URichard Wagner |

Richard Wagner

U-R. Wagner ungumqambi omkhulu waseJalimane wekhulu le-1834, owaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni hhayi kuphela umculo wesiko laseYurophu, kodwa namasiko obuciko bomhlaba wonke. UWagner akazange athole imfundo ehlelekile yomculo, futhi ekuthuthukisweni kwakhe njengengcweti yomculo unesibopho esiqinile kuye. Ngokuqhathaniswa nasekuqaleni, izithakazelo zomqambi, ezigxile ngokuphelele ohlotsheni lwe-opera, zabonakala. Kusukela emsebenzini wakhe wokuqala, i-opera yothando ethi The Fairies (1882), kuya emdlalweni oyimfihlakalo womculo uParsifal (XNUMX), uWagner wahlala engumsekeli wokuqina weshashalazi yomculo ebucayi, okwathi ngemizamo yakhe yaguqulwa futhi yavuselelwa.

Ekuqaleni, uWagner akazange acabange ukuguqula i-opera - walandela amasiko amisiwe okusebenza komculo, efuna ukuqonda ukunqoba kwabanduleli bakhe. Uma ku-"Fairies" i-opera yothando yaseJalimane, eyethulwa kahle kakhulu yi-"The Magic Shooter" ngu-KM Weber, yaba yisibonelo, khona-ke ku-opera ethi "Uthando Oluvinjelwe" (1836) wayeqondiswa kakhulu amasiko e-French yamahlaya. . Kodwa-ke, le misebenzi yokuqala ayizange imenze aqashelwe - uWagner wahola ngaleyo minyaka impilo enzima yomculi weshashalazi, ezulazula emadolobheni ahlukene aseYurophu. Kwaphela isikhathi esithile esebenza eRussia, enkundleni yaseshashalazini German edolobheni Riga (1837-39). Kodwa uWagner … njengabaningi besikhathi sakhe, wakhangwa inhloko-dolobha yamasiko yaseYurophu ngaleso sikhathi, ngaleso sikhathi eyayiqashelwa emhlabeni wonke njengeParis. Amathemba agqamile alo mqambi osemncane ashabalala ngesikhathi ebhekana neqiniso elingabukeki, waphoqeleka ukuba aphile impilo yomculi waphesheya ompofu, ephila ngokusebenza kanzima. Ushintsho lokuba ngcono lwenzeka ngo-1842, lapho emenyelwa esikhundleni sikaKapellmeister endlini ye-opera edumile enhloko-dolobha yaseSaxony - Dresden. Ekugcineni uWagner waba nethuba lokwethula izingoma zakhe ezithamelini zeshashalazi, futhi i-opera yakhe yesithathu, u-Rienzi (1840), yathola ukuqashelwa okuhlala njalo. Futhi lokhu akumangazi, njengoba i-Grand Opera yesiFulentshi yayiyisibonelo somsebenzi, abameleli abavelele kakhulu ababengabaphathi abahlonishwayo G. Spontini noJ. Meyerbeer. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqambi wayenamandla okucula asezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu - abaculi abanjengo-tenor J. Tihachek kanye nomculi omkhulu ongumlingisi u-V. Schroeder-Devrient, owaduma ngesikhathi sakhe njengoLeonora ku-opera ka-L. Beethoven okuwukuphela kwayo ethi Fidelio, bacula enkundleni yakhe yeshashalazi.

Ama-opera angu-3 aseduze nesikhathi sase-Dresden anokuningi afana ngakho. Ngakho-ke, kuFlying Dutchman (1841), eyaqedwa ngobusuku bangaphambi kokuthuthela eDresden, iphila inganekwane endala mayelana netilosi elizulazulayo eliqalekisiwe ngenxa yonya lwangaphambili, olungasindiswa uthando oluzinikele nolumsulwa kuphela. Ku-opera ethi Tannhäuser (1845), umqambi waphendukela endabeni ephakathi yomculi waseMinnesinger, owazuza umusa kankulunkulukazi wamaqaba uVenus, kodwa ngenxa yalokho wazuza isiqalekiso seSonto LamaRoma. Futhi ekugcineni, eLohengrin (1848) - mhlawumbe edume kakhulu kuma-opera kaWagner - kuvela i-knight ekhanyayo eyehlela emhlabeni isuka endaweni yokuhlala yasezulwini - iGrail engcwele, egameni lokulwa nobubi, ukunyundela nokungabi nabulungisa.

Kulawa ma-opera, umqambi usaxhumene eduze namasiko e-romanticism - amaqhawe akhe ahlukaniswa yizisusa eziphikisanayo, lapho ubuqotho nobumsulwa buphikisana nesono sezinkanuko zasemhlabeni, ukwethembana okungenamkhawulo - ukukhohlisa nokuvukela umbuso. Ukunensa kokulandisa kubuye kuhlotshaniswe ne-romanticism, lapho kungezona izenzakalo ngokwazo ezibalulekile, kodwa imizwa evusa emphefumulweni weqhawe lezingoma. Lona ngumthombo wendima ebaluleke kangaka yama-monologues enwetshiwe kanye nezingxoxo zabalingisi, okuveza umzabalazo wangaphakathi wezifiso nezisusa zabo, uhlobo "lwe-dialectics of the soul" lobuntu obuvelele bomuntu.

Kodwa ngisho naphakathi neminyaka yokusebenza enkonzweni yasenkantolo, uWagner waba nemibono emisha. Umfutho wokuqaliswa kwazo kwaba uguquko olwaqubuka emazweni amaningi aseYurophu ngo-1848 futhi aluzange lweqe iSaxony. KwakuseDresden lapho kwaqubuka khona ukuvukela umbuso okuhlomile okwakumelene nombuso wobukhosi, owawuholwa umngane kaWagner, umshoshozeli waseRussia uM. Bakunin. Ngokushisekela kwakhe isici, uWagner wabamba iqhaza elikhulu kulokhu kuvukela futhi, ngemva kokunqotshwa, waphoqeleka ukuba abalekele eSwitzerland. Inkathi enzima yaqala ekuphileni komqambi, kodwa ithela kakhulu umsebenzi wakhe.

U-Wagner wacabanga kabusha futhi waqonda izikhundla zakhe zobuciko, ngaphezu kwalokho, wenza imisebenzi eyinhloko, ngokombono wakhe, ubuciko obubhekene nemisebenzi eminingi yethiyori (phakathi kwabo, i-Opera neDrama - 1851 ibaluleke kakhulu). Wafaka imibono yakhe ku-tetralogy enkulukazi ethi "Ring of the Nibelungen" - umsebenzi oyinhloko wempilo yakhe.

Isisekelo sendalo enhle kakhulu, ehlala ngokugcwele kusihlwa seshashalazi esingu-4 ngokulandelana, sakhiwe ngezinganekwane kanye nezinganekwane ezisukela ezikhathini zasendulo zamaqaba - i-German Nibelungenlied, i-sagas yaseScandinavia efakwe ku-Old and Young Edda. Kodwa izinganekwane zamaqaba nonkulunkulu namaqhawe azo zaba kumqambi indlela yokuqonda nokuhlaziya ngobuciko izinkinga nokungqubuzana kweqiniso lonxiwankulu besimanje.

