Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich |

UDmitri Shostakovich

U-D. Shostakovich uyingoma yakudala yomculo wekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Akekho noyedwa kumakhosi alo amakhulu owayexhumene kakhulu nesiphetho esinzima sezwe lakubo, akakwazanga ukuveza ukuphikisana okuklabalasayo kwesikhathi sakhe ngamandla nangentshiseko enjalo, akuhlole ngesahlulelo esibi sokuziphatha. Kukulokhu kubambisana komqambi ezinhlungwini nasezinkingeni zabantu bakhe lapho ukubaluleka okukhulu kwegalelo lakhe emlandweni womculo ekhulwini leminyaka lezimpi zomhlaba kanye nezinxushunxushu ezinkulu emphakathini, isintu esasingazi ngaphambili.

U-Shostakovich ngokwemvelo ungumculi onethalente lomhlaba wonke. Alukho nolulodwa uhlobo lapho engashongo khona igama lakhe elinesisindo. Wasondelana kakhulu nohlobo lomculo ngezinye izikhathi olwaluphathwa ngokuzidla abaculi abanohlonze. Ungumbhali wezingoma eziningi ezaqokwa yizindimbane zabantu, kuze kube yinamuhla ukujwayela kwakhe okumangalisayo komculo odumile nowe-jazz, ayewuthanda kakhulu ngesikhathi kwakhiwa isitayela - ngo-20- 30s, injabulo. Kodwa insimu eyinhloko yokusetshenziswa kwamandla okudala kuye kwakuyi-symphony. Hhayi ngoba ezinye izinhlobo zomculo obalulekile zazingaziwa ngokuphelele kuye - wanikezwa ithalenta elingenakuqhathaniswa njengomqambi wemidlalo yaseshashalazini ngempela, futhi umsebenzi we-cinematography wamnikeza izindlela eziyinhloko zokuziphilisa. Kodwa ukuthethiswa luhlaza nokungafanele okwenziwa ngo-1936 engosini yephephandaba i-Pravda ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “Muddle esikhundleni somculo” kwamthena amandla isikhathi eside ekuhlanganyeleni ohlotsheni lwe-opera - imizamo eyenziwa (i-opera "Abadlali" nguN. Gogol) yahlala ingakaqedwa, futhi izinhlelo azizange zidlulele esigabeni sokusebenza.

Mhlawumbe yilokho kanye izici zobuntu bukaShostakovich ezaba nomthelela kukho - ngokwemvelo wayengathambekele ekuvuleni izindlela zokubonisa umbhikisho, wavumela kalula izinto ezingezona ezenkani ngenxa yobuhlakani bakhe obukhethekile, ubumnandi kanye nokungakwazi ukuzivikela ezenzweni zokubandlulula. Kodwa lokhu kwakungokwempilo kuphela - kwezobuciko bakhe wayeqinisile ezimisweni zakhe zokudala futhi wagomela ngohlobo lapho ayezizwa ekhululekile khona ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, i-symphony yomqondo yaba maphakathi nosesho lukaShostakovich, lapho ayengakwazi khona ukukhuluma iqiniso ngesikhathi sakhe ngaphandle kokuyekethisa. Kodwa-ke, akazange anqabe ukuhlanganyela emabhizinisini obuciko azalwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi yezidingo eziqinile zobuciko ezibekwe uhlelo lokulawula umyalo, njengefilimu ka-M. Chiaureli "The Fall of Berlin", lapho ukudumisa okungalawuleki kobukhulu. futhi ukuhlakanipha ‘kukayise wezizwe’ kwafinyelela umkhawulo owedlulele. Kodwa ukuhlanganyela kulolu hlobo lwezikhumbuzo zefilimu, noma ezinye, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nemisebenzi enethalente eyahlanekezela iqiniso elingokomlando futhi yakha inganekwane ejabulisa ubuholi bezombangazwe, ayizange ivikele umdwebi ekuphindiseleleni okunonya okwenziwa ngo-1948. I-ideologist ehamba phambili yombuso kaStalinist , A. Zhdanov, waphinda ukuhlasela okunonya okuqukethwe esihlokweni esidala sephephandaba i-Pravda futhi wasola umqambi, kanye nabanye ongcweti bomculo wamaSoviet wangaleso sikhathi, ngokunamathela emithethweni emelene nabantu.

