Nikolay Vitalyevich Lysenko (Mykola Lysenko) |
Mykola Lysenko
U-N. Lysenko wanikela umsebenzi wakhe oguquguqukayo (umqambi, i-folklorist, umculi, umqhubi, isibalo somphakathi) ekukhonzeni isiko lesizwe, wayengumsunguli wesikole somqambi wase-Ukraine. Impilo yabantu base-Ukraine, ubuciko babo bokuqala kwakuyinhlabathi eyakhulisa ithalente likaLysenko. Ubuntwana bakhe wadlula esifundeni Poltava. Umdlalo wama-wandering ensembles, i-orchestra ye-regimental, ubusuku bomculo wasekhaya, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke - izingoma zesintu, imidanso, imidlalo yamasiko lapho umfana ahlanganyele khona ngentshiseko enkulu - "konke lokho okucebile akubanga yize," kubhala uLysenko encwadini yakhe. i-autobiography, ” njengokungathi ithonsi ngethonsi lokuphulukisa namanzi aphilayo awela emphefumulweni osemusha. Isikhathi somsebenzi sesifikile, kusasele ukuhumusha leyo mininingwane ibe ngamanothi, futhi yayingaseyona eyomunye umuntu, kusukela ebuntwaneni yayibonwa ngumphefumulo, iqondiswa yinhliziyo.
Ngo-1859, u-Lysenko wangena e-Faculty of Natural Sciences yaseKharkov, ngaleso sikhathi e-Kyiv University, lapho esondelana khona nabafundi be-radical, wagxila emsebenzini womculo nowokufundisa. Ipheshana lakhe le-opera elihlekisayo elithi "Andriashiada" labangela ukukhala komphakathi eKyiv. Ngo-1867-69. ULysenko wafunda eLeipzig Conservatory, futhi njengoba nje uGlinka osemncane, ngenkathi ese-Italy, wazibona njengomqambi waseRussia ngokugcwele, uLysenko eLeipzig ekugcineni waqinisa inhloso yakhe yokunikela impilo yakhe ekukhonzeni umculo wase-Ukraine. Uqedela futhi ashicilele amaqoqo angu-2 ezingoma zomdabu zase-Ukraine futhi uqala ukusebenza ngomjikelezo omkhulu (izingoma ezingama-83) "Umculo we-Kobzar" ka-TG Shevchenko. Ngokuvamile, izincwadi zase-Ukraine, ubungane noM. Kotsyubinsky, L. Ukrainka, I. Franko babeyithonya elinamandla lobuciko kuLysenko. Kungenxa yezinkondlo zase-Ukraine lapho ingqikithi yokubhikisha komphakathi ingena emsebenzini wakhe, eyanquma okuqukethwe kwemibono yemisebenzi yakhe eminingi, iqala ngekwaya ethi "Zapovit" (esiteshini saseShevchenko) futhi iphetha ngeculo leculo elithi "The Eternal Revolution" (esiteshini sikaFranko), esaqala ukwenziwa ngo-1905, kanye ne-opera ethi "Aeneid" (ngokusho kuka-I. Kotlyarevsky - 1910) - ukubhuqa okubi kakhulu ku-autocracy.