Okuqukethwe yi-tetralogy, ehlanganisa amadrama omculo i-Rhine Gold (1854), The Valkyrie (1856), Siegfried (1871) kanye nethi The Death of the Gods (1874), inezici eziningi kakhulu - ama-opera ahlanganisa abalingisi abaningi abangena kuwo. ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nasemzabalazweni ononya, ongayekethisi. Phakathi kwazo kukhona u-Nibelung dwarf omubi u-Alberich, oweba ingcebo yegolide emadodakazini aseRhini; umnikazi womcebo, owakwazi ukwenza indandatho kuwo, uthenjiswe amandla phezu komhlaba. U-Alberich uphikiswa unkulunkulu okhanyayo u-Wotan, omandla akhe onke angenangqondo - uyisigqila sezivumelwano yena ngokwakhe aphetha ngazo, lapho ukubusa kwakhe kusekelwe khona. Ngemva kokuthatha indandatho yegolide eNibelung, uletha isiqalekiso esibi kuye nomndeni wakhe, lapho kuphela iqhawe elifayo elingamkweleti lutho elingamsindisa. Umzukulu wakhe, uSiegfried onenhliziyo elula nengesabi, uba iqhawe elinjalo. Unqoba udrako osabekayo u-Fafner, uthatha indandatho efiswayo, uvusa iqhawe elilele intombazane uBrunhilde, ezungezwe ulwandle oluvuthayo, kodwa uyafa, ebulewe ngonya nenkohliso. Kanye naye, izwe elidala, lapho ukukhohlisa, ukuzicabangela nokungabi nabulungisa kwakubusa, nalo liyafa.

Uhlelo olukhulu luka-Wagner lwaludinga izindlela ezintsha ngokuphelele, ezazingakaze zizwakale ngaphambili, ukuguqulwa okusha kokusebenza. Umqambi ucishe wasishiya ngokuphelele isakhiwo senombolo ebesijwayele kuze kube manje - kusukela kuma-arias aphelele, amakhwaya, amaqoqo. Esikhundleni salokho, bazwakalise ama-monologue enwetshiwe nezingxoxo zabalingisi, ezisetshenziswe ngomculo ongapheli. Ingoma ebanzi ihlanganiswe kuwo nesimemezelo ezingxenyeni zephimbo zohlobo olusha, lapho i-cantilena emnandi nesici senkulumo ehehayo kwahlanganiswa ngendlela engaqondakali.

Isici esiyinhloko sokuguqulwa kwe-opera yaseWagnerian sixhunywe nendima ekhethekile ye-orchestra. Akagcini nje ngokusekela iculo lezwi, kodwa uhola owakhe umugqa, kwesinye isikhathi aze akhulume phambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-orchestra iba umphathi wencazelo yesenzo - kukuyo lapho izingqikithi zomculo eziyinhloko zivame ukuzwakala - ama-leitmotifs eba izimpawu zabalingiswa, izimo, ngisho nemibono engabonakali. I-leitmotifs ishintshela komunye nomunye ngokushelelayo, ihlanganiswe ngomsindo kanyekanye, ishintsha njalo, kodwa isikhathi ngasinye ibonwa ngumlaleli, oye wazi kahle incazelo ye-semantic esinikezwe yona. Ngezinga elikhulu, amadrama omculo we-Wagnerian ahlukaniswe abe izigcawu ezinwetshiwe, eziphelele uma kuqhathaniswa, lapho kunamagagasi abanzi okwehla nokwenyuka kwemizwelo, ukukhuphuka nokwehla kwengcindezi.

UWagner waqala ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwakhe olukhulu eminyakeni yokufuduka kweSwitzerland. Kodwa ukungenakwenzeka okuphelele kokubona esiteji izithelo ze-titanic yakhe, amandla angenakuqhathaniswa ngempela nomsebenzi ongakhathali waphula isisebenzi esikhulu kangaka - ukubunjwa kwe-tetralogy kwaphazanyiswa iminyaka eminingi. Futhi i-twist kuphela engalindelekile yesiphetho - ukusekelwa kwenkosi encane yaseBavaria uLudwig kwaphefumulela umqambi amandla amasha futhi kwamsiza ukuba agcwalise, mhlawumbe indalo eyisikhumbuzo kakhulu yobuciko bomculo, okwakuwumphumela wemizamo yomuntu oyedwa. Ukuze kufakwe i-tetralogy, kwakhiwa inkundla yemidlalo yeshashalazi ekhethekile edolobheni laseBavaria Bayreuth, lapho yonke i-tetralogy yenziwa khona okokuqala ngo-1876 njengoba u-Wagner ayehlosile.

Ngaphezu kweRing of the Nibelung, uWagner wadala engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-3. 1859 eminye imisebenzi emikhulu. Lena i-opera ethi “Tristan and Isolde” (1867) – ihubo elishisekayo lothando lwaphakade, eliculwa ezinganekwaneni zenkathi ephakathi, elinemibala ebonisa izinto ezenzeka ngaphambili eziphazamisayo, eligcwele umuzwa wokungagwemeki komphumela obulalayo. Futhi kanye nomsebenzi onjalo ocwiliswe ebumnyameni, ukukhanya okukhazimulayo komkhosi wesintu owathwesa umqhele we-opera i-Nuremberg Mastersingers (1882), lapho emqhudelwaneni ovulekile wabaculi abafaneleka kakhulu, abamakwe ngesipho sangempela, bawine, kanye nobumina. -ukwaneliseka kanye nobuwula bokuhamba ngezinyawo kuyajabhiswa. Futhi ekugcineni, indalo yokugcina yenkosi - "Parsifal" (XNUMX) - umzamo wokumelela ngokomculo nangesiteji i-utopia yobuzalwane bomhlaba wonke, lapho amandla obubi abonakala engenakunqotshwa anqotshwa futhi kwabusa ukuhlakanipha, ubulungisa nokuhlanzeka.

UWagner uthathe isikhundla esikhetheke ngokuphelele emculweni waseYurophu wekhulu lesi-XNUMX - kunzima ukuqamba umqambi obengeke athonywe nguye. Okutholwe nguWagner kuthinte ukuthuthukiswa kweshashalazi yomculo ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. - abaqambi bafunda kuzo izifundo, kodwa base behamba ngezindlela ezahlukene, kuhlanganise nalabo abaphikisana nalezi ezichazwe umculi omkhulu waseJalimane.