Kamuva, ngesikhathi se-Khrushchev "thaw", amacala anjalo ahoxiswa futhi imisebenzi evelele yomqambi, ukusebenza komphakathi okwakuvinjelwe, yathola indlela eya kumlaleli. Kodwa idrama yesiphetho somuntu siqu somqambi, owasinda enkathini yoshushiso olungalungile, yashiya umbhalo ongenakulibaleka ebuntwini bakhe futhi yanquma isiqondiso sesifiso sakhe sokudala, esibhekiswe ezinkingeni zokuziphatha zokuphila komuntu emhlabeni. Lokhu bekuyinto esemqoka ehlukanisa uShostakovich phakathi kwabadali bomculo ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Indlela yakhe yokuphila yayingacebile ngezenzakalo. Ngemva kokuphothula e-Leningrad Conservatory nge-debut ehlakaniphile - i-First Symphony ebabazekayo, waqala impilo yomqambi ochwepheshe, okokuqala edolobheni laseNeva, kwase kuba phakathi neMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe eMoscow. Umsebenzi wakhe njengothisha endaweni yokugcinwa kwezilwane wawumfushane uma kuqhathaniswa - wawushiya engafuni. Kodwa kuze kube yilolu suku, abafundi bakhe baye bagcina inkumbulo yenkosi enkulu, eyadlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni ubuntu babo bokudala. Kakade ku-First Symphony (1925), izakhiwo ezimbili zomculo we-Shostakovich zibonakala ngokucacile. Enye yazo yabonakala ekwenziweni kwesitayela esisha sokudlala ngokukhululeka kwaso, ukuqhudelana kalula kwezinsimbi zekhonsathi. Enye yazibonakalisa ngesifiso esiqhubekayo sokunikeza umculo umqondo ophakeme kakhulu, ukuveza umqondo ojulile wokubaluleka kwefilosofi ngokusebenzisa uhlobo lwe-symphonic.

Izincwadi eziningi zomqambi ezalandela isiqalo esihle kangaka zazibonisa umoya wokungahlaliseki wangaleso sikhathi, lapho isitayela esisha sangaleso sikhathi sakhiwa khona emzabalazweni wezimo zengqondo ezingqubuzanayo. Ngakho ku-Second and Third Symphonies ("Okthoba" - 1927, "May Day" - 1929) u-Shostakovich wakhokha iphosta yomculo, babonisa ngokucacile ithonya lempi, ubuciko be-propaganda yama-20s. (Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi umqambi wafaka kuzo izingcezwana zamakwaya ezinkondlo zezimbongi ezisencane u-A. Bezymensky no-S. Kirsanov). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, baphinde babonisa umdlalo weshashalazi ocacile, owakhangwa kakhulu emikhiqizweni ka-E. Vakhtangov kanye ne-Vs. Meyerhold. Kwakuyimidlalo yabo eyathonya isitayela se-opera yokuqala kaShostakovich ethi The Nose (1928), esekelwe endabeni edumile kaGogol. Ukusuka lapha akuveli kuphela ukubhuqa okubukhali, i-parody, okufinyelela okumangazayo ekubonisweni kwabalingiswa ngabanye kanye nabakhohlisayo, abathuthumela ngokushesha futhi basheshe bahlulele isixuku, kodwa futhi lokho kukhuluma okudabukisayo kokuthi "uhleko ngezinyembezi", okusisiza ukuthi sibone umuntu. ngisho nangenhlamba enjalo kanye nokungabi bikho kwamabomu, njengoGogol omkhulu u-Kovalev.

