UWilold Lutosławski |

UWilold Lutosławski

U-Wiltold Lutosławski waphila impilo ende nejabulisayo yokudala; eminyakeni yakhe yobudala, wagcina izimfuno eziphakeme kakhulu kuye kanye nekhono lokuvuselela nokushintsha indlela yokubhala, ngaphandle kokuphinda lokho akuthola ngaphambili. Ngemva kokushona komqambi, umculo wakhe uyaqhubeka udlalwa futhi urekhodwa ngenkuthalo, oqinisekisa idumela lika-Lutosławski njengoyinhloko - ngayo yonke inhlonipho efanele ku-Karol Szymanowski kanye no-Krzysztof Penderecki - i-classic kazwelonke yasePoland ngemuva kwe-Chopin. Nakuba indawo kaLutosławski ahlala kuyo yahlala eWarsaw kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe, wayengaphezu kukaChopin isakhamuzi sasemhlabeni wonke.

Ngawo-1930, uLutosławski wafunda eWarsaw Conservatory, lapho uthisha wakhe wokubhala wayengumfundi we-NA Rimsky-Korsakov, uWitold Malishevsky (1873-1939). IMpi Yezwe Yesibili yaphazamisa umsebenzi ka-Lutosławski oyimpumelelo wokudlala upiyano nokuqamba. Phakathi neminyaka yokubusa kwamaNazi ePoland, umculi waphoqeleka ukuba anciphise imisebenzi yakhe yomphakathi ukudlala upiyano ezitolo zokudlela zaseWarsaw, ngezinye izikhathi ku-duet nomunye umqambi owaziwayo u-Andrzej Panufnik (1914-1991). Lolu hlobo lomculo luvela kulo msebenzi, oye waba ngomunye odume kakhulu hhayi kuphela efeni likaLutoslawsky, kodwa nasemhlabeni wonke wezincwadi zomculo wepiyano - Ukuhlukahluka Kwendikimba yePaganini (ingqikithi ngenxa yalokhu kuhlukahluka - kanye namanye ama-opus amaningi abaqambi abahlukahlukene "ngendikimba yePaganini" - kwakuyisiqalo se-caprice edumile yama-24 ye-Paganini ye-violin eyedwa). Emashumini amathathu eminyaka kamuva, uLutosławski waloba i- Variations for Piano and Orchestra, inguqulo eyaziwa kabanzi.

Ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, iMpumalanga Yurophu yaba ngaphansi kwesivikelo se-USSR ye-Stalinist, futhi kubaqambi abazithola bengemuva kwe-Iron Curtain, kwaqala isikhathi sokuzihlukanisa nemikhuba ehamba phambili yomculo womhlaba. Amaphuzu amakhulu kakhulu okubhekisela kuLutoslawsky nozakwabo kwakuyisiqondiso sezinganekwane emsebenzini kaBela Bartok kanye ne-neoclassicism yaseFrance yempi, abameleli abakhulu kunabo bonke kwakungu-Albert Roussel (uLutoslavsky wayehlale ekwazisa kakhulu lo mqambi) no-Igor Stravinsky wenkathi ephakathi kuka-Septet. ye-Winds kanye ne-Symphony ku-C enkulu. Ngisho nasezimweni zokuntula inkululeko, okubangelwa isidingo sokulalela izimfundiso zeqiniso lezenhlalo, umqambi ukwazile ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi emisha, yokuqala (I-Little Suite ye-orchestra yegumbi, ngo-1950; iSilesian Triptych ye-soprano ne-orchestra kumagama abantu. , 1951; Bukoliki) wepiyano, 1952). Iziqongo zesitayela sakuqala sikaLutosławski i-First Symphony (1947) kanye neConcerto for Orchestra (1954). Uma i-symphony ijwayele kakhulu ku-neoclassicism kaRoussel noStravinsky (ngo-1948 yalahlwa ngokuthi "formalist", futhi ukusebenza kwayo kwavinjelwa ePoland iminyaka eminingana), khona-ke ukuxhumana nomculo wesintu kuvezwa ngokucacile ku-Concerto: ukusebenza ngamaphimbo esintu, okukhumbuza ngokucacile isitayela sika-Bartók kusetshenziswe ngobuciko lapha ekusetshenzisweni kwesiPolish. Womabili amaphuzu abonise izici ezathuthukiswa emsebenzini owengeziwe we-Lutoslawski: i-orchestration ye-virtuosic, inala yokuqhathanisa, ukuntuleka kwezakhiwo ezilinganayo nezijwayelekile (ubude obungalingani bemisho, isigqi esimangelengele), umgomo wokwakha ifomu elikhulu ngokuhambisana nemodeli yokulandisa ukuchayeka okungathathi hlangothi uma kuqhathaniswa, ukusonteka nokuphenduka okuthakazelisayo ekwambulweni kwesakhiwo, ukushuba okukhulayo kanye ne-denouement emangalisayo.