M. Tarakanov

• Impilo nomsebenzi kaWagner →
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Inani likaWagner emlandweni wamasiko omculo womhlaba. Isithombe sakhe semibono nesokudala

UWagner ungomunye walabo baculi abakhulu umsebenzi wabo waba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesiko lomhlaba. Ubuhlakani bakhe babuyinto yonke: UWagner akazange adume nje kuphela njengombhali wendalo evelele yomculo, kodwa futhi njengomqhubi omangalisayo, okwathi, kanye noBerlioz, waba umsunguli wobuciko besimanje bokuqhuba; wayengumbhali wezinkondlo onekhono - umsunguli we-libretto yama-opera akhe - futhi engumkhulumeli onekhono, umfundisi weshashalazi womculo. Umsebenzi onjalo oguquguqukayo, ohlangene namandla ashisayo nentando ye-titanic ekugomeni izimiso zakhe zobuciko, wadonsela ukunaka okuvamile kubuntu nomculo kaWagner: impumelelo yakhe engokwengqondo neyokudala yavusa impikiswano eshubile phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila komqambi nangemva kokufa kwakhe. kuze kube namuhla azikancipha.

"Njengomqambi," kusho u-PI Tchaikovsky, "uWagner ngokungangabazeki ungomunye wabantu abaphawuleka kakhulu engxenyeni yesibili yalokhu (okungukuthi, i-XIX. - MD) amakhulu eminyaka, futhi ithonya lakhe emculweni likhulu kakhulu.” Leli thonya lalingama-multilateral: alizange lisakazeke kuphela endaweni yeshashalazi yomculo, lapho u-Wagner esebenza khona kakhulu njengombhali wama-opera ayishumi nantathu, kodwa futhi nezindlela ezicacile zobuciko bomculo; Igalelo likaWagner emkhakheni we-symphonism yohlelo nalo libalulekile.

“… Muhle njengomqambi we-opera,” kusho u-NA Rimsky-Korsakov. U-AN Serov wabhala: “Ama-opera akhe, . . . “Wayephiwe isipho esihle sezinkondlo, ubuciko bokusungula obunamandla, umcabango wakhe wawumkhulu, isinyathelo sakhe sasiqinile, ikhono lakhe lobuciko lalilikhulu ..." - yile ndlela u-VV Stasov abonisa ngayo izinhlangothi ezinhle kakhulu ze-Wagner's genius. Umculo walo mqambi ophawulekayo, ngokusho kukaSerov, wavula "ama-horizons angaziwa, angenamkhawulo" kwezobuciko.

Ukuhlonipha ubuhlakani bukaWagner, isibindi sakhe njengengcweti esungula izinto ezintsha, abantu abaphambili bomculo waseRussia (ikakhulukazi uTchaikovsky, uRimsky-Korsakov, uStasov) bagxeka ezinye zezitayela emsebenzini wakhe eziphazamisa imisebenzi yomfanekiso wangempela. ukuphila. Izimiso zobuciko ezijwayelekile zikaWagner, imibono yakhe yobuhle njengoba isetshenziswa ethiyetha yomculo yagxekwa kakhulu. UTchaikovsky ukusho lokhu kafushane nangendlela efanele: “Ngenkathi ngincoma umqambi, anginalo uzwelo ngokuthi iyini inkolo yemibono kaWagnerian.” Imibono ethandwa uWagner, izithombe zomsebenzi wakhe wokusebenza, kanye nezindlela zokwenziwa komculo wabo nazo zaphikiswana.

Nokho, kanye nokugxeka okufanele, umzabalazo oqinile wokugomela ubuzwe Russian yaseshashalazini yomculo ehluke kakhulu German ubuciko bokudlala, ngezinye izikhathi kubangele ukwahlulela okuchemile. Mayelana nalokhu, iLungu lePhalamende u-Mussorgsky liphawule ngokufanele kakhulu: "Sivame ukumthethisa u-Wagner, futhi u-Wagner unamandla futhi unamandla ngokuthi uzwa ubuciko futhi ayidonse ...".

Kwavela umshikashika omubi nakakhulu mayelana negama nembangela kaWagner emazweni angaphandle. Kanye nabalandeli abashisekayo ababekholelwa ukuthi kusukela manje kuqhubeke indawo yaseshashalazini kufanele ithuthuke kuphela endleleni kaWagnerian, kwakukhona nabaculi abenqaba ngokuphelele ukubaluleka kwemibono nobuciko bemisebenzi kaWagner, babona ethonyeni lakhe kuphela imiphumela eyingozi ekuziphendukeleni kobuciko bomculo. AmaWagnerian kanye nabamelene nawo bema ezikhundleni ezinobutha ngendlela engenakuqhathaniswa. Beveza imicabango efanelekile kanye nokuqaphela kwesinye isikhathi, bavele badide le mibuzo nokuhlola kwabo okuchemile kunokuba basize ukuyixazulula. Amaphuzu eqile kangako awazange abelane ngawo abaqambi abakhulu bakwamanye amazwe engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX — uVerdi, Bizet, Brahms — kodwa nabo, bebona ubuhlakani bukaWagner ngethalente, abavumanga konke emculweni wakhe.

Umsebenzi kaWagner wabangela ukuhlolwa okungqubuzanayo, ngoba hhayi kuphela umsebenzi wakhe ohlangene, kodwa futhi nobuntu bomqambi bahlukaniswa ukungqubuzana okunzima kakhulu. Ngokukhipha uhlangothi olulodwa lwezinhlangothi zesithombe esiyinkimbinkimbi somdali nomuntu, abaxolisi, kanye nabaphikisi bakaWagner, banikeze umbono ohlanekezelwe wokubaluleka kwakhe emlandweni wesiko lomhlaba. Ukuze unqume kahle le ncazelo, umuntu kufanele aqonde ubuntu kanye nempilo kaWagner kubo bonke ubunkimbinkimbi babo.

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Ifindo eliphindwe kabili lokungqubuzana libonisa u-Wagner. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kuwukuphikisana phakathi kokubuka umhlaba kanye nokudala. Yiqiniso, umuntu akakwazi ukuphika ukuxhumana okwakukhona phakathi kwabo, kodwa umsebenzi umqambi I-Wagner ikude kakhulu nokuhambisana nemisebenzi ka-Wagner - ehamba phambili umbhali-publicist, owaveza imicabango eminingi esabelayo ezindabeni zezombangazwe nezenkolo, ikakhulukazi esikhathini sokugcina sokuphila kwakhe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imibono yakhe yobuhle kanye nezenhlalo-politiki iphikisana kakhulu. Isihlubuki esihlubukayo, uWagner usevele wafika ekuvukeleni kuka-1848-1849 enombono wezwe odidekile kakhulu. Kwahlala kunjalo ngisho nangeminyaka yokunqotshwa kwenguquko, lapho imibono yokusabela ifaka ubuthi ekuqapheleni komqambi ngobuthi bokungabi nathemba, yabangela isimo sengqondo se-subjectivist, futhi yaholela ekusungulweni kwemibono ye-national-chauvinist noma yabefundisi. Konke lokhu kwakungeke kubonakale kuphela endaweni yokugcina impahla ephikisanayo yokusesha kwakhe kwemibono nobuciko.

