Leo Delibes |

Léo Delibes

Delib. "Lakhe". I-Stanzas of Nilakanta (Fyodor Chaliapin)

Umusa onjalo, ukunotha kwezingoma nezigqi, izinsimbi zomculo ezinhle kakhulu azikaze zibonwe ku-ballet. P. Tchaikovsky

Abaqambi baseFrance bekhulu lesi-XNUMX L. Umsebenzi ka-Delibes uhlukaniswa nokuhlanzeka okukhethekile kwesitayela sesiFulentshi: umculo wakhe umfushane futhi unemibalabala, unomsindo futhi uguquguquka ngesigqi, unobuhlakani futhi uqotho. Isici somqambi kwakuyishashalazi yomculo, futhi igama lakhe lafana nezitayela ezintsha zomculo we-ballet wekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

U-Delibes wazalelwa emndenini womculo: umkhulu wakhe u-B. Batiste wayengumculi oyedwa eParis Opera-Comique, kanti umalume wakhe u-E. Batiste wayengumculi we-ogani kanye noprofesa eParis Conservatory. Umama wanikeza umqambi wesikhathi esizayo imfundo eyisisekelo yomculo. Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nambili, uDelibes weza eParis futhi wangena endaweni yokugcina izinto ekilasini lokuqamba lika-A. Adam. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wafunda noF. Le Coupet ekilasini lepiyano kanye noF. Benois ekilasini lezitho zomculo.

Impilo yobungcweti yomculi osemusha yaqala ngo-1853 ngesikhundla somdlali wopiyano e-Lyric Opera House (Theatre Lyrique). Ukwakheka kokuthandwa kobuciko kukaDelibes kwanqunywa kakhulu ubuhle be-lyric opera yesiFulentshi: ukwakheka kwayo okungokomfanekiso, umculo ogcwele imiculo yansuku zonke. Ngalesi sikhathi, umqambi “uqamba okuningi. Ukhangwa ubuciko besiteji somculo - ama-operetta, ama-comic miniatures anesenzo esisodwa. Kukulezi zingoma lapho isitayela silolongwa khona, ikhono lokulingisa abalingisi okunembayo, okufingqiwe nokunembayo, ukwethulwa komculo okumibalabala, okucacile, okujabulisayo, indlela yaseshashalazini iyathuthukiswa.

Maphakathi nawo-60s. izibalo zomculo nezeshashalazi zaseParis zaba nesithakazelo kumqambi osemusha. Wamenywa ukuba asebenze njengomphathi wekhwaya wesibili eGrand Opera (1865-1872). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kanye no-L. Minkus, wabhala umculo we-ballet "The Stream" kanye ne-divertissement "Indlela Egcwele Izimbali" ye-ballet ka-Adam ethi "Le Corsair". Le misebenzi, enekhono futhi eqanjiwe, ilethe uDelibes impumelelo efanele. Nokho, i-Grand Opera yamukela umsebenzi olandelayo womqambi wokukhiqiza eminyakeni emi-4 kuphela kamuva. Baba yi-ballet ethi "Coppelia, or the Girl with Enamel Eyes" (1870, ngokusekelwe endabeni emfushane ka-TA Hoffmann "The Sandman"). Nguye owaletha udumo lwaseYurophu kuDelibes futhi waba umsebenzi oyingqopha-mlando emsebenzini wakhe. Kulo msebenzi, umqambi ubonise ukuqonda okujulile kobuciko be-ballet. Umculo wakhe ubonakala nge-laconism yokukhuluma kanye ne-dynamics, ipulasitiki kanye nemibala, ukuguquguquka nokucaca kwephethini yokudansa.

Udumo lomqambi lwaba namandla nakakhulu ngemva kokudala i-ballet uSylvia (1876, esekelwe ku-T. Tasso's dramatic pastoral Aminta). P. Tchaikovsky wabhala ngalo msebenzi: “Ngezwa ingoma ye-ballet ka-Leo Delibes ka-Leo Delibes, ngayizwa, ngoba lena yi-ballet yokuqala lapho umculo ungeyona nje into eyinhloko, kodwa futhi isithakazelo kuphela. Yeka ubuhle, yeka umusa, yeka ukuceba melodic, isigqi kanye harmonic!

Ama-opera kaDelibes: “Isho Kanjalo Inkosi” (1873), “Jean de Nivel” (1880), “Lakmé” (1883) nawo athola ukuthandwa kakhulu. Owokugcina wawuwumsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wokucula womqambi. Ku-"Lakma" amasiko e-lyrical opera athuthukiswa, eyakhanga kakhulu izilaleli emisebenzini yezingoma nezimangalisayo zeCh. Gounod, J. Vize, J. Massenet, C. Saint-Saens. Ibhalwe esakhiweni sasempumalanga, esisekelwe endabeni yothando edabukisayo yentombazane yaseNdiya uLakme kanye nesosha lesiNgisi uGerald, le opera igcwele izithombe eziyiqiniso nezingokoqobo. Amakhasi achaza kakhulu amaphuzu omsebenzi anikezelwe ekwambuleni umhlaba kamoya weqhawekazi.