I-Thaw yamaphakathi nawo-1950 yanikeza ithuba abaqambi baseMpumalanga Yurophu ukuba bazame amasu esimanje aseNtshonalanga. U-Lutoslavsky, njengozakwabo abaningi, wathola ukuthakaseleka kwesikhashana nge-dodecaphony - isithelo sentshisekelo yakhe emibonweni Entsha yaseViennese kwaba Umculo Womngcwabo kaBartók we-orchestra yezintambo (1958). Okunesizotha, kodwa futhi kwangempela "Izingoma Ezinhlanu Ezinkondlweni zikaKazimera Illakovich" zezwi lowesifazane nopiyano (1957; ngemva konyaka, umbhali ubuyekeze lo mjikelezo wezwi lowesifazane nge-orchestra yasegumbini) yangesikhathi esifanayo. Umculo wezingoma uphawuleka ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi kwamathoni anethoni eyishumi nambili, umbala wawo onqunywa isilinganiso sezikhawu ezakha ukuma okubalulekile okuqondile. Amakhodi alolu hlobo, asetshenziswa hhayi kumongo we-dodecaphonic-serial, kodwa njengamayunithi esakhiwo azimele, ngalinye elinikezwe ikhwalithi yomsindo eyingqayizivele, azodlala indima ebalulekile kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakamuva womqambi.

Isiteji esisha ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kuka-Lutosławski saqala ekuqaleni kwawo-1950 kanye nawo-1960 ngeMidlalo YaseVenetian ye-orchestra yamagumbi (le opus encane enezingxenye ezine yagunyazwa yi-Venice Biennale yango-1961). Lapha uLutoslavsky waqala wahlola indlela entsha yokwakha ukuthungwa kwe-orchestra, lapho izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zezinsimbi zingavumelaniswa ngokugcwele. Umqhubi akahlanganyeli ekusebenzeni kwezinye izingxenye zomsebenzi - ubonisa kuphela isikhathi sokuqala kwesigaba, emva kwalokho umculi ngamunye udlala indima yakhe ngesigqi samahhala kuze kube uphawu olulandelayo lomqhubi. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zama-aleatorics ensemble, ezingathinti uhlobo lokuqanjwa ngokuphelele, ngezinye izikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi "i-aleatorics counterpoint" (ake ngikukhumbuze ukuthi i-aleatorics, kusukela ku-Latin alea - "dice, lot", ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukwakheka. izindlela lapho isimo noma ukuthungwa komsebenzi okwenziwe ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi okungalindelekile). Emaphuzwini amaningi ka-Lutosławski, aqala ngeMidlalo yase-Venetian, iziqephu ezenziwa ngesigqi esiqinile (i-battuta, okungukuthi, “ngaphansi kwenduku [yomqhubi]”) zishintshana ngeziqephu ze-alearic counterpoint (ad libitum – “ngentando”); ngesikhathi esifanayo, izingcezu ze-ad libitum zivame ukuhlotshaniswa ne-static kanye ne-inertia, okuholela ezithombeni zokuba ndikindiki, ukubhujiswa noma izinxushunxushu, kanye nezigaba ze-battuta - ngentuthuko eqhubekayo esebenzayo.