Kodwa uWagner muhle ngempela kulokho, noma kunjalo subjective imibono yokusabela, naphezu kokungaqini kwemibono yabo, ngokweqiniso kuboniswe ngobuciko bokusungula izici ezibalulekile zeqiniso, zembulwe - ngendlela engokomfanekiso, engokomfanekiso - ukuphikisana kwempilo, yalahla izwe lonxiwankulu lwamanga nenkohliso, yadalula idrama yezifiso ezinkulu ezingokomoya, izifiso ezinamandla zenjabulo kanye nezenzo zobuqhawe ezingagcwaliseki. , amathemba aphukile. Akekho nomqambi oyedwa wenkathi ye-post-Beethoven emazweni angaphandle ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX owakwazi ukuphakamisa inkimbinkimbi enkulu kangaka yezindaba ezishisayo zesikhathi sethu njengoWagner. Ngakho-ke, waba “umbusi wemicabango” wezizukulwane eziningana, futhi umsebenzi wakhe wamunca inkinga enkulu, ejabulisayo yesiko lanamuhla.

UWagner akazange ayinike impendulo ecacile emibuzweni ebalulekile ayibuzayo, kodwa ukubaluleka kwakhe komlando kulele eqinisweni lokuthi wayibuza ngendlela ebukhali kangaka. Wakwazi ukwenza lokhu ngoba wayengene kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe ngentshiseko, nenzondo engenakulungiseka yengcindezelo yonxiwankulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yini ayiveza ezihlokweni zethiyori, noma yimiphi imibono yezombangazwe esabelayo ayeyivikela, uWagner emsebenzini wakhe womculo wayehlale esohlangothini lwalabo ababefuna ukusetshenziswa ngamandla kwamandla abo ekugomeleni isimiso esihle nesinobuntu ekuphileni, ngokumelene nalabo ecwile exhaphozini. inhlalakahle kanxiwankulu kanye nokuzicabangela bona. Futhi, mhlawumbe, akekho omunye oye waphumelela ngokukholisa okunjalo kobuciko namandla ekuboniseni usizi lwempilo yesimanje, efakwe ubuthi bempucuko yonxiwankulu.

Ukuphinyiselwa kwe-anti-capitalist kunikeza umsebenzi ka-Wagner ukubaluleka okukhulu okuqhubekayo, nakuba ehlulekile ukuqonda ubunkimbinkimbi obugcwele bezenzakalo azibonisile.

UWagner ungumdwebi wokugcina omkhulu wezothando wekhulu le-1848. Imibono yothando, izingqikithi, izithombe zalungiswa emsebenzini wakhe eminyakeni yangaphambi kokuguquguquka; zathuthukiswa nguye kamuva. Ngemuva kwenguquko ka-XNUMX, abaqambi abaningi abavelele kakhulu, ngaphansi kwethonya lezimo ezintsha zenhlalo, ngenxa yokuchayeka kakhudlwana kokungqubuzana kwekilasi, bashintshela kwezinye izihloko, bashintshela ezikhundleni ezingokoqobo ekuhlanganiseni kwabo (isibonelo esimangalisa kakhulu lena iVerdi). Kodwa u-Wagner wahlala enothando, nakuba ukungqubuzana kwakhe kwemvelo kwabonakala nokuthi ezigabeni ezahlukene zomsebenzi wakhe, izici zamaqiniso, ngakho-ke, ngokuphambene nalokho, u-romanticism osabelayo, wabonakala kakhulu kuye.

Lokhu kuzibophezela endikimbeni yothando kanye nezindlela zokuyiveza kwambeka endaweni ekhethekile phakathi kwabaningi besikhathi sakhe. Izakhiwo zomuntu ngamunye zobuntu bukaWagner, ezinganeliseki phakade, ezingaphumuli, nazo ziyathinteka.

Impilo yakhe igcwele ukukhuphuka nokwehla okungajwayelekile, izinkanuko kanye nezikhathi zokuphelelwa yithemba okungenamkhawulo. Kwadingeka nginqobe izithiyo ezingenakubalwa ukuze ngithuthukise imibono yami emisha. Kwadlula iminyaka, ngezinye izikhathi amashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba akwazi ukuzwa izingoma zakhe eziningi. Kwakudingekile ukuba kube nokoma okungenakuqedwa kokudala ukuze usebenze kulezi zimo ezinzima ngendlela uWagner asebenza ngayo. Inkonzo yobuciko kwakuyisisusa esiyinhloko empilweni yakhe. (“Angikhona ukuze ngithole imali, kodwa ukuze ngidale,” kusho uWagner ngokuziqhenya). Kungakho, naphezu kwamaphutha anonya okucabanga nokuwohloka, ethembele emasikweni aqhubekayo omculo waseJalimane, wazuza imiphumela emihle yobuciko: elandela uBeethoven, wahlabelela ubuqhawe bomuntu onesibindi, njengoBach, ngengcebo emangalisayo yamathunzi, wembula izwe lezinto ezingokomoya zomuntu futhi, elandela indlela i-Weber, efakwe emculweni izithombe zezinganekwane zaseJalimane nezindaba, wadala izithombe ezinhle zemvelo. Izixazululo ezinjalo ezihlukahlukene zemibono nezobuciko kanye nokufezwa kobuciko kuyisici semisebenzi engcono kakhulu kaRichard Wagner.

Izindikimba, izithombe neziqephu zama-opera ka-Wagner. Izimiso zedramaturgy zomculo. Izici zolimi lomculo

U-Wagner njengeciko wathatha isimo ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhuphuka komphakathi kweJalimane yangaphambi kwenguquko. Phakathi nale minyaka, akagcinanga ngokusemthethweni imibono yakhe yobuhle futhi wachaza izindlela zokuguqula yaseshashalazini zomculo, kodwa futhi wachaza indilinga izithombe neziza eduze kwakhe. Kwakungama-40s, kanyekanye no-Tannhäuser kanye no-Lohengrin, lapho u-Wagner acabangela khona izinhlelo zawo wonke ama-opera asebenze kuwo emashumini eminyaka alandelayo. (Okuhlukile u-Tristan noParsifal, umqondo wabo owakhula phakathi neminyaka yokunqotshwa koguquko; lokhu kuchaza umthelela onamandla wesimo sokungabi nathemba kuneminye imisebenzi.). Ikakhulukazi wayedweba izinto zalezi zincwadi ezinganekwaneni nasezinganekwaneni. Nokho, okuqukethwe kwabo kwakumkhonza original iphuzu lokusungula okuzimele, hhayi okuphelele inhloso. Emzamweni wokugcizelela imicabango nemizwelo eseduze nezikhathi zanamuhla, uWagner wasebenzisa imithombo yezinkondlo yesintu ekucutshungulweni kwamahhala, wayenza ibe yesimanje, ngoba, wathi, zonke izizukulwane zomlando zingathola enganekwaneni. yayo isihloko. Umqondo wesilinganiso sobuciko nobuhlakani bamkhaphela lapho imibono ye-subjectivist inqoba incazelo yezinganekwane zabantu, kodwa ezimweni eziningi, lapho kulungiswa iziqephu nezithombe, umqambi wakwazi ukulondoloza iqiniso elibalulekile lezinkondlo zomdabu. Inhlanganisela yalokhu kuthambekela okuhlukile ingenye yezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-Wagnerian dramaturgy, kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka bayo. Nokho, ebhekisela amaqhawe iziza nemifanekiso, u-Wagner wadonsela ngakuzo kuphela kwengqondo Ukuhunyushwa - lokhu, nakho, kwabangela umzabalazo ophikisana kakhulu phakathi kwezimiso ze-"Siegfriedian" kanye "ne-Tristanian" emsebenzini wakhe.