Isitayela sikaShostakovich asigcinanga nje ngokubamba amathonya avela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwesiko lomculo lomhlaba (lapha okwakubaluleke kakhulu kumqambi kwakunguM. Mussorgsky, P. Tchaikovsky kanye noG. Mahler), kodwa futhi samunca imisindo yempilo yomculo yangaleso sikhathi - eyayivame kakhulu. isiko elifinyelelekayo lohlobo "olukhanyayo" olwalubusa izingqondo zabantu abaningi. Isimo sengqondo somqambi ngakho asifani - ngezinye izikhathi wenza ihaba, abonise ukuphenduka kwesici sezingoma zemfashini nemidanso, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ebenza bahlonipheke, abakhuphulele ekuphakameni kobuciko bangempela. Lesi simo sengqondo sashiwo ikakhulukazi kuma-ballet okuqala i-Golden Age (1930) ne-The Bolt (1931), ku-First Piano Concerto (1933), lapho icilongo liba imbangi efanelekayo yopiyano kanye ne-orchestra, futhi kamuva i-scherzo kanye nesiphetho se-Sixth symphonies (1939). Ubuhle obukhazimulayo, amazwi angenangqondo ahlanganiswe kulokhu kuqanjwa ngamazwi asuka enhliziyweni, imvelo emangalisayo yokuthunyelwa komculo “ongapheli” engxenyeni yokuqala ye-symphony.

Futhi ekugcineni, umuntu akanakuhluleka ukusho olunye uhlangothi lomsebenzi wokudala womqambi osemusha - wasebenza kanzima futhi kanzima e-cinema, okokuqala njengomdwebi wokubonisa amafilimu athule, wabe esengomunye wabadali bamafilimu omsindo weSoviet. Ingoma yakhe evela ku-movie ethi "Ocoming" (1932) yazuza ukuthandwa ezweni lonke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ithonya "lomnyuziyamu osemusha" liphinde lathinta isitayela, ulimi, nezimiso zokuqamba zezingoma zakhe ze-concerto-philharmonic.

Isifiso sokuhlanganisa izingxabano ezimbi kakhulu zezwe lanamuhla nezinxushunxushu zalo ezinkulu kanye nokungqubuzana okushubile kwamabutho aphikisayo sabonakala ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yenhloko-dolobha ye-master of the period of the 30s. Isinyathelo esibalulekile kule ndlela kwakuyi-opera Katerina Izmailova (1932), esekelwe esimisweni sendaba kaN. Leskov u-Lady Macbeth weSifunda saseMtsensk. Emfanekisweni womlingiswa oyinhloko, umzabalazo wangaphakathi oyinkimbinkimbi wembulwa emphefumulweni wemvelo ophelele futhi onesiphiwo esicebile ngendlela yayo - ngaphansi kwejoka "lezinengiso eziholayo zokuphila", ngaphansi kwamandla ezimpumputhe, ezingenangqondo. uthando, wenza amacala anzima, alandelwa isijeziso esinonya.

Kodwa-ke, umqambi wazuza impumelelo enkulu ku-Fifth Symphony (1937), impumelelo ebaluleke kakhulu futhi eyisisekelo ekuthuthukisweni kwe-symphony yaseSoviet kuma-30s. (ukuphendukela kwikhwalithi entsha yesitayela kuchazwe ku-Fourth Symphony ebhalwe ngaphambili, kodwa ayizange izwakale - 1936). Amandla e-Fifth Symphony alele eqinisweni lokuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kweqhawe layo elizwakalayo kwembulwa ekuxhumaneni okuseduze nempilo yabantu futhi, ngokubanzi, kwaso sonke isintu ngobusuku bokushaqeka okukhulu kunakho konke okwake kwenzeka kubantu basezweni. emhlabeni - iMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Lokhu kwanquma idrama yomculo egcizelelwayo, ukusho kwawo okungokwemvelo - iqhawe eliculayo alibi ngumcabangi ongenzi lutho kule symphony, lahlulela okwenzekayo nalokho okuzoza nenkantolo ephakeme yokuziphatha. Ngokunganaki isiphetho somhlaba, isikhundla somphakathi somculi, ukuqondiswa kobuntu komculo wakhe, nakho kuthintekile. Ingazwakala kweminye imisebenzi eminingana eyingxenye yobuciko bensimbi yegumbi, phakathi kwayo iPiano Quintet (1940) egqamayo.