Nakuba, ngokombono ojwayelekile wokuqamba, imisebenzi kaLutoslawsky ihluke kakhulu (kumaphuzu alandelanayo ayefuna ukuxazulula izinkinga ezintsha), indawo evelele emsebenzini wakhe ovuthiwe yayithathwe uhlelo olunezingxenye ezimbili zokuqamba, olwaqala ukuvivinywa ku-String Quartet. (1964): ingxenye yokuqala eyizicucu, encane ngomthamo, inikeza isingeniso esiningiliziwe kwesesibili, esigcwele ukunyakaza okunenjongo, umvuthwandaba wawo ofinyelelwa ngaphambi nje kokuphela komsebenzi. Izingxenye ze-String Quartet, ngokuvumelana nomsebenzi wazo omangalisayo, zibizwa ngokuthi “I-Introductory Movement” (“Ingxenye Yesethulo”. – IsiNgisi) kanye “Ne-Main Movement” (“Ingxenye Eyinhloko”. – IsiNgisi). Ngezinga elikhulu, uhlelo olufanayo lusetshenziswa ku-Second Symphony (1967), lapho ukunyakaza kokuqala kunesihloko esithi "He'sitant" ("Ukungabaza" - French), kanti okwesibili - "Direct" ("straight" - French. ). I-"Book for Orchestra" (1968; le "ncwadi" iqukethe "izahluko" ezincane ezintathu ezihlukaniswe komunye nomunye ngama-interlude amafushane, kanye "nesahluko" sokugcina esikhulu, esinezigigaba), i-Cello Concerto isekelwe ezinguqulweni eziguquliwe noma eziyinkimbinkimbi uhlelo olufanayo. nge-orchestra (1970), i-Third Symphony (1983). Ku-opus egijima ende ka-Lutosławski (cishe imizuzu engama-40), i-Preludes ne-Fugue yezintambo ezicula yedwa eziyishumi nantathu (1972), umsebenzi wesigaba sesethulo wenziwa uchungechunge lwezandulela eziyisishiyagalombili zabalingiswa abahlukahlukene, kuyilapho umsebenzi womnyakazo omkhulu i-fugue eyembula ngamandla. Lolu hlelo olunezingxenye ezimbili, lwaluhlukahluka ngobuhlakani obungapheli, lwaba uhlobo lwe-matrix “kumadrama” kaLutosławski adlala indima enkulu eshintshashintshashintshashintshayo. Emisebenzini evuthiwe yomqambi, umuntu akakwazi ukuthola noma yiziphi izimpawu ezicacile ze "Polishness", nanoma yiziphi izinqamuleli ezibhekiswe ku-neo-romanticism noma ezinye "izitayela ze-neo"; akalokothi aphendukele ekukhulumeni ngesitayela, ingasaphathwa eyokucaphuna ngokuqondile umculo wabanye abantu. Ngomqondo othile, uLutosławski ungumuntu oyedwa. Mhlawumbe yilokhu okunquma isimo sakhe njengeyakudala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX kanye nezwe elinezimiso: wadala eyakhe, umhlaba wangempela, onobungane kumlaleli, kodwa oxhumene kakhulu nesiko neminye imisinga yomculo omusha.

Ulimi oluvuthiwe lwe-harmonic lwe-Lutoslavsky lungumuntu ngamunye ngokujulile futhi lusekelwe emsebenzini we-filigree onezakhiwo zamathoni angu-12 nezikhawu ezakhayo nongwaqa abahlukanisiwe nabo. Kusukela nge-Cello Concerto, indima yemigqa yomculo enwetshiwe, ezwakalayo emculweni kaLutosławski iyanda, izici zakamuva ze-grotesque namahlaya ziyaqiniswa kuyo (i-Novelette ye-orchestra, 1979; isiphetho se-Double Concerto ye-oboe, ihabhu ne-orchestra yegumbi, 1980; umjikelezo wengoma Izimbali zezingoma nezingoma zezinganekwane” ze-soprano ne-orchestra, 1990). Umbhalo we-Lutosławski we-harmonic ne-melodic awufaki ubudlelwano bethoni yakudala, kodwa uvumela izici ze-tonal centralization. Amanye ama-opuses akamuva ka-Lutosławski ahlotshaniswa nezinhlobo zomculo wezinsimbi zothando; Ngakho-ke, ku-Third Symphony, okunesifiso esikhulu kunawo wonke amaphuzu we-orchestra yomqambi, egcwele idrama, ecebile ngokungafani, umgomo wokuqanjwa okuyingqayizivele kokunyakaza okukodwa kuyasetshenziswa ekuqaleni, kanti iPiano Concerto (1988) iqhubeka nomugqa we i-pianism yothando ekhazimulayo ye "isitayela esikhulu". Imisebenzi emithathu ngaphansi kwesihloko esijwayelekile esithi "Amaketanga" nayo ingeyenkathi yakamuva. Ku-“Chain-1” (kwezinsimbi eziyi-14, 1983) kanye ne-“Chain-3” (ye-orchestra, 1986), umgomo “wokuxhumanisa” (imbondela eyingxenye) yezigaba ezimfushane, ezihluka ngokuthungwa, i-timbre kanye ne-melodic-harmonic izici, idlala indima ebalulekile (izandulela zomjikelezo "Izandulela kanye ne-Fugue" zihlobene ngendlela efanayo). Okungajwayelekile kangako ngokwesimo i-Chain-2 (1985), empeleni ikhonsathi yevayolini enyakazayo emine (isingeniso nokunyakaza okuthathu okushintshana ngokwephethini yendabuko esheshayo esheshayo), okuyisimo esiyivelakancane lapho uLutoslawsky eshiya izingxenye ezimbili azithandayo. uhlelo.