Kanye nokuqamba, uDelibes wayenaka kakhulu ukufundisa. Kusukela ngo-1881 waba uprofesa eParis Conservatory. Umuntu onomusa nonozwela, uthisha ohlakaniphile, uDelibes wanikeza usizo olukhulu kubaqambi abasha. Ngo-1884 waba yilungu le-French Academy of Fine Arts. Ukuqanjwa kokugcina kukaDelibes kwakuyi-opera ethi Cassia (engakaqedwa). Uphinde wafakazela ukuthi umqambi akakaze athengise izimiso zakhe zokudala, ukucolisiswa nobuhle besitayela.

Amagugu kaDelibes agxile kakhulu emkhakheni wezinhlobo zomculo zasesiteji. Wabhala imisebenzi engaphezu kuka-30 yaseshashalazini yomculo: ama-opera angu-6, ama-ballet angu-3 nama-operetta amaningi. Umqambi ufike ezindaweni eziphakeme zokudala emkhakheni we-ballet. Ecebisa umculo we-ballet ngobubanzi bokuphefumula kwe-symphonic, ubuqotho be-dramaturgy, wazibonakalisa engumsunguli onesibindi. Lokhu kwaphawulwa abagxeki bangaleso sikhathi. Ngakho-ke, u-E. Hanslik ungumnikazi walesi sitatimende: “Angazigqaja ngeqiniso lokuthi uye wasungula isiqalo esimangalisayo emdansweni futhi kulokhu wadlula zonke izimbangi zakhe.” UDelibes wayengumpetha omuhle kakhulu we-orchestra. Inqwaba yama-ballet akhe, ngokwezazi-mlando, “awulwandle olunemibala eminingi.” Umqambi wasebenzisa izindlela eziningi zokubhala i-orchestra yesikole saseFrance. I-orchest yakhe ihlukaniswa ngokuqagela kwezingoma ezihlanzekile, inqwaba yezinto ezitholakalayo ezinemibala emihle kakhulu.

I-Delibes yaba nethonya elingangabazeki ekuthuthukiseni ubuciko be-ballet hhayi eFrance kuphela, kodwa naseRussia. Lapha impumelelo yenkosi yesiFulentshi yaqhutshwa emisebenzini ye-choreographic kaP. Tchaikovsky no-A. Glazunov.

I. Vetlitsyna

UTchaikovsky wabhala mayelana ne-Delibes: "... ngemuva kwe-Bizet, ngimthatha njengomuntu onekhono kakhulu ...". Umqambi omkhulu waseRussia akazange akhulume ngokufudumele ngisho nangoGounod, ingasaphathwa eyabanye abaculi baseFrance banamuhla. Ezifisweni zobuciko zentando yeningi zikaDelibes, ubumnandi obukhona emculweni wakhe, ukushesha ngokomzwelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo nokuthembela ezinhlotsheni ezikhona kwakuseduze noTchaikovsky.

U-Leo Delibes wazalelwa ezifundazweni ngoFebhuwari 21, 1836, wafika eParis ngo-1848; Ngemva kokuphothula e-Conservatory ngo-1853, wangena e-Lyric Theatre njengomdlali wopiyano, futhi eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva njengomphathi wekwaya eGrand Opera. I-Delibes iqamba okuningi, kakhulu ngokuya ngomzwelo kunokulandela izimiso ezithile zobuciko. Ekuqaleni, wayebhala ikakhulukazi ama-operetta kanye nama-miniatures anesenzo esisodwa ngendlela ehlekisayo (cishe imisebenzi engamashumi amathathu isiyonke). Lapha ubungcweti bakhe bokulingiswa kwabalingiswa okunembayo nokunembile, isethulo esicacile nesijabulisayo sacijwa, kwathuthukiswa ifomu lethiyetha elikhanyayo neliqondakalayo. Intando yeningi yolimi lomculo lwe-Delibes, kanye ne-Bizet, yakhiwe ngokuxhumana okuqondile nezinhlobo zansuku zonke zezinganekwane zasemadolobheni. (U-Delibes wayengomunye wabangane abakhulu baka-Bizet. Ikakhulukazi, kanye nabanye abaqambi ababili, babhala i-operetta Malbrook Going on a Campaign (1867).