Phakathi neMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, uShostakovich waba omunye wezigaba eziphambili zabaculi - abalwa ne-fascism. I-Symphony yakhe Yesikhombisa (“Leningrad”) (1941) yabonwa emhlabeni wonke njengezwi eliphilayo labantu abalwayo, abangena emzabalazweni wokuphila nokufa egameni lelungelo lokuba khona, bevikela umuntu ophakeme kunabo bonke. amanani. Kulo msebenzi, njengakweye-Eighth Symphony yakamuva (1943), ukuphikiswa kwamakamu amabili aphikisanayo kwathola inkulumo eqondile, esheshayo. Akukaze nanini ngaphambili emculweni kuvezwe amandla obubi ngendlela ecace kangaka, akukaze nanini ngaphambili ukuba buthuntu “komshini wokubhubhisa” osebenza kanzima wamafascist kudalulwe ngokufutheka nothando olungaka. Kodwa ama-symphonies "ezempi" womqambi (kanye nakweminye imisebenzi yakhe eminingi, isibonelo, kuPiano Trio ekhumbula u-I. Sollertinsky - 1944) amelelwe ngokucacile kuma-symphonies "wempi" yomqambi, ongokomoya. ubuhle nokunotha kwezwe elingaphakathi lomuntu ohlushwa yizinkinga zesikhathi sakhe.

Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, umsebenzi wokudala weShostakovich wembuleka ngamandla avuselelwe. Njengangaphambili, umugqa ohamba phambili wokusesha kwakhe kwezobuciko wethulwa kumaseyili amakhulu e-symphonic. Ngemuva kokukhanya okuthe xaxa kwe-Ninth (1945), uhlobo lwe-intermezzo, okuyinto, nokho, eyayingenawo ama-echoes acacile wempi esanda kuphela, umqambi wenza i-Tenth Symphony ephefumulelwe (1953), eyaphakamisa ingqikithi yesiphetho esibuhlungu umculi, isilinganiso esiphezulu somthwalo wakhe wemfanelo emhlabeni wanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, okusha kwakuyisithelo semizamo yezizukulwane ezedlule - yingakho umqambi ekhangwa izenzakalo zoshintsho emlandweni waseRussia. Uguquko lwango-1905, olumakwe yi-Bloody Sunday ngoJanuwari 9, luvela ohlelweni lwesikhumbuzo lwe-Eleventh Symphony (1957), kanye nezimpumelelo zomnqobi we-1917 waphefumulela u-Shostakovich ukuthi akhe i-Twelfth Symphony (1961).

Ukucabanga ngencazelo yomlando, ngokubaluleka kwezenzo zamaqhawe awo, kwabonakala nasenkondlweni yezwi-symphonic enengxenye eyodwa ethi "Ukubulawa kuka-Stepan Razin" (1964), esekelwe ocezuni luka-E. Yevtushenko inkondlo "Isiteshi Samandla Kagesi saseBratsk". Kodwa izenzakalo zesikhathi sethu, ezibangelwa izinguquko ezinkulu ekuphileni kwabantu kanye nombono wabo wezwe, owamenyezelwa yi-XX Congress ye-CPSU, azizange zishiye ukunganaki inkosi enkulu yomculo wamaSoviet - ukuphefumula kwabo okuphilayo kubonakala ku-Thirteenth. Symphony (1962), futhi ebhalwe amazwi E. Yevtushenko. Ku-Symphony Yeshumi Nane, umqambi waphendukela ezinkondlweni zezimbongi zezikhathi ezihlukahlukene nabantu (FG Lorca, G. Apollinaire, W. Kuchelbecker, RM Rilke) - wakhangwa yindikimba yokudlula kwempilo yomuntu kanye nengunaphakade indalo yobuciko beqiniso, phambi kwayo ngisho nokufa okubusayo. Ingqikithi efanayo yakha isisekelo sombono womjikelezo wezwi-symphonic osekelwe ezinkondlweni zomculi omkhulu wase-Italy uMichelangelo Buonarroti (1974). Futhi ekugcineni, kokugcina, i-Symphony yeshumi nanhlanu (1971), izithombe zobuntwana ziyaphila futhi, zenziwe kabusha ngaphambi kokubuka umdali ohlakaniphile ekuphileni, osewazi isilinganiso esingenakulinganiswa sokuhlupheka komuntu.