Umugqa okhethekile emsebenzini ovuthiwe womqambi umelelwa ama-opus amakhulu ephimbo: "Izinkondlo Ezintathu zikaHenri Michaud" zekwaya kanye ne-orchestra eqhutshwa abaqhubi abahlukahlukene (1963), "Amagama Alukiwe" ezingxenyeni ezi-4 ze-tenor ne-orchestra yegumbi (1965). ), "Izikhala Zokulala " ze-baritone ne-orchestra (1975) kanye nomjikelezo osuvele ushiwo onezingxenye eziyisishiyagalolunye "Izimbali Zezingoma Nezinganekwane Zezingoma". Zonke zisekelwe emavesini e-French surrealist (umbhali wombhalo we "Weaved Words" nguJean-Francois Chabrin, futhi imisebenzi emibili yokugcina ibhalwe emazwini kaRobert Desnos). U-Lutosławski kusukela ebusheni bakhe wayenozwelo olukhethekile ngolimi lwesiFulentshi nesiko lesiFulentshi, futhi umbono wakhe womhlaba wobuciko wawusondelene nokungaqondakali kanye nokungaqondakali kwezincazelo eziwuphawu lwe-surrealism.

Umculo kaLutoslavsky uphawuleka ngobuhlakani bawo bekhonsathi, nesici sobuhle esivezwe ngokucacile kuwo. Akumangazi ukuthi abaculi abavelele bahlanganyele ngokuzithandela nomqambi. Phakathi kwabahumushi bokuqala bemisebenzi yakhe kukhona uPeter Pearce (Amagama Alukiweyo), uLasalle Quartet (Iquartet Yezintambo), uMstislav Rostropovich (Cello Concerto), uHeinz no-Ursula Holliger (i-Double Concerto ye-oboe nehabhu eline-orchestra yasegumbini), uDietrich Fischer-Dieskau ( “Izikhala Zephupho”), uGeorg Solti (I-Symphony Yesithathu), u-Pinchas Zuckermann (I-Partita ye-violin nepiyano, 1984), u-Anne-Sophie Mutter (“Chain-2” wevayolin ne-orchestra), u-Krystian Zimerman ( Ikhonsathi yepiyano ne-orchestra) futhi eyaziwa kancane ezindaweni zethu, kodwa umculi waseNorwegian omangalisayo uSolveig Kringelborn (“Izimbali Zezingoma Nezingoma”). ULutosławski ngokwakhe wayenesiphiwo somqhubi ongajwayelekile; ukuthinta kwakhe kwakuchaza ngokucacile futhi kusebenza kahle, kodwa akazange adele ubuciko ukuze enze izinto ezinembayo. Njengoba elinganisele i-repertoire yakhe ezingomeni zakhe, uLutoslavsky wadlala futhi waqoshwa nama-orchestra avela emazweni ahlukahlukene.