U-Wagner waphendukela ezinganekwaneni zasendulo nezithombe ezidumile ngoba wathola amacebo amabi kakhulu kuzo. Wayengenaso isithakazelo esimweni sangempela sasendulo esikude noma esidlule somlando, nakuba lapha wazuza okuningi, ikakhulukazi ku-Nuremberg Mastersingers, lapho ukuthambekela okungokoqobo kwakuzwakala kakhulu. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, uWagner wayefuna ukukhombisa idrama yomzwelo yabalingiswa abanamandla. Umzabalazo wamaqhawe wesimanje wenjabulo wayezihlanganisa njalo ezithombeni nasezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zama-opera akhe. Lona nguFlying Dutchman, eqhutshwa ukudalelwa, ehlushwa unembeza, ephupha ngokuthula ngokujulile; lena i-Tannhäuser, edatshulwe inkanuko engqubuzanayo yokuzijabulisa inkanuko nokuphila okunokuziphatha okuhle, okunokhahlo; lo nguLohengrin, owenqatshiwe, ongaqondwa ngabantu.

Umzabalazo wempilo ngokombono kaWagner ugcwele usizi. Umdlandla ushisa uTristan no-Isolde; U-Elsa (eLohengrin) uyafa, ephula ukuvinjelwa kwesithandwa sakhe. Okudabukisayo umuntu ongasebenzi we-Wotan, okwathi, ngamanga nenkohliso, wazuza amandla akhohlisayo aletha usizi kubantu. Kodwa isiphetho seqhawe elibaluleke kakhulu likaWagner, uSigmund, nalo libuhlungu; futhi ngisho noSiegfried, kude nezivunguvungu zamadrama okuphila, le ngane yemvelo engenangqondo, enamandla, izokufa kabuhlungu. Yonke indawo nakuyo yonke indawo - ukufuna okubuhlungu kwenjabulo, isifiso sokufeza izenzo zobuqhawe, kodwa azizange zinikezwe ukuba zifezeke - amanga nenkohliso, ubudlova kanye nenkohliso kubophe ukuphila.

NgokukaWagner, ukusindiswa ekuhluphekeni okubangelwa isifiso esivuthayo senjabulo kusethandweni olungenabugovu: kuwukubonakaliswa okuphezulu kakhulu kwesimiso somuntu. Kodwa uthando akumelwe lube yisenzo sokwenza okuthile—ukuphila kuqinisekiswa impumelelo. Ngakho-ke, ubizo lukaLohengrin - umvikeli ka-Elsa osolwa ngokungenacala - umzabalazo wamalungelo obuhle; I-feat iyimpilo ekahle ka-Siegfried, uthando ngo-Brunnhilde lumbizela ezenzweni ezintsha zobuqhawe.

Wonke ama-opera ka-Wagner, aqala emisebenzini evuthiwe yama-40s, anezici zokufana kwemibono kanye nobunye bomqondo womculo nomangalisayo. Uguquko lwango-1848-1849 lwaphawula ingqopha-mlando ebalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo komqambi ngemibono nobuciko, kwaqinisa ukungqubuzana komsebenzi wakhe. Kodwa empeleni ingqikithi yokusesha izindlela zokuhlanganisa umbuthano othile, ozinzile wemibono, izingqikithi, nemifanekiso ihlala ingashintshile.

U-Wagner ungenelele kuma-opera akhe ubunye benkulumo emangalisayo, asenzela sona isenzo ngomfudlana oqhubekayo, oqhubekayo. Ukuqiniswa kwesimiso esingokwengqondo, isifiso sokudluliselwa kweqiniso kwezinqubo zempilo yengqondo kwadinga ukuqhubeka okunjalo. UWagner wayengeyedwa kulesi sicelo. Abamele ubuciko be-opera bekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ama-Russian classics, i-Verdi, i-Bizet, i-Smetana, izuze okufanayo, ngayinye ngendlela yayo. Kodwa uWagner, eqhubeka nalokho umanduleli wakhe oseduze emculweni waseJalimane, u-Weber, akuchaza, iningi lazo lalithuthukisa izimiso. ngokusebenzisa ukuthuthukiswa ohlotsheni lomculo nolwedrama. Iziqephu zokusebenza ezihlukene, izigcawu, ngisho nemidwebo, wahlanganiswa ndawonye ngesenzo esithuthuka ngokukhululekile. U-Wagner wacebisa izindlela zokuvezwa kokusebenza ngezinhlobo ze-monologue, inkhulumomphendvulwano, nezakhiwo ezinkulu ze-symphonic. Kodwa enaka kakhulu ukuveza izwe elingaphakathi labalingiswa ngokuveza izikhathi ezibukeka kahle, ezisebenzayo, wethula izici ze-subjectivism kanye yinkimbinkimbi yengqondo emculweni wakhe, okwabangela ukuthi i-verbosity, ibhubhise ifomu, ikhulule, i-amorphous. Konke lokhu kwabhebhethekisa ukungahambisani kwedramaturgy kaWagnerian.

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Enye yezindlela ezibalulekile zokuvezwa kwayo uhlelo lwe-leitmotif. Akuyena u-Wagner owayisungula: izisusa zomculo ezavusa izinhlangano ezithile nezimo ezithile zempilo noma izinqubo zengqondo zasetshenziswa abaqambi beNguquko YaseFrance ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ngu-Weber noMeyerbeer, nasemkhakheni womculo we-symphonic kaBerlioz. , Liszt nabanye. Kodwa u-Wagner uhlukile kwabamanduleli bakhe kanye nabaphila ngesikhathi sakhe ekusebenziseni kwakhe okubanzi, nokungaguquguquki kwalolu hlelo. (Ama-Wagnerian ashiseka ngokweqile akuphazamise kakhulu ukucwaninga kwalolu daba, ezama ukunamathisela ukubaluleka kwe-leitmotif kuso sonke isihloko, ngisho nokushintshashintsha kwephimbo, nokunikeza wonke ama-leitmotif, noma ngabe mafushane kangakanani, ngokuqukethwe cishe okuphelele.).