Imibuthano ebanzi yomculo yadonsela ukunaka kuDelibes lapho yena, kanye noLudwig Minkus, umqambi owasebenza eRussia iminyaka eminingi, enikeza umboniso wokuqala we-ballet The Stream (1866). Impumelelo yaqiniswa ama-ballet alandelayo kaDelibes, uCoppelia (1870) noSylvia (1876). Phakathi kweminye imisebenzi yakhe eminingi kugqame: ihlaya elingenasizotha, elihehayo emculweni, ikakhulukazi ku-Act I, “So Said the King” (1873), i-opera ethi “Jean de Nivelle” (1880; “elula, enhle, enothando phezulu kakhulu. degree,” kubhala uTchaikovsky ngaye) kanye ne-opera ethi Lakme (1883). Kusukela ngo-1881, uDelibes unguprofesa eParis Conservatory. Enobungane kubo bonke, eqotho futhi enozwela, wanikeza usizo olukhulu entsheni. UDelibes wafa ngoJanuwari 16, 1891.

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Phakathi kwama-opera kaLeo Delibes, edume kakhulu kwakunguLakme, isiqephu sawo esithathwe empilweni yamaNdiya. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu amaphuzu e-ballet e-Delibes: lapha wenza njengomsunguli onesibindi.

Isikhathi eside, kusukela kuma-ballet e-opera ka-Lully, i-choreography inikezwe indawo ebalulekile ethiyetha yomculo yesiFulentshi. Leli siko lilondolozwe ezinhlelweni zeGrand Opera. Ngakho, ngo-1861, uWagner waphoqeleka ukuba abhale izigcawu ze-ballet ze-grotto yaseVenus ikakhulukazi ukukhiqizwa kwe-Paris kwe-Tannhäuser, no-Gounod, lapho u-Faust ethuthela esiteji se-Grand Opera, wabhala Walpurgis Night; ngesizathu esifanayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwesenzo sokugcina kwenezelwa kuCarmen, njll. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza okuzimele kwe-choreographic kwaduma kuphela kusukela kuma-30s wekhulu le-1841, lapho i-ballet yothando isungulwa. "UGiselle" ka-Adolphe Adam (XNUMX) impumelelo yakhe ephakeme kakhulu. Ekucacisweni kwenkondlo kanye nohlobo lomculo wale ballet, impumelelo ye-French comic opera isetshenziswa. Ngakho-ke ukuthembela emaphindweni akhona, ukutholakala okujwayelekile kwezindlela ezivezwayo, ngokuntuleka okuthile kwedrama.

Imidlalo yama-Parisian choreographic yama-50s nama-60s, nokho, yagcwala kakhulu ngokungafani kwezothando, kwesinye isikhathi nge-melodrama; banikezwa izici zombukwane, isikhumbuzo esihle kakhulu (imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu i-Esmeralda ka-C. Pugni, 1844, kanye ne-Corsair ka-A. Adam, 1856). Umculo wale midlalo, njengomthetho, awuzange uhlangabezane nezidingo eziphezulu zobuciko - wawungenakho ubuqotho be-dramaturgy, ububanzi bokuphefumula kwe-symphonic. Ngama-70s, uDelibes waletha le khwalithi entsha ethiyetha ye-ballet.

I-Contemporaries yaphawula: “Angazigqaja ngeqiniso lokuthi nguye owaba nesiqalo esimangalisayo emdansweni futhi kulokhu wadlula zonke izimbangi zakhe.” UTchaikovsky wabhala ngo-1877: “Muva nje ngizwe umculo omnandi wohlobo lwawo I-Delibes ballet "uSylvia". Ngaphambili ngase ngijwayelene nalo mculo omangalisayo nge-clavier, kodwa ekuculweni okumangalisayo kweqembu lezinsimbi laseViennese, kwamane kwangihlaba umxhwele, ikakhulukazi emculweni wokuqala. Kwenye incwadi, wanezela: “... lena yi-ballet yokuqala lapho umculo ungeyona nje into eyinhloko, kodwa futhi okuwukuphela kwesithakazelo. Yeka ubuhle, imuphi umusa, yini ingcebo, melodic, rhythmic kanye harmonic.

Ngesimilo sakhe sokuthobeka kanye nokuzikhandla okukhulu kuyena, u-Tchaikovsky wakhuluma ngokunganaki nge-ballet yakhe esanda kuqedwa i-Swan Lake, enikeza intende yesandla ku-Sylvia. Nokho, umuntu akanakuvumelana nalokhu, nakuba umculo kaDelibes ngokungangabazeki unokufaneleka okukhulu.

