Arrigo Boito (Arrigo Boito) |

I-Arrigo Boito

U-Boito waziwa ngokuyinhloko njengombhali okhululayo - umbhali ohlanganyele wama-opera akamuva ka-Verdi, futhi okwesibili kuphela njengomqambi. Engabanga umlandeli ka-Verdi noma umlingisi kaWagner, owaziswa kakhulu nguye, uBoito akazange ajoyine i-verismo eyayivela e-Italy ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nentshisekelo yayo empilweni yansuku zonke kanye nesimo esincane. Naphezu kobude bendlela yakhe yokudala, akazange nje ahlale emlandweni womculo njengombhali we-opera kuphela, kodwa ngempela, kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, akazange aqedele okwesibili.

U-Arrigo Boito wazalwa ngo-February 24, 1842 ePadua, emndenini we-miniaturist, kodwa wakhuliswa unina, u-countess wasePoland, owayeshiye umyeni wakhe ngaleso sikhathi. Enesithakazelo sokuqala emculweni, wangena eMilan Conservatory eneminyaka eyishumi nanye, lapho afunda khona iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili ekilasini lokuqamba lika-Alberto Mazukato. Kakade kule minyaka, ithalenta lakhe eliphindwe kabili lazibonakalisa: ku-cantata nezimfihlakalo ezibhalwe nguBoito, ezibhalwe ku-conservatory, wayephethe umbhalo nengxenye yomculo. Waba nesithakazelo emculweni waseJalimane, ongajwayelekile kakhulu e-Italy: okokuqala uBeethoven, kamuva uWagner, waba umvikeli wakhe kanye nomsakazi wenkulumo-ze. U-Boito uphothule e-Conservatory ngendondo kanye nomklomelo wemali, awuchitha ohambweni. Wavakashela eFrance, eJalimane kanye nezwe likanina lasePoland. E-Paris, umhlangano wokuqala, osadlula ngokushesha, no-Verdi wenzeka: U-Boito waba umbhali wombhalo weculo lakhe lesizwe, elakhelwe umbukiso eLondon. Ebuyela eMilan ekupheleni kuka-1862, uBoito wangena emsebenzini wokubhala. Engxenyeni yokuqala yawo-1860, izinkondlo zakhe, izihloko zomculo nethiyetha, kanye namanoveli akamuva ashicilelwe. Usondelana nababhali abasebasha abazibiza ngo “Disheveled”. Umsebenzi wabo ugcwele imizwa edabukisayo, imizwa yokwephuka, ukungabi nalutho, imibono yokubhujiswa, ukunqoba unya nobubi, okwase kubonakala kuwo womabili ama-opera kaBoito. Lo mbono wezwe awuzange umvimbe ngo-1866 ukuthi ajoyine umkhankaso kaGaribaldi, owalwela inkululeko nokuhlanganiswa kwe-Italy, nakuba engazange ahlanganyele ezimpini.

Ingqopha-mlando ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni ka-Boito yi-1868, lapho i-premiere ye-opera yakhe ethi Mephistopheles yenzeka enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseLa Scala eMilan. U-Boito usebenze ngesikhathi esisodwa njengomqambi, umdidiyeli wenkululeko kanye nombhidisi - futhi wehluleka kanzima. Edunyazwe yilokho okwenzekile, wazinikela ekukhululeni inkululeko: wabhala incwadi ekhululekile ye-Gioconda ye-Ponchielli, eyaba i-opera engcono kakhulu yomqambi, eyahunyushwa kuyi-Armida kaGluck yesiNtaliyane, i-Weber ethi The Free Gunner, uRuslan kaGlinka noLyudmila. Wenza umzamo omkhulu ikakhulukazi kuWagner: uhumusha uRienzi noTristan und Isolde, izingoma emazwini kaMatilda Wesendonck, futhi mayelana ne-premiere kaLohengrin eBologna (1871) ubhala incwadi evulekile eya kumguquleli waseJalimane. Kodwa-ke, uthando luka-Wagner kanye nokwenqatshwa kwe-opera yesimanje yase-Italy njengendabuko kanye nenjwayelo esikhundleni sokuqonda incazelo yeqiniso ye-Verdi, okuphenduka ukubambisana kokudala nobungane obahlala kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila kwe-maestro edumile (1901) ). Lokhu kugqugquzelwe umshicileli odumile waseMilanese u-Ricordi, owethule u-Verdi Boito njengomkhululi wenkululeko ohamba phambili. Ngokusikisela kukaRicordi, ekuqaleni kuka-1870, uBoito wagcwalisa i-freetto kaNero yeVerdi. Ematasa no-Aida, umqambi wenqaba, futhi kusukela ngo-1879 uBoito ngokwakhe waqala ukusebenza kuNero, kodwa akazange ayeke ukusebenza noVerdi: ekuqaleni kwawo-1880 waphinda wakhulula i-libretto kaSimon Boccanegra, wabe esedala ama-libretto amabili asekelwe kuShakespeare - Iago " , lapho u-Verdi abhala khona i-opera yakhe ehamba phambili ethi Othello, no-Falstaff. KwakunguVerdi owakhuthaza uBoito ngoMeyi 1891 ukuthi aphinde athathe uNero, owawuhlehliswe isikhathi eside. Eminyakeni engu-10 kamuva, uBoito washicilela i-libretto yakhe, okwakuyisenzakalo esibalulekile empilweni yezincwadi zase-Italy. Ngawo lowo 1901, uBoito wazuza impumelelo yokunqoba njengomqambi: ukukhiqizwa okusha kweMephistopheles noChaliapin endimeni yesihloko, eyenziwa nguToscanini, kwenzeka eLa Scala, okwathi ngemva kwalokho i-opera yahamba emhlabeni wonke. Umqambi wasebenza "Nero" kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, ngo-1912 wathatha Act V, wanikeza indima eyinhloko Caruso, owacula Faust in the last Milan premiere of "Mephistopheles", kodwa akazange ayiqede opera.

UBoito washona ngoJuni 10, 1918 eMilan.

A. Koenigsberg