Noma iyiphi i-opera ye-Wagner evuthiwe iqukethe ama-leitmotif angamashumi amabili nanhlanu kuya kwamashumi amathathu agcwele indwangu yesikolo. (Kodwa-ke, kuma-operas we-40s, inani lama-leitmotifs alidluli ishumi.). Waqala ukuqamba i-opera ngokuthuthukisa izingqikithi zomculo. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, emidwebeni yokuqala yokuqala ye-"Ring of the Nibelungen" imashi yomngcwabo evela ku-"The Death of the Gods" iboniswa, njengoba kushiwo, iqukethe inkimbinkimbi yezindikimba ezibaluleke kakhulu zobuqhawe ze-tetralogy; Okokuqala, i-overture yabhalelwa i-Meistersingers - ilungisa isihloko esiyinhloko se-opera, njll.

Umcabango ka-Wagner wokudala awupheli ekusungulweni kwezindikimba zobuhle obumangalisayo nepulasitiki, lapho izinto eziningi ezibalulekile zempilo ziboniswa futhi zenziwe jikelele. Ngokuvamile kulezi zindikimba, inhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo yezimiso ezicacile nezithombe zinikezwa, okusiza ukuhlanganisa isithombe somculo. Kuma-operas wama-40s, imiculo inwetshiwe: ezindikimbeni ezihamba phambili-izithombe, izici ezihlukene zezenzakalo zichazwe. Le ndlela yokuhlukanisa abalingisi bomculo iyalondolozwa emisebenzini yakamuva, kodwa ukulutheka kuka-Wagner kwefilosofi engacacile ngezinye izikhathi kubangela ama-leitmotif angenabo ubuntu aklanyelwe ukuveza imiqondo engabonakali. Lezi motif zifushane, azinayo imfudumalo yokuphefumula komuntu, azikwazi ukuthuthuka, futhi azinakho ukuxhumana kwangaphakathi komunye nomunye. Ngakho kanye izingqikithi-izithombe vuka izingqikithi-izimpawu.

Ngokungafani nalezi zakamuva, izingqikithi ezinhle kakhulu zama-opera ka-Wagner azihlali ngokuhlukana kuwo wonke umsebenzi, azimeli ukwakheka okungaguquki, okungafani. Kunalokho okuphambene. Kunezici ezivamile ezihlosweni eziholayo, futhi ndawonye zakha ama-thematic complexes aveza imithunzi nokuhlukaniswa kwemizwa noma imininingwane yesithombe esisodwa. I-Wagner ihlanganisa izindikimba nezihlokwana ezahlukahlukene ngezinguquko ezicashile, iziqhathaniso noma inhlanganisela yazo ngesikhathi esisodwa. U-Rimsky-Korsakov wabhala: “Umsebenzi womqambi ngalezi motifs uyamangalisa ngempela.

Indlela ebabazekayo kaWagner, izimiso zakhe ze-symphonization yamaphuzu we-opera zaba nomthelela ngokungangabazeki kubuciko besikhathi esalandela. Abaqambi abakhulu beshashalazi yomculo engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-XNUMX nele-XNUMX basebenzise ithuba ngezinga elithile lempumelelo yobuciko yohlelo lwe-Wagnerian leitmotif, yize bengazange bakwamukele ukweqisa kwalo (ngokwesibonelo, uSmetana noRimsky-Korsakov, ePuccini. futhi Prokofiev).

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Ukuhunyushwa kwesiqalo sezwi kuma-opera ka-Wagner kuphawulwa nangokwangempela.

Elwa neculo elikha phezulu, elingelona isimilo ngomqondo omangalisayo, waphikisa ngokuthi umculo wephimbo kufanele usekelwe ekukhiqizeni kabusha iphimbo, noma, njengoba uWagner esho, iziphimiso zenkulumo. Wabhala: “Iculo elivusa amadlingozi lisekelwa amavesi nolimi.” Awekho amaphuzu amasha ngokuyisisekelo kulesi sitatimende. Phakathi neminyaka engu-XVIII-XIX, abaqambi abaningi baphendukela ekufanekiseni iphimbo lenkulumo emculweni ukuze babuyekeze isakhiwo sezwe semisebenzi yabo (ngokwesibonelo, Gluck, Mussorgsky). Isimemezelo esihle kakhulu sikaWagnerian silethe izinto eziningi ezintsha emculweni wekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, kwakungenakwenzeka ukubuyela emaphethini amadala omculo we-operatic. Kwavela imisebenzi emisha engakaze ibonwe ngaphambi kwabaculi - abadlali bemidlalo ye-opera kaWagner. Kodwa, ngokusekelwe emicabangweni yakhe eqagelayo, ngezinye izikhathi wayegcizelela ohlangothini olulodwa izici zokumemezela ukuze alimaze izingoma, wabeka phansi ukuthuthukiswa komgomo wezwi ekuthuthukisweni kwe-symphonic.

Yiqiniso, amakhasi amaningi e-opera ka-Wagner agcwele umculo ogcwele igazi, ohlukahlukene, odlulisa izithunzi ezinhle kakhulu zokuzwakalisa. Ama-opera angeminyaka yawo-40s anothile ngomculo onjalo, phakathi kwawo i-Flying Dutchman igqama ngenqolobane yayo yomculo wezingoma zesintu, kanye ne-Lohengrin ngobumnandi bayo nokufudumala kwenhliziyo. Kodwa emisebenzini elandelayo, ikakhulukazi ku-"Valkyrie" ne "Meistersinger", ingxenye yezwi inikezwe okuqukethwe okuhle, ithola indima ehamba phambili. Umuntu angakhumbula “ingoma yasentwasahlobo” kaSigmund, i-monologue ephathelene nenkemba uNotung, iculo lothando, inkhulumomphendvulwano phakathi kukaBrunnhilde noSigmund, ukuvalelisa kukaWotan; kuma-“Meistersingers” – amaculo kaWalter, amaculo ka-Sax, izingoma zakhe ngo-Eva kanye nengelosi yomthungi wezicathulo, i-quintet, amakhwaya esintu; ngaphezu kwalokho, izingoma zokuqamba inkemba (ku-opera ethi Siegfried); indaba ka-Siegfried ekuzingeleni, i-monologue ka-Brunhilde eshonayo (“The Death of the Gods”), njll. Kodwa akhona futhi amakhasi omphumela lapho ingxenye yezwi ithola indawo yokugcina impahla eyihaba, noma, ngokuphambene, yehliswa. endimeni ye-appendage yokuzikhethela engxenyeni ye-orchestra. Ukwephulwa okunjalo kwebhalansi yobuciko phakathi kwezimiso zezwi nezinsimbi kuyisici sokungahambisani kwangaphakathi kwedrama yomculo ka-Wagnerian.

