UJean-Baptiste Lully |

UJean-Baptiste Lully

Lully Jean-Baptiste. Minuet

Bambalwa abebengabaculi abangama-French bangempela njengale Ntaliyane, uyena yedwa e-France ogcine ukuduma ikhulu lonke. R. Rollan

U-JB Lully ungomunye wabaqambi be-opera abakhulu kakhulu bekhulu lesi-XNUMX futhi ungumsunguli weshashalazi yomculo yaseFrance. U-Lully wangena emlandweni we-opera kazwelonke njengomqambi wohlobo olusha - inhlekelele ye-lyrical (njengoba i-opera enkulu yasenganekwaneni yayibizwa kanjalo eFrance), futhi njengomuntu ovelele waseshashalazini - kwakungaphansi kobuholi bakhe lapho iRoyal Academy of Music yaba khona. indlu yokuqala neyinhloko ye-opera eFrance, kamuva eyazuza udumo emhlabeni wonke ebizwa ngokuthi i-Grand Opera.

U-Lully wazalelwa emndenini ka-miller. Amakhono omculo kanye nesimo sengqondo sokulingisa sentsha kudonse ukunaka koMbusi waseGuise, okwathi, ca. Ngo-1646 wathatha uLully waya eParis, wamabela enkonzweni yeNkosazana Montpensier (udadewabo weNkosi uLouis XIV). Engayitholanga imfundo yomculo ezweni lakubo, lapho eneminyaka engu-14 ubudala kuphela ukucula futhi ukudlala isiginci, uLully wafundela ukuqamba nokucula eParis, wathatha izifundo zokudlala ihabhu futhi, ikakhulukazi, ivayolini ayintandokazi. Insizwa yaseNtaliyane, eyazuza umusa kaLouis XIV, yenza umsebenzi omuhle enkantolo yayo. I-virtuoso enekhono, abantu ababephila ngaleso sikhathi bathi - "ukudla i-violin njengoBaptiste", ngokushesha wangena ku-orchestra edumile ethi "24 Violins of the King", cishe. Ngo-1656 wahlela futhi wahola i-orchestra yakhe encane ethi "16 Violin of the King". Ngo-1653, uLully wathola isikhundla "somqambi wenkantolo womculo wezinsimbi", kusukela ngo-1662 wayesevele engunsumpa womculo wasenkantolo, futhi eminyakeni eyi-10 kamuva - umnikazi welungelo lobunikazi belungelo lokuthola iRoyal Academy of Music eParis " ngokusebenzisa leli lungelo ukuphila kwakho konke nokulidlulisela kunoma iyiphi indodana eyongena esikhundleni sayo njengomphathi womculo wenkosi.” Ngo-1681, uLouis XIV wahlonipha intandokazi yakhe ngezincwadi zezikhulu kanye nesihloko sokuba umeluleki-unobhala wasebukhosini. Ngemva kokufa eParis, uLully kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe wagcina isikhundla sokuba umbusi ophelele wokuphila komculo wenhloko-dolobha yaseFrance.