Ngo-1874-76. ULysenko wafunda eSt. Petersburg no-N. Rimsky-Korsakov, wahlangana namalungu e-Mighty Handful, V. Stasov, wanikela isikhathi esiningi nomzamo wokusebenza eMnyangweni Womculo we-Salt Town (indawo yemibukiso yezimboni, amakhonsathi. zazibanjelwe lapho), lapho ahola khona ikhwaya yabafundi mahhala. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabaqambi baseRussia, abafana noLysenko, kwabonakala kuthela kakhulu. Kuvumele ezingeni elisha, eliphezulu lochwepheshe ukwenza ukuhlangana okuphilayo kwamaphethini esitayela kazwelonke kanye ne-pan-European. "Angisoze ngenqaba ukutadisha umculo kumasampula amakhulu obuciko baseRussia," uLysenko wabhalela u-I. Franko ngo-1885. Umqambi wenza umsebenzi omkhulu wokuqoqa, ukutadisha nokukhuthaza inganekwane yase-Ukraine, ebona kuwo umthombo ongapheli wogqozi futhi ikhono. Wakha izinhlelo eziningi zomculo wesintu (ngaphezu kuka-600), wabhala izincwadi eziningana zesayensi, phakathi kwazo okubaluleke kakhulu indaba ethi "Izici zezici zomculo zemicabango emincane yaseRussia nezingoma ezenziwa nguKobzar Veresai" (1873). Nokho, uLysenko njalo wayemelene ethnography ewumngcingo kanye "Little Russian". Wayenesithakazelo esifanayo ezinganekwaneni zezinye izizwe. Waqopha, wacubungula, akaculanga kuphela isi-Ukrainian, kodwa futhi izingoma zesiPolish, isiSerbia, isiMoravian, isiCzech, isiRashiya, futhi ikhwaya eyayiholwa nguye yayinomculo okhokhelwayo wabaqambi baseYurophu nabaseRussia kusukela ePalestrina kuya kuM. Mussorgsky noC. I-Saint-Saens. ULysenko wayengutolika wokuqala emculweni wase-Ukraine wezinkondlo zika-H. Heine, A. Mickiewicz.
Umsebenzi kaLysenko ubuswa izinhlobo zamazwi: i-opera, izingoma zamakwaya, izingoma, ezothando, nakuba futhi engumbhali we-symphony, imisebenzi eminingi yekamelo kanye nopiyano. Kodwa kwakusemculweni wezwi lapho ubunikazi bezwe kanye nobunikazi bombhali bembulwa ngokucacile kakhulu, futhi ama-opera kaLysenko (akhona angu-10, ngaphandle kokubalwa abasha) kwaphawula ukuzalwa kwemidlalo yaseshashalazini yomculo yase-Ukraine. I-opera ye-lyrical yamahlaya i-Natalka-Poltavka (esekelwe emdlalweni wegama elifanayo ngu-I. Kotlyarevsky - 1889) kanye nedrama yomculo wesintu i-Taras Bulba (esekelwe kunoveli ka-N. Gogol - 1890) yaba yiziqongo zobuciko bokudlala. Naphezu kokusekelwa okusebenzayo kwabaculi baseRussia, ikakhulukazi uP. Tchaikovsky, le opera ayizange ihlelwe ngesikhathi sokuphila komqambi, futhi izethameli zajwayelana nayo kuphela ngo-1924. Umsebenzi kaLysenko wezenhlalo unezici eziningi. Waba ngowokuqala ukuhlela amakhwaya ayizimfundamakhwela e-Ukraine, waya emadolobheni nasemadolobhaneni ngamakhonsathi. Ngokuhlanganyela okusebenzayo kukaLysenko ngo-1904, kwavulwa isikole somculo nedrama e-Kyiv (kusukela ngo-1918, i-Music and Drama Institute ebizwa ngegama lakhe), lapho kwafundiswa khona umqambi omdala wase-Ukraine uL. Revutsky. Ngo-1905, uLysenko wahlela i-Bayan Society, eminyakeni emi-2 kamuva - iKlabhu yase-Ukraine enezinsuku zomculo.
Kwakudingeka ukuvikela ilungelo lobuciko bezobuchwepheshe base-Ukraine kubunikazi bezwe ezimweni ezinzima, ngokuphambene nenqubomgomo ye-chauvinistic kahulumeni we-tsarist, okuhloswe ngayo ukubandlulula amasiko esizwe. Incwadi ka-1863 yathi: “Alukho ulimi olukhethekile lwesiRashiya olukhethekile, alukho futhi ngeke lube khona.” Igama likaLysenko lashushiswa emaphephandabeni aphikisayo, kodwa lapho ukuhlasela kuba matasa kakhulu, yilapho ukusekelwa komqambi kwakuthola khona ukusekelwa okwengeziwe okuvela eRussia. umphakathi womculo. Umsebenzi wokuzidela kaLysenko waziswa kakhulu abantu bakubo. Iminyaka engama-25 kanye nengama-35 yemisebenzi yokudala nenhlalo ka-Lysenko isiphenduke umgubho omkhulu wamasiko kazwelonke. “Abantu baqonda ubukhulu bomsebenzi wakhe” (M. Gorky).
O. Averyanova