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Izimpumelelo zika-Wagner njengomdlali wama-symphonist, owaqinisekisa ngokungaguquki izimiso zokuhlela emsebenzini wakhe, azinakuphikiswa. Ama-overtures akhe kanye nezingeniso ze-orchestra (U-Wagner udale ama-operatic overtures amane (kuma-opera i-Rienzi, i-Flying Dutchman, i-Tannhäuser, i-Die Meistersingers) kanye nezethulo ezintathu ze-orchestra eziqedwe ngobuciko (Lohengrin, Tristan, Parsifal)., izikhawu ze-symphonic kanye nemidwebo eminingi yezithombe enikeziwe, ngokusho kukaRimsky-Korsakov, "izinto ezicebile kakhulu zomculo obonakalayo, futhi lapho ukuthungwa kukaWagner kwabonakala kulungele isikhashana esithile, lapho kwavela khona ukuthi wayemkhulu futhi enamandla ngempela nge-plasticity. wezithombe zakhe, sibonga ezingenakuqhathaniswa , izinsimbi zayo ezihlakaniphile kanye nenkulumo. U-Tchaikovsky wawuhlonipha ngokulinganayo umculo we-symphonic ka-Wagner, ephawula kuwo "insimbi yomculo enhle ngendlela engakaze ibonwe", "ukunotha okumangalisayo kwendwangu ye-harmonic ne-polyphonic". V. Stasov, njengoTchaikovsky noma uRimsky-Korsakov, owalahla umsebenzi kaWagner wokudlala ngezinto eziningi, wabhala ukuthi i-orchestra yakhe “intsha, inothile, ivamise ukucwazimula ngombala, izinkondlo kanye nokukhanga kwabanamandla, kodwa futhi ithambile kakhulu. kanye nemibala ekhangayo…” .

Kakade emisebenzini yokuqala yama-40s, u-Wagner wazuza ukukhalipha, ukugcwala nokunotha komsindo we-orchestra; yethula ukwakheka okuphindwe kathathu (ku-"Ring of the Nibelung" - i-quadruple); wasebenzisa ububanzi bezintambo kabanzi, ikakhulukazi ngezindleko zerejista ephezulu (indlela yakhe ayintandokazi ukuhlelwa okuphezulu kwamachords of string divisi); inikeze inhloso yomculo ezinsimbini zethusi (okufana nokuvumelana okunamandla kwamacilongo amathathu namatrombone amathathu ekuphindaphindeni kwe-Tannhäuser overture, noma ama-unison ethusi kungemuva elivumelanayo elinyakazayo lezintambo kokuthi Ride of the Valkyries and Incantations of Fire, njll.) . Ukuxuba umsindo wamaqembu amathathu amakhulu e-orchestra (izintambo, izinkuni, ithusi), u-Wagner wazuza ukuguquguquka, ukuhlukahluka kwepulasitiki kwendwangu ye-symphonic. Ikhono eliphezulu lokwephula umthetho lamsiza kulokhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-orchestra yakhe ayigcini nje ngokumibalabala, kodwa futhi iyisici, isabela ngokuzwela ekuthuthukiseni imizwa nezimo ezimangalisayo.

U-Wagner futhi ungumsunguli emkhakheni wokuzwana. Ekufuneni imiphumela enamandla kakhulu evezwayo, wandise ukushuba kwenkulumo yomculo, wayigcwalisa ngama-chromatisms, ukuguqulwa, ama-chord complexes ayinkimbinkimbi, edala ukuthungwa kwe-polyphonic "ye-multilayered", esebenzisa ukuguquguquka okunesibindi, okungavamile. Lokhu kusesha kwesinye isikhathi kudale ukushuba okwedlulele kwesitayela, kodwa akukaze kuzuze uhlamvu lwesivivinyo esingalungisiwe.

UWagner wakuphikisa ngokuqinile ukufuna “izinhlanganisela zomculo ngenjongo yabo, kuphela ngenxa yokudabuka kwazo okungokwemvelo.” Ekhuluma nabaqambi abancane, wabanxusa “ukuba bangalokothi baguqule umculo we-orchestra ube isiphetho ngokwawo.” UWagner wayengumphikisi wesibindi esingenasisekelo, walwela ukuvezwa kweqiniso kwemizwa nemicabango yomuntu ejulile, futhi kulokhu wagcina ukuxhumana namasiko athuthukayo omculo wamaJalimane, eba omunye wabameleli bawo abavelele kakhulu. Kodwa kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe okude nokuyinkimbinkimbi kwezobuciko, ngezinye izikhathi wayethatheka imibono engamanga, ephambukile endleleni efanele.

Ngaphandle kokuthethelela u-Wagner ngokukhohlisa kwakhe, ukuqaphela ukuphikisana okuphawulekayo emibonweni yakhe kanye nokudala, ukwenqaba izici zokusabela kuzo, sibonga kakhulu umculi waseJalimane okhaliphile, owavikela imibono yakhe ngokuyisisekelo nangokuqiniseka, enothisa isiko lomhlaba ngendalo emangalisayo yomculo.

M. Druskin

• Impilo nomsebenzi kaWagner →

Uma sifuna ukwenza uhlu lwabalingiswa, izigcawu, izingubo zokugqoka, izinto ezigcwele kuma-opera ka-Wagner, umhlaba wenganekwane uzovela phambi kwethu. Dragons, dwarfs, giants, onkulunkulu namademigods, imikhonto, izigqoko, izinkemba, amacilongo, amasongo, izimpondo, amahabhu, amabhanela, izivunguvungu, uthingo, amadada, amajuba, amachibi, imifula, izintaba, imililo, izilwandle nemikhumbi phezu kwazo, izimangaliso nokunyamalala, izitsha ezinoshevu neziphuzo zemilingo, izinto zokufihla ubuso, amahhashi andizayo, izinqaba ezithakathiwe, izinqaba, ukulwa, iziqongo ezingenakunqotshwa, ukuphakama okuphezulu kwesibhakabhaka, kwalasha ngaphansi kwamanzi nasemhlabeni, izingadi eziqhakazayo, izangoma, amaqhawe asemasha, izidalwa ezimbi ezinyanyekayo, izintombi naphakade. ubuhle abasha , abapristi namaqhawe, izithandwa ezishisekayo, ohlakaniphileyo abanobuqili, ababusi abanamandla nababusi abahlushwa iziphonso ezimbi ... Awukwazi ukusho ukuthi umlingo ubusa yonke indawo, ubuthakathi, futhi isizinda esiqhubekayo sayo yonke into umzabalazo phakathi kokuhle nokubi, isono nensindiso. , ubumnyama nokukhanya. Ukuchaza konke lokhu, umculo kumele ube muhle kakhulu, ugqoke izingubo zikanokusho, ugcwele imininingwane emincane, njengenoveli enkulu engokoqobo, egqugquzelwe yinganekwane, ephakela i-adventure ne-chivalric romances lapho kungenzeka noma yini. Ngisho nalapho u-Wagner ekhuluma ngezenzakalo ezijwayelekile, ezihambisana nabantu abavamile, uhlale ezama ukubalekela impilo yansuku zonke: ukukhombisa uthando, izintelezi zalo, ukudelela izingozi, inkululeko yomuntu siqu engenamkhawulo. Zonke izigigaba zivela ngokuzenzakalelayo kuye, futhi umculo uphenduka ube wemvelo, ugeleza njengokungathi azikho izithiyo endleleni yawo: kukhona amandla kuwo ahlanganisa ngokungenangqondo konke ukuphila okungenzeka futhi aphendule isimangaliso. Isuka kalula futhi ngokusobala ngokunganaki isuka ekulingiseni umculo ohamba ngezinyawo ngaphambi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX iye emisha emangalisa kakhulu, iye emculweni wakusasa.