Umsebenzi kaLully wathuthukiswa ikakhulukazi kulezo zinhlobo nezindlela ezathuthukiswa futhi zatshalwa enkantolo “yeNkosi iLanga”. Ngaphambi kokuphendukela ku-opera, uLully emashumini eminyaka okuqala enkonzo yakhe (1650-60) waqamba umculo wezinsimbi (ama-suites nezinhlobonhlobo zezinsimbi zomculo wezintambo, izingcezu ngazinye kanye nemashi yezinsimbi eziphefumulayo, njll.), izingoma ezingcwele, umculo we-ballet (“ I-Cupid egulayo", "i-Alsidiana", "i-Ballet of Mocking", njll.). Njengoba ehlala ebamba iqhaza kuma-ballet asenkantolo njengombhali womculo, umqondisi, umlingisi nomdansi, uLully wazi kahle amasiko omdanso wesiFulentshi, isigqi nephimbo kanye nezici zasesiteji. Ukusebenzisana no-JB Molière kusize umqambi ukuthi angene emhlabeni wemidlalo yaseshashalazini yesiFulentshi, ezwe ukuthi ungubani kazwelonke wenkulumo yasesiteji, ukulingisa, ukuqondisa, njll. U-Lully ubhala umculo wemidlalo kaMolière (Umshado ngokuzenzakalelayo, iNkosazana ka-Elis, iSicilian) , “ Love the Healer, njll.), udlala indima kaPursonjak emdlalweni wamahlaya othi "Monsieur de Pursonjac" kanye no-Mufti ku-"The tradesman in the nobility". Isikhathi eside wahlala ephikisana ne-opera, ekholelwa ukuthi ulimi lwesiFulentshi lwalungafaneleki kulolu hlobo, uLully ekuqaleni kwawo-1670. washintsha imibono yakhe kungazelelwe. Esikhathini 1672-86. wenza izinhlekelele ze-lyric ezingu-13 eRoyal Academy of Music (kuhlanganise noCadmus noHermione, u-Alceste, uTheseus, u-Atys, u-Armida, u-Acis no-Galatea). Yile misebenzi eyabeka izisekelo zeshashalazi yomculo yaseFrance futhi yanquma uhlobo lwe-opera kazwelonke eyayibusa iFrance amashumi eminyaka ambalwa. “ULully wakha i-opera kazwelonke yesiFulentshi, lapho kokubili umbhalo nomculo kuhlanganiswa khona nezindlela zezwe zokukhuluma nokuthandayo, futhi okubonisa kokubili ukushiyeka kanye nobuhle bobuciko baseFrance,” kubhala umcwaningi ongumJalimane uG. Kretschmer.

Isitayela sika-Lully senhlekelele ye-lyrical sakhiwe ngokusondelene namasiko emidlalo yaseshashalazini yesiFulentshi yenkathi ye-Classical. Uhlobo lokuqanjwa okukhulu kwezenzo ezinhlanu ezinesandulela, indlela yokuphindaphinda kanye nomdlalo wasesiteji, imithombo yesakhiwo (inganekwane yamaGreki yasendulo, umlando weRoma Lasendulo), imibono nezinkinga zokuziphatha (ukungqubuzana kwemizwa nokucabanga, uthando nomsebenzi ) sondeza ama-opera ka-Lully ezinhlekeleleni zika-P. Corneille no-J. Racine. Akubalulekile kangako ukuhlotshaniswa kwenhlekelele yengoma namasiko e-ballet kazwelonke - ukuhlukahluka okukhulu (izinombolo zomdanso ezifakiwe ezingahlobene nesakhiwo), udwendwe olunesizotha, udwendwe, imikhosi, imidwebo yemilingo, izigcawu zokwelusa zathuthukisa izimfanelo zokuhlobisa nezimangalisayo ukusebenza kwe-opera. Isiko lokwethula i-ballet elavela ngesikhathi sikaLully labonakala lizinzile kakhulu futhi laqhubeka ku-opera yesiFulentshi amakhulu eminyaka ambalwa. Ithonya likaLully libonakale kumculo we-orchestra ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX. (G. Muffat, I. Fuchs, G. Telemann nabanye). Ihlanganiswe ngomoya wokuhluka kwe-ballet ka-Lully, ihlanganise imidanso yesiFulentshi nezingcezu zabalingiswa. Kusabalele ku-opera nomculo wezinsimbi wekhulu lesi-XNUMX. ithole uhlobo olukhethekile lokweqiwa, olwavela osizini lukaLully (olubizwa ngokuthi "isiFulentshi", oluhlanganisa isingeniso esinensayo, esinesizotha kanye nengxenye eyinhloko eshukumisayo).

Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XVIII. usizi olunezwi likaLully nabalandeli bakhe (M. Charpentier, A. Campra, A. Detouches), kanye nalo lonke uhlobo lwe-opera yasenkantolo, luba izingxoxo ezibukhali kakhulu, ama-parodies, inhlekisa ("impi ye-opera ama-buffons”, “impi yama-glucians nama-picchinist”) . Ubuciko, obavela ngesikhathi sokudlondlobala kwe-absolutism, babonwa abantu besikhathi sikaDiderot noRousseau njengobugugile, obungenampilo, obuqhoshayo futhi obugabisayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi kaLully, owadlala indima ethile ekwakhiweni kwesitayela esikhulu sobuqhawe ku-opera, udonse ukunaka kwabaqambi be-opera (JF Rameau, GF Handel, KV Gluck), abadonsela ku-monumentality, pathos, ukuhleleka okunengqondo, okuhlelekile kwawo wonke.

I. Okhalova