Nikolai Yakovlevich Myaskovsky (Nikolai Myaskovsky).

Nikolai Myaskovsky

U-N. Myaskovsky ungummeleli omdala kunabo bonke besiko lomculo laseSoviet, elalisemsuka walo. "Mhlawumbe, akekho noyedwa kubaqambi baseSoviet, ngisho nabanamandla kakhulu, abagqame kakhulu, ocabanga ngomqondo wombono ovumelanayo wendlela yokudala kusukela esikhathini esidlule esiphilayo somculo waseRussia ngokusebenzisa imanje esisheshayo kuya ekuboneni kusengaphambili ikusasa, njengakuMyaskovsky. ,” kubhala uB. Asafiev. Okokuqala, lokhu kubhekisela ku-symphony, eyadlula indlela ende nenzima emsebenzini kaMyaskovsky, yaba "umlando wakhe ongokomoya". I-symphony yayibonisa imicabango yomqambi mayelana nesikhathi samanje, lapho kwakukhona khona izivunguvungu zokuvukela umbuso, impi yombango, indlala kanye nokucekelwa phansi kweminyaka yangemva kwempi, izenzakalo ezibuhlungu zama-30s. Ukuphila kwaholela uMyaskovsky ebunzimeni beMpi Enkulu Yokuthanda izwe, futhi ekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe waba nethuba lokuzwa umunyu omkhulu wezinsolo ezingalungile ekuxazululweni okunedumela kuka-1948. isimo esingokomoya, esabonakala enanini elihlala njalo nobuhle bomphefumulo nomcabango womuntu. Ngaphezu kwama-symphonies, uMyaskovsky wadala imisebenzi ye-symphonic engu-27 yezinye izinhlobo; amakhonsathi e-violin, i-cello ne-orchestra; 15 string quartets; 13 i-sonata ye-cello nepiyano, i-violin sonata; izingcezu zepiyano ezingaphezu kuka-2; izingoma zebhendi yethusi. UMyaskovsky unezothando ezimangalisayo ezisekelwe emavesini ezimbongi zaseRussia (c. 100), ama-cantatas, kanye nenkondlo ye-vocal-symphonic ethi Alastor.

UMyaskovsky wazalelwa emndenini wonjiniyela wezempi enqabeni yaseNovogeorgievsk esifundazweni saseWarsaw. Lapho, bese e-Orenburg naseKazan, wachitha iminyaka yakhe yobuntwana. UMyaskovsky wayeneminyaka engu-9 ubudala lapho umama wakhe efa, futhi udadewabo kayise wanakekela izingane ezinhlanu, "owayengowesifazane ohlakaniphile futhi onomusa ... kwakungeke kubonakale kubalingiswa bethu, "odadewabo bakaMyaskovsky babhala kamuva, okwathi, ngokusho kwabo, ebuntwaneni "umfana othule kakhulu futhi onamahloni ... ogxilile, onamahloni futhi oyimfihlo kakhulu."

Naphezu kothando olukhulayo lomculo, uMyaskovsky, ngokwesiko lomndeni, wakhethwa umsebenzi wezempi. Kusukela ngo-1893 wafunda e-Nizhny Novgorod, futhi kusukela ngo-1895 e-Second St. Petersburg Cadet Corps. Wafunda nomculo, nakuba ayengajwayelekile. Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kokuqamba - ama-piano preludes - angaphansi kweminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu. Ngo-1889, uMyaskovsky, elandela izifiso zikayise, wangena eSt. Petersburg Military Engineering School. “Kuzo zonke izikole zamasosha ezivaliwe, lesi yisona kuphela engisikhumbula ngokunengeka okuncane,” wabhala kamuva. Mhlawumbe abangani abasha bomqambi babambe iqhaza kulokhu kuhlola. Wahlangana ... "nabathanda umculo abaningi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqondisa okusha ngokuphelele kimi - i-Mighty Handful." Isinqumo sokuzinikela emculweni saba namandla futhi saqina, nakuba sasingekho ngaphandle kokungezwani okubuhlungu okungokomoya. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokuphothula ekolishi ngo-1902, uMyaskovsky, owathunyelwa ukuyokhonza emayunithi ezempi eZaraysk, ngaleso sikhathi eMoscow, waphendukela ku-S. Taneyev nencwadi yokuncoma evela ku-N. Rimsky-Korsakov nangeseluleko sakhe izinyanga ezingu-5 kusukela ngoJanuwari. kuya kuMay 1903 G. wahamba noR. Gliere yonke inkambo yokuzwana. Ngemva kokuthuthela eSt. Petersburg, waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe nowayengumfundi waseRimsky-Korsakov, I. Kryzhanovsky.