I-discography ka-Lutosławski ecebile nekhula njalo isabuswa ukuqoshwa kwangempela. Abamele kakhulu babo baqoqwe kuma-albhamu amabili asanda kukhishwa ngabakwa-Philips kanye ne-EMI. Inani elokuqala (“The Essential Lutoslawski”—Philips Duo 464 043), ngokombono wami, linqunywa ikakhulukazi i-Double Concerto kanye “Nezikhala Zokulala” ngokubamba iqhaza kwabashade bakaHolliger kanye no-Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, ngokulandelana. ; incazelo yombhali ye-Third Symphony ne-Berlin Philharmonic evela lapha, ngokumangazayo, ayifinyeleli kulokho okulindelekile (ukuqoshwa kombhali ophumelele kakhulu neBritish Broadcasting Corporation Symphony Orchestra, ngokwazi kwami, akuzange kudluliselwe ku-CD. ). I-albhamu yesibili ethi "Lutoslawski" (EMI Double Forte 573833-2) iqukethe kuphela imisebenzi ye-orchestra efanele edalwe ngaphambi maphakathi nawo-1970s futhi isezingeni eliphezulu nakakhulu. I-National Orchestra enhle kakhulu yePolish Radio evela eKatowice, ebambe iqhaza kulokhu kuqoshwa, kamuva, ngemva kokushona komqambi, yabamba iqhaza ekuqophelweni kweqoqo elicishe liphelele lemisebenzi yakhe ye-orchestra, ekhishwe kusukela ngo-1995 kuma-disc yi Inkampani yeNaxos (kuze kube nguZibandlela wezi-2001, kwakhululwa ama-disc ayisikhombisa). Leli qoqo lifanelwe lonke udumo. Umqondisi wezobuciko we-orchestra, u-Antoni Wit, udlala ngendlela ecacile, eguquguqukayo, futhi abadlali bezinsimbi nabahlabeleli (iningi labo okungabase-Poles) abacula izingoma zabodwana kumakhonsathi namaculo omculo, uma bephansi kunabanduleli babo abavelele, bambalwa kakhulu. Enye inkampani enkulu, i-Sony, ikhishwe kuma-symphonies amabili (SK 66280 kanye ne-SK 67189) eyesibili, eyesithathu neyesine (ngokubona kwami, engaphumeleli kangako), kanye ne-Piano Concerto, Izikhala Zokulala, Izimbali Zezingoma kanye Nezingoma Zezingoma "; kulokhu kuqoshwa, i-Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra iqhutshwa ngu-Esa-Pekka Salonen (umqambi ngokwakhe, ngokuvamile ongajwayelene nezingoma eziphezulu, obizwa ngokuthi lo mbhidisi "phenomenal"1), abacula yedwa nguPaul Crossley (piano), uJohn Shirley. -Quirk (baritone), Don Upshaw (soprano)

Uma sibuyela ekuchazeni kombhali okuqoshwe kuma-CD ezinkampani ezaziwayo, umuntu ngeke ahluleke ukusho okuqoshiwe okuhle kwe-Cello Concerto (EMI 7 49304-2), iPiano Concerto (Deutsche Grammophon 431 664-2) kanye nekhonsathi yevayolini “ I-Chain-2" (i-Deutsche Grammophon 445 576-2), eyenziwa ngokuhlanganyela kwe-virtuosos lapho lezi zintathu ezintathu zinikezelwe khona, okungukuthi, ngokulandelana, uMstislav Rostropovich, uKrystian Zimermann no-Anne-Sophie Mutter. Kubalandeli abangakajwayelani noma abangakawazi kangako umsebenzi kaLutoslawsky, ngingakweluleka ukuthi uqale uphendukele kulawa marekhodi. Naphezu kwesimanje solimi lomculo wawo womathathu amakhonsathi, alalelwa kalula nangentshiseko ekhethekile. U-Lutoslavsky wahumusha igama lohlobo elithi "ikhonsathi" ngokuvumelana nencazelo yalo yasekuqaleni, okungukuthi, njengohlobo lomncintiswano phakathi komculi oyedwa kanye ne-orchestra, ephakamisa ukuthi umculi ohamba yedwa, ngingasho, ezemidlalo (ngokwezinzwa ezinhle kunazo zonke ezingase zibe khona. izwi) ubuqhawe. Ngokungangabazeki, u-Rostropovich, u-Zimerman no-Mutter babonisa izinga lokuphumelela ngempela, okuyinto ngokwayo okufanele ijabulise noma yimuphi umlaleli ongachemile, ngisho noma umculo kaLutoslavsky ekuqaleni ubonakala ungavamile noma ungavamile kuye. Kodwa-ke, uLutoslavsky, ngokungafani nabaqambi abaningi besikhathi samanje, wayezama njalo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isilaleli enkampanini yomculo wakhe ngeke sizizwe singowasemzini. Kuyafaneleka ukucaphuna amagama alandelayo eqoqweni lezingxoxo zakhe ezithakazelisa kakhulu nesazi somculo saseMoscow u-II Nikolskaya: “Isifiso esinamandla sokusondelana nabanye abantu ngobuciko sihlala sikhona kimina. Kodwa angizibekele umgomo wokuzuza abalaleli nabalandeli abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Angifuni ukunqoba, kodwa ngifuna ukuthola izilaleli zami, ukuthola labo abazizwa ngendlela efanayo nami. Lo mgomo ungafinyelelwa kanjani? Ngicabanga ukuthi, ngokwethembeka okukhulu kwezobuciko, ubuqotho bokukhuluma kuwo wonke amazinga - kusukela emininingwaneni yezobuchwepheshe kuye kweyimfihlo kakhulu, ukujula okujulile ... esinye sezifo ezibuhlungu kakhulu - umuzwa wesizungu ”.

Levon Hakopyan