Kukho konke ukubaluleka kwe-symphony emsebenzini kaShostakovich wangemva kwempi, awuqedanga konke okubaluleke kakhulu okudalwe ngumqambi eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe nendlela yokudala. Wanaka ngokukhethekile izinhlobo zekhonsathi ne-chamber-instrumental. Wakha amakhonsathi e-violin angu-2 (1948 no-1967), amakhonsathi amabili e-cello (1959 no-1966), kanye ne-Second Piano Concerto (1957). Imisebenzi engcono kakhulu yalolu hlobo ihlanganisa imiqondo ejulile yokubaluleka kwefilosofi, eqhathaniswa naleyo evezwa ngamandla amangalisa kangaka kuma-symphonies akhe. Ubukhali bokushayisana kwezinto ezingokomoya nezingezona ezomoya, izifiso eziphakeme kakhulu zobuhlakani bomuntu kanye nokuhlasela okunonya kwenhlamba, ubudala bamabomu bubonakala ku-Second Cello Concerto, lapho umgomo olula, “wasemgwaqweni” uguqulwa udlulele ngaphandle kokuqashelwa, udalule ingqikithi engenabuntu.

Kodwa-ke, kokubili kumakhonsathi nasemculweni wegumbi, ubuhle bukaShostakovich bubonakaliswa ekudaleni izingoma ezivula ithuba lokuncintisana kwamahhala phakathi kwabaculi. Lapha uhlobo oluyinhloko olwakhanga ukunaka kwenkosi kwakuyi-quartet yezintambo zendabuko (kuneziningi ezibhalwe umqambi njengama-symphonies - 15). Amaquartet kaShostakovich ayamangaza ngezisombululo ezihlukene kusukela kumijikelezo enezingxenye eziningi (Eyeshumi nanye - 1966) kuya ekuqanjweni kokunyakaza okukodwa (Okweshumi nantathu - 1970). Emisebenzini yakhe eminingi yekamelo (kwi-Quartet Yesishiyagalombili - 1960, ku-Sonata ye-Viola noPiano - 1975), umqambi ubuyela emculweni wezingoma zakhe zangaphambili, enikeza umsindo omusha.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi yezinye izinhlobo, umuntu angabala umjikelezo oyingqopha-mlando we-Preludes and Fugues for upiyano (1951), ugqugquzelwe imikhosi kaBach eLeipzig, i-oratorio Song of the Forests (1949), lapho okokuqala ngqa emculweni waseSoviet. kwaphakanyiswa ingqikithi yomthwalo wemfanelo womuntu wokulondoloza imvelo ezungezile. Ungakwazi futhi ukuqamba Izinkondlo Eziyishumi zekwaya ngokuthi i-cappella (1951), umjikelezo wezwi "From Jewish Folk Poetry" (1948), imijikelezo yezinkondlo zezimbongi uSasha Cherny ("Satires" - 1960), Marina Tsvetaeva (1973).

Umsebenzi wasesinema waqhubeka eminyakeni yangemva kwempi - umculo kaShostakovich wamafilimu "I-Gadfly" (ngokusekelwe kunoveli ka-E. Voynich - 1955), kanye nokuvumelana nezimo zezinhlekelele zikaShakespeare "Hamlet" (1964) kanye "King Lear" (1971) yaziwa kabanzi. ).

I-Shostakovich yaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni umculo wamaSoviet. Akuvezwanga kangako ngethonya eliqondile lesitayela senkosi kanye nezindlela zobuciko ezibonakala kuye, kodwa ngesifiso sokuqukethwe okuphezulu komculo, ukuxhumana kwayo nezinkinga eziyisisekelo zokuphila komuntu emhlabeni. I-Humanistic engqikithini yayo, ngendlela yobuciko ngempela, umsebenzi kaShostakovich wathola ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke, waba ukubonakaliswa okucacile kokusha umculo we-Land of Soviets owawunikeza umhlaba.

M. Tarakanov