Ngo-1906, ngasese iziphathimandla zempi, uMyaskovsky wangena eSt. Umculo waqanjwa ngalesi sikhathi, ngokusho kwakhe, "ngokufutheka", futhi ngesikhathi ephothula esikoleni sokugcina izingane (1911), uMyaskovsky wayesevele engumbhali wama-symphonies amabili, i-Sinfonietta, inkondlo ye-symphonic ethi "Silence" (ka-E. Poe), ama-sonata amapiyano amane, i-quartet, ezothando . Imisebenzi yenkathi ye-Conservatory kanye neminye elandelayo iyadabukisa futhi iyaphazamisa. “Umkhonya ompunga, owesabekayo, wasekwindla onesembozo samafu awugqinsi,” u-Asafiev ubaveza ngale ndlela. UMyaskovsky ngokwakhe wabona isizathu salokhu "ezimweni zokudalelwa komuntu siqu" okwamphoqa ukuba alwe ukuze alahle umsebenzi wakhe ongawuthandi. Phakathi neminyaka ye-Conservatory, kwavela ubungane obuseduze futhi baqhubeka phakathi nokuphila kwakhe no-S. Prokofiev no-B. Asafiev. KwakunguMyaskovsky owaqondisa i-Asafiev ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni somculo ukuya emsebenzini obalulekile womculo. “Awukwazi kanjani ukusebenzisa ikhono lakho lokugxeka elimangalisayo”? - wambhalela ngo-1914. UMyaskovsky wazisa u-Prokofiev njengomqambi onekhono kakhulu: "Nginesibindi sokumbheka njengophakeme kakhulu kunoStravinsky ngokwethalente kanye nokuqala."

Kanye nabangane, uMyaskovsky udlala umculo, uthanda imisebenzi kaC. Debussy, M. Reger, R. Strauss, A. Schoenberg, uya "Evenings of Modern Music", lapho kusukela ngo-1908 yena ngokwakhe ubelokhu ehlanganyela njengomqambi. . Imihlangano nezimbongi S. Gorodetsky kanye Vyach. U-Ivanov uvusa isithakazelo ezinkondlweni zama-Symbolists - ama-romance angu-27 avela emavesini ka-Z. Gippius.

Ngo-1911, u-Kryzhanovsky wethula uMyaskovsky kumqhubi u-K. Saradzhev, kamuva owaba umculi wokuqala wemisebenzi eminingi yomqambi. Ngawo lowo nyaka, umsebenzi kaMyaskovsky obalulekile womculo waqala ku-"Music" yamasonto onke, eyanyatheliswa eMoscow ngu-V. Derzhanovsky. Iminyaka emi-3 yokubambisana ephephabhukwini (1911-14), uMyaskovsky wanyathelisa izihloko namanothi angu-114, ahlukaniswa ngokuqondisisa nokujula kokwahlulela. Igunya lakhe njengomuntu womculo laqiniswa kakhulu, kodwa ukuqubuka kwempi yama-imperialism kwashintsha kakhulu impilo yakhe eyalandela. Ngenyanga yokuqala yempi, uMyaskovsky wabuthwa, wafika e-Austrian front, wathola ukungqubuzana okunzima eduze kwasePrzemysl. "Ngizizwa ... umuzwa wohlobo oluthile lokuhlukaniswa okungaqondakali kukho konke okwenzekayo, njengokungathi yonke le ngxabano eyisiphukuphuku, yezilwane, enonya yenzeka endizeni ehluke ngokuphelele," kubhala uMyaskovsky, ebuka "ukudideka okusobala" ngaphambili. , futhi ifinyelela esiphethweni: “Esihogweni nganoma iyiphi impi!”

Ngemva kweNguquko ka-Okthoba, ngo-December 1917, uMyaskovsky washintshelwa ukukhonza eNdlunkulu Yezempi Yasemanzini ePetrograd futhi waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokuqamba, esedale ama-symphonies ama-3 ezinyangeni ezi-2 nengxenye: okwesine okumangalisayo ("impendulo yabanolwazi olunzulu, kodwa ngesiphetho esigqamile” ) kanye nesesihlanu, lapho okokuqala ngqa ingoma kaMyaskovsky, uhlobo nomdanso wetimu, okukhumbuza amasiko abaqambi be-Kuchkist. Kwakumayelana nemisebenzi enjalo u-Asafiev abhala ngayo: ... "Angazi lutho oluhle kakhulu emculweni kaMyaskovsky kunezikhathi zokucaciswa okungavamile okungokomoya nokukhanyiselwa okungokomoya, lapho kungazelelwe umculo uqala ukukhanya nokuqabula, njengehlathi lasentwasahlobo ngemva kwemvula. ” Le symphony ngokushesha yaletha udumo emhlabeni Myaskovsky.

Kusukela ngo-1918, uMyaskovsky ubelokhu ehlala eMoscow futhi ngokushesha ehileleke emisebenzini yomculo nezenhlalakahle, ehlanganisa nemisebenzi esemthethweni ku-General Staff (eyadluliselwa eMoscow mayelana nokuthuthwa kukahulumeni). Usebenza emkhakheni womculo we-State Publishing House, emnyangweni womculo we-People's Commissariat yaseRussia, ubamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni komphakathi we- "Collective of Composers", kusukela ngo-1924 ubelokhu ehlanganyela ngenkuthalo kumagazini othi "Modern Music" .