Ngokuphathelene neskripthi nedramaturgy, imisebenzi yakhe isengozini, ikakhulukazi "uSylvia": uma "i-Coppelia" (esekelwe endabeni emfushane ka-ETA Hoffmann "The Sandman") incike esakhiweni sansuku zonke, nakuba singathuthuki ngokuqhubekayo, bese kuthi "uSylvia". ” (ngokusho komfundisi omangalisayo ka-T. Tasso “Aminta”, 1572), ama-mythological motifs athuthukiswa ngokwemibandela futhi enesiphithiphithi. Okukhulu nakakhulu ukufaneleka komqambi, okwathi, naphezu kwalokhu kude neqiniso, isimo esibuthakathaka kakhulu, wadala amaphuzu amnandi kakhulu, abalulekile ekukhulumeni. (Womabili ama-ballet enziwa eSoviet Union. Kodwa uma e-Coppelia umbhalo washintshwa kancane ukuze uveze okuqukethwe kwangempela okwengeziwe, khona-ke emculweni kaSylvia, oqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi Fadetta (kwezinye izinhlelo - Savage), kwatholakala itulo elihlukile - ibolekwe endabeni kaGeorge Sand (i-premiere ye-Fadette - 1934).

Umculo wawo womabili ama-ballet unikezwe izici ezigqamile zesintu. Ku-"Coppelia", ngokusho kwesakhiwo, akusetshenzisiwe kuphela izingoma zesiFulentshi nezigqi, kodwa futhi isiPolish (mazurka, Krakowiak in act I), nesiHungary (i-ballad kaSvanilda, czadas); lapha ukuxhumana nohlobo nezici zansuku zonke ze-comic opera kubonakala kakhulu. Ku-Sylvia, izici zesici zithuthukiswa ngokusebenza kwengqondo kwe-lyrical opera (bona i-waltz yoMthetho I).

I-Laconism kanye ne-dynamics yokukhuluma, i-plasticity kanye nobuhlakani, ukuguquguquka nokucaca kwephethini yokudansa - lezi yizici ezinhle kakhulu zomculo we-Delibes. Uyingcweti enkulu ekwakhiweni kwama-suite okudansa, izinombolo zomuntu ngamunye ezixhunywe “ngama-recitative” wezinsimbi - izigcawu ze-pantomime. Idrama, okuqukethwe kwezingoma zomdanso kuhlanganiswa nohlobo kanye nokubukeka okuhle, kugcwalise amaphuzu ngokuthuthuka kwe-symphonic. Okunjalo, isibonelo, isithombe sehlathi ebusuku uSylvia avula ngalo, noma umvuthwandaba omangalisayo we-Act I. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-festive dance suite yesenzo sokugcina, ngokugcwala okubalulekile komculo wayo, isondela izithombe ezinhle zokunqoba nokuzijabulisa kwabantu, ezithathwe ku-Bizet's Arlesian noma u-Carmen.

Inweba inkundla yokugqama kwezingoma nangokwengqondo yomdanso, idale izigcawu ezimibalabala zohlobo lwesintu, iqala indlela yomculo we-ballet ovumelanayo, i-Delibes ibuyekeze izindlela zokuvezwa kobuciko be-choreographic. Ngokungangabazeki, ithonya lakhe ekuthuthukisweni okwengeziwe kweshashalazi ye-ballet yaseFrance, okwathi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-1882 lanothiswa amaphuzu amaningi abalulekile; phakathi kwabo "uNamuna" ka-Edouard Lalo (XNUMX, ngokususelwa enkondlweni ka-Alfred Musset, isakhiwo saso esasetshenziswa uWiese ku-opera ethi "Jamile"). Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, kwavela uhlobo lwezinkondlo ze-choreographic; kuzo, isiqalo se-symphonic saqina nakakhulu ngenxa yesakhiwo nokuthuthuka okumangalisayo. Phakathi kwababhali bezinkondlo ezinjalo, abadume kakhulu esiteji sekhonsathi kunaseshashalazini, kufanele kukhulunywe kuqala kubo bonke uClaude Debussy noMaurice Ravel, kanye noPaul Dukas noFlorent Schmitt.

M. Druskin

Uhlu olufushane lwezingoma

Isebenza ethiyetha yomculo (izinsuku zikubakaki)

Ama-opera nama-operetta angaphezu kuka-30. Ezidume kakhulu yilezi: “Washo kanje Inkosi”, opera, libretto by Gondine (1873) “Jean de Nivelle”, opera, libretto by Gondinet (1880) Lakme, opera, libretto by Gondinet and Gilles (1883)

I-Ballet "Brook" (kanye noMinkus) (1866) "Coppelia" (1870) "Sylvia" (1876)

Umculo wezwi 20 ezothando, 4-voice male kwaya nabanye