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I-Gegenstimme yesiJalimane, i-Gegensatz, i-Kontrasubjekt - okuphambene nalokho; igama lokugcina lingaphinda lisho ingqikithi yesibili ye-fugue

1) Qhathanisa nempendulo yokuqala ku-fugue, njll. amafomu okulingisa, azwakala ekugcineni kwendikimba ngezwi elifanayo. Ukulandela itimu kanye no-P. izisekelo ezimbili ziyehluka. icala: a) p. iwukuqhutshekwa okuqondile kwendikimba, ukuyilandela ngaphandle kokuma okuzwakalayo ngokucacile, i-caesura, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukusungula ngokunembile isikhathi sokuqedwa kwendikimba (ngokwesibonelo, ku-C-dur fugue kusuka ku-vol. 1 "UClavier Othukuthele Kahle" ka-I. C. Bach) noma cha (ngokwesibonelo, ekuvezweni koku-1, op. ama-fugues ku-C minor op. 101 No 3 Glazunov); b) P. ihlukaniswe nendikimba nge-caesura, i-cadenza, esobala endlebeni (isibonelo, ku-h-moll fugue kusuka ku-t. 1 yomjikelezo we-Bach ofanayo), kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nokuphumuza okuqinile (ngokwesibonelo, ku-D-dur fugue kusuka ku-fp. umjikelezo "24 Preludes and Fugues" by Shchedrin); ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izimo, isihloko kanye P. exhunywe inqwaba, noma i-codette (ngokwesibonelo, ku-Es-dur fugue kusukela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi. 1 Bach umjikelezo). I-AP ingase iqale ngesikhathi esifanayo. ngempendulo (icala elivamile; isb, ku-A-dur fugue evela ku-Vol. 2 UClavier Othukuthele Kahle kaBach; ku-cis-moll fugue kusuka ku-vol. 1, ukuqala kwempendulo kuhambisana nomsindo wokuqala we-P., okuwukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo umsindo wokugcina wengqikithi), ngemva kokuqala kwempendulo (isibonelo, ku-E-dur fugue kusuka ku-t. I-1 yomjikelezo we-Bach okukhulunywe ngawo - amakota angu-4 ngemva kokungena kwe-stretto yempendulo), ngezinye izikhathi ngaphambi kokufakwa kwempendulo (isibonelo, ku-Cis-dur fugue kusuka ku-vol. 1 ka-Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier - ezine eziyishumi nesithupha ngaphambi kwempendulo). Kumasampuli amahle kakhulu we-polyphonic we-P. yenelisa izimo eziphikisanayo: iyasuka, yenza izwi elingenayo ligqame kakhudlwana, kodwa alilahlekelwa ikhwalithi yalo yomculo. ubuntu, buphikisana nempendulo (ikakhulukazi ngesigqi), nakuba ngokuvamile ayiqukethe ukuzimela ngokuphelele. isihloko. impahla. I-P., njengomthetho, iyi-melodic yemvelo. ukuqhubeka kwendikimba futhi ezimweni eziningi kusekelwe ekuthuthukisweni, ukuguqulwa kwezisusa zayo. Uguquko olunjalo lungahluka futhi lube sobala: isibonelo, ku-g-moll fugue kusuka ku-vol. 1 ka-Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, isisusa sokuqala sempendulo siphikiswa yingxenye ye-P., eyakhiwe kusukela ekuphendukeni kwe-cadenza yetimu, futhi, ngokuphambene, ingxenye ye-cadence yempendulo iphikiswa abanye. ingxenye P., esekelwe engxenyeni yokuqala yetimu. Kwezinye izimo zokuncika P. kusukela kungqikithi yendikimba izibonakalisa ngokungaqondile kakhulu: isibonelo, ku-c-moll fugue kusuka ku-vol. 1 ye-Op efanayo. Baha P. ikhula iphuma emugqeni wereferensi wemethrikhi wendikimba (ukunyakaza okwehlayo ukusuka esinyathelweni se-XNUMX kuye kwese-XNUMX, okwakhiwa imisindo ewela kumabhithi anamandla futhi aqinile ebha). Ngezinye izikhathi ku-P. umqambi ugcina ukunyakaza kwekhodethi (ngokwesibonelo, ku-fugue kusuka ku-Bach's Chromatic Fantasy ne-Fugue). Kumafugues noma amafomu okulingisa abhalwe ngesisekelo sezimiso ze-dodecaphony, ubumbano nokuncika kwezinto zetimu kanye ne-P. inikezwa kalula ngokusetshenziswa ku-P. izinketho ezithile. irowu. Isibonelo, ku-fugue kusukela ekugcineni kwe-symphony yesi-3 kaKaraev, eyokuqala (bheka. inombolo 6) kanye neyesibili (inombolo 7, ukuchayeka okuphikisayo kwe-fugue) igcinwe ngu-P. izinguquko zochungechunge. Kanye nohlobo olukhonjisiwe lomculo, ukuhlobana kwetimu kanye no-P. kukhona u-P., okusekelwe kokusha ngokuqhathaniswa (isibonelo, ku-f-moll fugue kusuka kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi. 1 ka-Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier), futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngokuqhathanisa okuphathelene nendikimba (isibonelo, ku-fugue evela ku-sonata C-dur ye-violin eyedwa ka-I. C. I-Bach; lapha ngaphansi kwethonya likaP. impendulo ethize eyenziwe ngekhromatiki ku-diatonic. isihloko). Lolu hlobo lwe-P. – ama-ceteris paribus – avame ukuhlukaniswa nendikimba nge-cadenza futhi ngokuvamile abe into entsha esebenzayo esakhiweni se-fugue. Yebo, uP. iyingxenye yefomu ethuthukayo nebalulekile ngokwengqikithi ku-gis-moll double fugue evela ku-Vol. 2 ka-Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, lapho itimu yesi-2 izwakala njengomculo osuselwe ku-P. esihlokweni sokuqala, ngenxa yobude. i-polyphonic. ukuthuthukiswa. Kunezimo ezivamile lapho, kundaba kaP. kwakhiwa ama-fugue interludes, okwandisa indima kaP. ngendlela ebaluleke kakhulu lezi zixhumanisi. Isibonelo, ku-c-moll fugue evela ku-vol. Umjikelezo ongu-1 we-Bach ungenela ezintweni zabo bobabili u-P. ziyi-polyphonic. izinketho; ku-d-moll fugue kusuka kuvolumu efanayo, ukudluliswa kwempahla ye-interlude kanye netimu kusuka kukhiye wokubusa (kumigoqo 15-21) kuya kukhiye oyinhloko (kusuka kubha 36) kudala izilinganiso ze-sonata ngendlela . I-AP ku-fugue evela ku-suite "I-Tomb of Couperin" isetshenziswa ngu-M. I-Ravel empeleni isezingeni elilinganayo nendikimba: ngesisekelo sayo, izihlanganisi zakhiwa kusetshenziswa isikhalazo, i-P. amafomu strets. Kuye. ku-musicology, amagama athi Gegensatz, Kontrasubjekt asho u-Ch. hlela. P., elondolozwe (ngokuphelele noma ingxenye) phakathi nakho konke noma okuningi kokuqaliswa kwetimu (kwezinye izimo, kungafaki ngisho ne-stretto - bheka, isibonelo, ukuphindaphinda kwe-fugue kusuka ku-op. quintet g-moll Shostakovich, inombolo 35, lapho ingqikithi noP. ukwakha amagoli ama-4. I-canon ephindwe kabili yesigaba sesi-2). U-P. ebizwa ngokuthi i-retained, ihlala ihlangabezana nemibandela ye-double counterpoint enetimu (kweminye imibhalo yakudala ye-polyphony, isibonelo. encwadini ethi G. Bellermann, fugues no-P. zichazwa njengezikabili, ezingahambelani namagama amukelwayo njengamanje). Ngokuphikisana no-P ogciniwe. ngokuvamile, abanye akuvamile ukusetshenziswa. izindlela zokwephula umthetho. ukucutshungulwa kokuqukethwe, njengoba ukunakwa kudluliselwa ku-ch. hlela. we-systematist. ekhombisa izinketho zobudlelwano phakathi kwesihloko kanye no-P., okuyikhona okuvezayo. incazelo yale nqubo yokuqamba esabalele (ku-Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, isibonelo, cishe ingxenye yamafugues iqukethe i-P egciniwe); ngakho-ke, umsindo okhazimulayo wekhorali wamagoli angu-5. i-fugue “Et in terra pax” No 4 ku-Gloria kusukela kunqwaba ye-Bach ku-h-moll ifinyelelwa ngokuyinhloko ngokuhlanganisa okuphindaphindiwe kwetimu kanye nalezo ezigcinwe ngu-P. Ukwephula okungajwayelekile. ama-fugue anamabili ayahluka ngokugcwaliswa kwesikhala (isibonelo, ama-fugues c-moll kanye no-h-moll asuka kulokho okuthiwa. 1 ka-Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, i-Fugue ka-Shostakovich ku-C-dur) futhi ikakhulukazi nabathathu abagcinwe ngu-P.

2) Ngomqondo obanzi, u-P. uyiphuzu eliphikisana nanoma yikuphi ukwethulwa kwetimu ngamafomu okulingisa; kusukela kulo mbono, u-P. angabizwa ngokuthi i-counterpoint endikimbeni yesi-2 esanduleleni se-symphony yama-21 kaMyaskovsky (bheka umfanekiso 1); endaweni efanayo (inombolo 3) P. kuya esihlokweni sokuqala kukhona amazwi aphezulu, akha umgomo wesi-1. I-canon ibe i-octave ene-tertian doubles. Ukwengeza, u-P. ngezinye izikhathi ubizwa ngokuthi yiliphi izwi eliphikisana nelinye, elinamandla ngokuzwakalayo. Ngalo mqondo, igama elithi “P.” eduze nenye yezincazelo zomqondo we-"counterpoint" (ngokwesibonelo, ukwethulwa kokuqala kwetimu engomeni yokuqala yesivakashi se-Vedenets ku-opera "Sadko" ka-Rimsky-Korsakov).

References: bheka ngaphansi kwe-Art. I-Fugue.

VP Frayonov