilwane yayisebenza njengezintambo.

Ukuthandwa kwentandokazi yabantu ekhulwini le-XIX kuthathelwa indawo ukukhohlwa. Umkhiqizo womculo wathola umoya wesibili ngemizamo yomuntu omangalisayo - umhlonishwa u-V. Andreev, umculi ngomsebenzi. Le ndoda yakha umndeni we-balaikas, kuhlanganise nabamele abahlanu. U-Andreev wasungula i-balalaika yesimanje yokubukeka okujwayelekile kwanamuhla.

Ukusebenza kwe-balalaika ensemble, ehlelwe ngu-Andreev, kwaphawula inkathi yokuvuselela insimbi. Abaqambi abadumile babhala umculo okhethekile we-orchestra yezinsimbi zomculo, amakhonsathi e-balalaika aba yimpumelelo, ama-populists, kanye neRussia, ashayelwa ihlombe yiYurophu. Kwakukhona osaziwayo bomhlaba emakhonsathini, behalalisela ama-virtuosos aseRussia.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-balalaika ibilokhu iqinisa isikhundla sayo, ihlale iyinsimbi ethandwayo.

Izinhlobonhlobo ze-balalaikas namagama azo

Abaculi abangochwepheshe bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezilandelayo ze-balaikas:

• I-Balalaika-prima. Ubukhulu 67-68 cm. Okuwukuphela kwento elungele abaculi ababodwa. Izingxenye eziyinhloko ze-orchestra yabantu baseRussia zibhalelwe ngokukhethekile i-prima.
• Okwesibili. Ubude buyi-74-76 cm. Inhloso – ukuphelezela, ukudlala ngamaculo, izikhawu.
• Alto. Ubude 80-82 cm. Ine-timbre ethambile, enamanzi. Yenza imisebenzi efana neyesekhondi.
• I-Bass. Iyingxenye yeqembu le-bass. Idlala ku-octave enkulu. Isici esihlukile i-timbre ephansi. Ubukhulu - 112-116 cm.
• I-bass ephindwe kabili. Umehluko kumabhesi: inkontileka yokudlala. Yithuluzi elikhulu kakhulu lomugqa - ubude be-160-170 cm. Ukuze ugcine umdondoshiya umile, kuhlinzekwe isitendi ngezansi.

Izinhlobonhlobo ezingenhla zifakwe ku-orchestra yezinsimbi zomculo. Ngakwesokunxele ngemuva kwezigcawu yi-balalaika encane kunazo zonke, eyakhiwe ngu-V. Andreev, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Piccolo balalaika. Ngokombono wombhali, umsebenzi omkhulu uwukugcizelela irejista ephezulu yesiqephu somculo.

Ukusebenzisa

Umkhiqizo womculo uyathandwa ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwawo, ikhono lokuvumelana ngokuphelele nazo zonke izinhlobo zamaqembu wezinsimbi. Inkambu eyinhloko yesicelo yi-orchestra yezinsimbi zomculo. Kukhona ama-virtuosos adlala yedwa, kuma-duets.

Indlela yokukhetha i-balalaika

Ukwenza umculo kuzoba yintokozo uma ukhetha insimbi efanele:

• Ukubonakala kwentamo: akukho ukuhlanekezela, ukuqhekeka, ama-chips, ubukhulu obuphakathi (hhayi obukhulu, hhayi obuncane). Into engcono kakhulu i-ebony.
• I-Frets. Ukunakwa kukhokhwa ekugayeni, indawo ekuphakameni okufanayo. Ungahlola ikhwalithi yokugaya ngokuhlikihla kancane ubuso be-frets. Impahla engcono kakhulu yi-nickel.
• Uhlaka. Ingxenye eyisicaba yecala yenziwe nge-spruce, isicaba ngokuphelele, ukugoba, i-concavity ayamukeleki.
• Izintambo. Ukuhlanzeka kwesistimu, i-timbre incike kule ngxenye. Ukuzaca kakhulu kukhiqiza umsindo obuthakathaka, ongavezi, okhencezayo. Eziwugqinsi zenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa isihloko, zidinga umzamo owengeziwe, zincisha umculo womculo.
• Umsindo. Ithuluzi elikhethwe kahle likhipha umsindo ogcwele, omnandi ongaphumi kungazelelwe, unyamalale kancane kancane.

Amaqiniso Okuthakazelisayo

Izinto zasendulo zinomlando ocacile, amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo:

• Umbukiso omdala uhlobisa imnyuziyamu yedolobha lase-Ulyanovsk. Impahla ineminyaka engaphezu kuka-120.
• I-"Balalaika Day" esemthethweni ivele ku-2008 futhi igujwa ngoJuni 23.
• Kukhona i-orchestra yensimbi yomdabu e-Japan. Abahlanganyeli bangamaJapane, abanikazi ngobuciko bensimbi yesintu yaseRussia.
• Ngaphambilini, bekunemikhiqizo enezintambo ezimbili esikhundleni sezintambo ezintathu.
• I-Khabarovsk idolobha elakha itshe lesikhumbuzo eliphakeme kunawo wonke le-balalaika: itshe lesikhumbuzo elikhulu eliphuzi elingamamitha ayi-12.
• Lo mculo wasendulo usuwuphawu lwaseRussia futhi uyisikhumbuzo semfashini.
• ERussia Yasendulo, i-Play yayidlalwa ama-buffoon, abelusi - abantu ababengasindwa umsebenzi nasendlini.
• Imvelaphi yale nto igubuzelwe yimfihlakalo: unyaka wokubukeka kwawo awaziwa, igama lomdwebi owalisungula lihlala liyimfihlakalo.

I-Balalaika iyinsimbi yendawo yonke ekwazi ukudlala noma yiluphi uhlobo lomculo: wakudala, wesintu, ohlekisayo, odabukisayo. Idlalwa yizimfundamakhwela, ochwepheshe, ngisho nezingane. Imisindo evuthayo, ethize ayikwazi ukudidaniswa nokuthile: ucezu oluncane lomculo luye lwaba uphawu lwangempela lwezwe elikhulu, elithatha ingqondo yabantu baseRussia.