Ngemva demobilization ngo-1921, Myaskovsky waqala ukufundisa eMoscow Conservatory, eyathatha cishe iminyaka engu-30. Wakhuphula yonke i-galaxy yabaqambi baseSoviet (D. Kabalevsky, A. Khachaturian, V. Shebalin, V. Muradeli, K. Khachaturian, B. Tchaikovsky, N. Peiko, E. Golubev nabanye). Baningi abantu engibaziyo ngomculo. UMyaskovsky uhlanganyela ngokuzithandela ezinsukwini zomculo no-P. Lamm, umculi we-amateur M. Gube, V. Derzhanovsky, kusukela ngo-1924 uba yilungu le-ASM. Phakathi nale minyaka, uthando lwavela emavesini ka-A. Blok, A. Delvig, F. Tyutchev, ama-piano sonatas angu-2, kuma-30s. umqambi uphendukela ohlotsheni lwe-quartet, ezama ngobuqotho ukuphendula izimfuno zentando yeningi zokuphila kwabasebenzi, udala izingoma eziningi. Nokho, i-symphony ihlale iphambili. Eminyakeni yama-20s. Ezi-5 zazo zadalwa, eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, ezinye eziyi-11. Yiqiniso, akubona bonke abalingana ngobuciko, kodwa kuma-symphonies angcono kakhulu uMyaskovsky ufinyelela ukuthi ngokushesha, amandla kanye nobukhulu bokukhuluma, ngaphandle kwalokho, ngokusho kwakhe, umculo awukho kuye.

Kusukela ku-symphony kuya ku-symphony, umuntu angakwazi ukulandelela ngokucacile nangokwengeziwe ukuthambekela "kokubhangqa ukwakheka", u-Asafiev awachaza ngokuthi "amagagasi amabili - ukuzazi wena ... futhi, eduze kwakho, ehlola lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho ngokubheka ngaphandle." UMyaskovsky ngokwakhe wabhala ngama-symphonies "ayevame ukuwaqamba ndawonye: aminyene kakhulu ngokwengqondo ... futhi aminyene kancane." Isibonelo sowokuqala ungoweshumi, “okwaba yimpendulo … embonweni owahlupha isikhathi eside … – ukunikeza isithombe sokudideka okungokomoya kuka-Eugene ovela encwadini kaPushkin ethi The Bronze Horseman.” Isifiso sesitatimende esinenhloso enkulu siyisici se-Eighth Symphony (umzamo wokuhlanganisa isithombe sika-Stepan Razin); eyeshumi nambili, exhumene nezigameko zokuqoqana; eyeshumi nesithupha, enikezelwe isibindi sabashayeli bezindiza baseSoviet; Okweshumi nesishiyagalolunye, kubhalelwe ibhande lethusi. Phakathi kwama-symphonies we-20-30s. Okubaluleke kakhulu eyeSithupha (1923) kanye neyamashumi amabili nanye (1940). I-Sixth Symphony idabukisa kakhulu futhi iyinkimbinkimbi kokuqukethwe. Izithombe zezinto eziguquguqukayo zihlanganiswe nomqondo womhlatshelo. Umculo we-symphony ugcwele ukungafani, udidekile, uphuthuma, umkhathi wawo ushisa kuze kube sekugcineni. Owesithupha kaMyaskovsky ungomunye wemibhalo yobuciko ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu yangaleso sikhathi. Ngalo msebenzi, "umqondo omkhulu wokukhathazeka ngokuphila, ngoba ubuqotho bawo bungena ku-symphony yaseRussia" (Asafiev).

Umuzwa ofanayo ugcwele i-Twenty-First Symphony. Kodwa uhlukaniswa ngokuzibamba okukhulu kwangaphakathi, ukufinyeza, nokugxilisa ingqondo. Umcabango wombhali uhlanganisa izici ezihlukahlukene zokuphila, ukhuluma ngazo ngokufudumele, ngobuqotho, ngokuthinta ukudabuka. Izindikimba ze-symphony zigcwele amaphimbo okubhalwa kwezingoma zesiRashiya. Kusukela ku-Twenty-fist, indlela ichazwe kokugcina, i-Twenty-seventh Symphony, eyazwakala ngemva kokufa kukaMyaskovsky. Le ndlela ihamba ngomsebenzi weminyaka yempi, lapho uMyaskovsky, njengabo bonke abaqambi baseSoviet, ebhekisela esihlokweni sempi, ecabanga ngakho ngaphandle kobukhazikhazi nama-pathos angamanga. Yile ndlela uMyaskovsky angena ngayo emlandweni wesiko lomculo waseSoviet, uhlakanipho lweqiniso lwaseRussia oluthembekile, olungaguquki,, okubonakala kwakhe konke kanye nezenzo zakhe kwakukhona isitembu sengokomoya eliphakeme kakhulu.

O. Averyanova

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