Yingakho u-Wagner ngokushesha athola inkazimulo yomguquli emphakathini othanda izinguquko ezikahle. Ngempela wayebonakala ewuhlobo lomuntu owayekwazi ukusebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlola ngaphandle kokuphusha ngisho nangokwesiko. Eqinisweni, wenza okwengeziwe, kodwa lokhu kwacaca kamuva. Kodwa-ke, uWagner akazange ahwebe ngekhono lakhe, nakuba ayekuthanda ngempela ukugqama (ngaphandle kokuba ingcweti yomculo, wayebuye abe nobuciko bomqhubi kanye nethalenta elikhulu njengembongi nomlobi wephrozi). Ubuciko bebulokhu buyinto yakhe yomzabalazo wokuziphatha, lowo esiwuchaze njengomzabalazo phakathi kokuhle nokubi. Nguye owavimbela yonke intshiseko yenkululeko ejabulisayo, eqinisa yonke inala, zonke izifiso zangaphandle: isidingo esicindezelayo sokuzithethelela sathatha indawo yokuqala ngaphezu komfutho wemvelo womqambi futhi wanika izakhiwo zakhe zezinkondlo nezomculo isandiso esivivinya ngonya ukubekezela kwabalaleli abagijimela esiphethweni. UWagner, ngakolunye uhlangothi, akajahile; akafuni ukungawulungeli umzuzu wokwahlulela kokugcina futhi ucela umphakathi ukuba ungamshiyi yedwa ekufuneni kwakhe iqiniso. Ngeke kushiwo ukuthi ngokwenza lokho uziphatha njengomuntu ohloniphekile: ngemuva kokuziphatha kwakhe okuhle njengomculi ocolile kulele i-despot engasivumeli ukuba sijabulele ngokuthula okungenani ihora lomculo nokusebenza: ufuna ukuthi, ngaphandle kokucwayiza. iso, abe khona ekuvumeni kwakhe izono kanye nemiphumela evela kulezi zivumo. Manje abaningi abengeziwe, kuhlanganise nalabo abaphakathi kochwepheshe bemidlalo ewuchungechunge kaWagner, baphikisa ngokuthi inkundla enjalo yaseshashalazini ayisebenzi, ukuthi ayikusebenzisi ngokugcwele okukutholile, futhi umcabango okhaliphile womqambi umosheka ngobude obudabukisayo, obucasulayo. Mhlawumbe kunjalo; oya ethiyetha ngesizathu esisodwa, ubani ngesinye; Okwamanje, ekuculweni komculo awekho ama-canon (njengoba, ngempela, awekho kunoma yimuphi ubuciko), okungenani ama-priori canons, ngoba isikhathi ngasinye azalwa kabusha ngethalente lomdwebi, isiko lakhe, inhliziyo yakhe. Noma ubani othi, elalele u-Wagner, enesithukuthezi ngenxa yobude nobuningi bemininingwane esenzweni noma ezincazelweni, unelungelo lokudinwa, kodwa akakwazi ukugomela ngokuqiniseka okufanayo ukuthi ithiyetha yangempela kufanele ihluke ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingoma zomculo kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX kuze kube namuhla zigcwele ubude obubi kakhulu.

Yiqiniso, enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseWagnerian kukhona okuthile okukhethekile, okungabalulekile ngisho nangenkathi yayo. Yakheka ngesikhathi sokudlondlobala kwe-melodrama, lapho impumelelo yezwi, yomculo neyesiteji yalolu hlobo ihlanganiswa, u-Wagner uphinde wahlongoza umqondo wedrama yomhlaba wonke enobukhulu obuphelele bento eyinganekwane, yenganekwane, eyayifana nokubuyela emuva. ithiyetha ye-Baroque yasenganekwaneni neyokuhlobisa, kulokhu inothiswe nge-orchestra enamandla nengxenye yezwi ngaphandle kokuhlotshiswa, kodwa iqondiswe endaweni efanayo neyeshashalazi yekhulu lesi-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Ulimi nokuxhashazwa kwabalingisi bale midlalo yaseshashalazini, umoya omuhle obazungezile kanye nezicukuthwane ezinhle ezitholakala kumuntu ka-Wagner umlandeli okholekile, okhulumayo, okhaliphile. Kokubili iphimbo lokushumayela kanye nezici zemicikilisho yama-opera akhe asukela endaweni yeshashalazi ye-baroque, lapho izintshumayelo ze-oratorio kanye nezakhiwo ezibanzi ezibonisa ubuhle zabekela inselele ukuqagela komphakathi. Kulula ukuhlotshaniswa nale threndi yokugcina izindikimba zenkathi ephakathi yobuqhawe-ubuKristu, umculi wayo omkhulu ngokungangabazeki enkundleni yomculo okwakungu-Wagner. Lapha nakwamanye amaphuzu amaningi esesiwavezile, ngokwemvelo wayenabanduleli enkathini yothando. Kodwa uWagner wathululela igazi elisha kumamodeli amadala, wawagcwalisa ngamandla futhi ngasikhathi sinye nokudabuka, okungakaze kubonwe kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ngaphandle kokulindelekile okubuthakathaka ngokungenakuqhathaniswa: wethula ukoma nokuhlupheka kwenkululeko okwatholakala eYurophu ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, kuhlangene nokungabaza mayelana. ukufinyeleleka kwayo. Ngalo mqondo, izinganekwane ze-Wagnerian ziba izindaba ezifanele kithi. Bahlanganisa ukwesaba nokuqhuma kokuphana, ukujabula nobumnyama besizungu, nokuqhuma kwe-sonic - ukuncishiswa kwamandla omsindo, ngomculo obushelelezi - umbono wokubuyela kokujwayelekile. Umuntu wanamuhla uyaziqaphela kuma-opera kaWagner, kwanele ukuba azizwe, angawaboni, uthola isithombe sezifiso zakhe, inkanuko yakhe nentshiseko, ukufuna kwakhe okuthile okusha, ukomela ukuphila, umsebenzi oshisa izikhotha kanye nomkhuhlane. , ngokuphambene, ukwazi ukungabi namandla okucindezela noma yisiphi isenzo somuntu. Futhi ngenjabulo yobuhlanya, imunca “ipharadesi lokwenziwa” elidalwa yilezi zingosi ezikhazimulayo, lezi zingosi, ezinephunga elimnandi njengezimbali zaphakade.

G. Marchesi (ihunyushwe ngu-E. Greceanii)