UGeorge Gershwin |

George Gershwin

Uthini umculo wakhe? Mayelana nabantu abavamile, mayelana nenjabulo nosizi lwabo, ngothando lwabo, ngempilo yabo. Yingakho umculo wakhe ungowesizwe ngempela... D. Shostakovich

Esinye sezahluko ezithakazelisa kakhulu emlandweni womculo sihlotshaniswa negama lomqambi waseMelika nomdlali wepiyano u-J. Gershwin. Ukwakhiwa nokudlondlobala komsebenzi wakhe kwaqondana “neNkathi YeJazz” - njengoba ayibiza kanjalo inkathi yama-20-30s. Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX e-USA, umbhali omkhulu waseMelika uS. Fitzgerald. Lobu buciko baba nethonya eliyisisekelo kumqambi, owayefuna ukuveza emculweni umoya wesikhathi sakhe, izici eziphawulekayo zokuphila kwabantu baseMelika. UGershwin wayethatha i-jazz njengomculo wesintu. "Ngizwa kuyo i-kaleidoscope yomculo waseMelika - i-cauldron yethu enkulu, ... impilo yezwe lethu, izingoma zethu ..." kubhala umqambi.

Indodana yomuntu ovela eRussia, uGershwin wazalelwa eNew York. Ubuntwana bakhe wachitha kwesinye sezifunda zedolobha - i-East Side, lapho uyise wayengumnikazi wendawo yokudlela encane. Enonya futhi enomsindo, edlala ama-pranks ekanye nontanga yakhe, uGeorge akazange anikeze abazali bakhe isizathu sokuzibheka njengengane enesiphiwo somculo. Konke kwashintsha lapho ngithengela umfowethu omdala upiyano. Izifundo zomculo ezingavamile ezivela kothisha abahlukahlukene futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuzimela kwamahora amaningi okuthuthukisa kunqume ukukhetha kokugcina kukaGershwin. Umsebenzi wakhe waqala esitolo somculo senkampani eshicilela umculo i-Remmik and Company. Lapha, ngokumelene nezifiso zabazali bakhe, eneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha waqala ukusebenza njengomthengisi womculo-umkhangisi. “Nsuku zonke ngehora lesishiyagalolunye ngangivele ngihlezi ophiyano esitolo, ngidlala izingoma ezidumile zawo wonke umuntu owayefika …” kukhumbula uGershwin. Edlala izingoma ezidumile zika-E. Berlin, J. Kern nabanye enkonzweni, uGershwin ngokwakhe wayefisa ukwenza umsebenzi wokudala. Ukuqala kwezingoma zomculi oneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili ubudala esiteji se-Broadway kwaphawula ukuqala kokunqoba komqambi wakhe. Eminyakeni engu-8 eyalandela iyodwa, udale umculo wemidlalo engaphezu kuka-40, engu-16 yayo okwakungamahlaya omculo wangempela. Kakade ekuqaleni kwawo-20s. UGershwin ungomunye wabaqambi abadumile eMelika bese kuthi eYurophu. Kodwa-ke, umoya wakhe wokudala wabonakala uminyene ngaphakathi kohlaka lomculo we-pop ne-operetta. UGershwin wayephupha ngokuba, ngamazwi akhe, “umqambi wangempela” owazi zonke izinhlobo zomculo, konke ukuphelela kwesu lokudala imisebenzi emikhulu.

UGershwin akazange athole imfundo ehlelekile yomculo, futhi wayekweleta yonke impumelelo yakhe emkhakheni wokuqanjwa ekuzifundiseni nasekuziphatheni kwakhe, kuhlangene nesithakazelo esingenakuphikwa ezenzakalweni ezinkulu zomculo zesikhathi sakhe. Njengoba esevele engumqambi owaziwayo emhlabeni wonke, akazange angabaze ukucela uM. Ravel, I. Stravinsky, A. Schoenberg ukuthi afundele ukuqamba nokudlala izinsimbi. Umdlali wepiyano osezingeni lokuqala, u-Gershwin uqhubekile nokuthatha izifundo zepiyano kuthisha odumile waseMelika u-E. Hutcheson isikhathi eside.

Ngo-1924, omunye wemisebenzi engcono kakhulu yomqambi, i-Rhapsody in the Blues Style, wenzelwe upiyano kanye ne-symphony orchestra. Ingxenye yepiyano yadlalwa umbhali. Umsebenzi omusha uvuse isithakazelo esikhulu emphakathini womculo waseMelika. I-premiere ye "Rhapsody", eyaba yimpumelelo enkulu, yayihanjelwe ngu-S. Rachmaninov, F. Kreisler, J. Heifetz, L. Stokowski nabanye.

Kulandela i-“Rhapsody” kuvela: I-Piano Concerto (1925), umsebenzi wohlelo lwe-orchestra “An American in Paris” (1928), i-Second Rhapsody yepiyano ne-orchestra (1931), “Cuban Overture” (1932). Kulezi zingoma, inhlanganisela yamasiko e-Negro jazz, i-African-American folklore, umculo we-pop we-Broadway namafomu nezinhlobo zomculo wasendulo wase-Europe wathola ukufana okugcwele igazi nokuphilayo, okuchaza isici esiyinhloko sesitayela somculo kaGershwin.

Esinye sezenzakalo ezibalulekile zomqambi kwaba ukuvakashela eYurophu (1928) nemihlangano noM. Ravel, D. Milhaud, J. Auric, F. Poulenc, S. Prokofiev eFrance, E. Kshenec, A. Berg, F .Lehar, noKalman eVienna.

Kanye nomculo we-symphonic, uGershwin usebenza ngokuzimisela ebhayisikobho. Ngama-30s. ngezikhathi ezithile uhlala isikhathi eside eCalifornia, lapho ebhala khona umculo wamafilimu amaningana. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umqambi uphinde aphendukele ezinhlotsheni zaseshashalazini. Phakathi kwemisebenzi eyakhiwe ngalesi sikhathi umculo womdlalo ohlekisayo othi I Sing About You (1931) kanye nengoma kaGershwin ethi Swan Song – i-opera ethi Porgy and Bess (1935). Umculo we-opera ugcwele ukugqama, ubuhle bezingoma zezingoma ze-Negro, amahlaya abukhali, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ne-grotesque, futhi igcwele isici sokuqala se-jazz.

Umsebenzi kaGershwin waziswa kakhulu abagxeki bomculo bangaleso sikhathi. Omunye wabameleli bayo abakhulu kunabo bonke, u-V. Damrosh, wabhala: “Abaqambi abaningi babehamba bezungeza i-jazz njengekati bezungeza indishi yesobho elishisayo, belindele ukuthi iphole kancane … uGeorge Gershwin … wakwazi ukwenza isimangaliso. Uyinkosana eyathatha uCinderella ngesandla, yammemezela obala emhlabeni wonke njengenkosazana, kwaba nolaka lodadewabo abanomona.

I. Vetlitsyna