UClément Janequin |

UClement Janequin

Bheka ngenkosi ekubambeni. V. Shakespeare

Ukuthi uqamba ama-motets ngamaculo amakhulu, noma ngabe uyalokotha aphinde aveze ukudideka okunomsindo, noma ngabe udlulisa inkulumo yabesifazane ezingomeni zakhe, noma ngabe ukhiqiza amazwi ezinyoni - kukho konke okuculwa nguJanequin obabazekayo, unobunkulunkulu futhi akafi. A. Banff

C. Janequin - Umqambi ongumFulentshi wengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. - esinye sezibalo eziqhakazile nezibaluleke kakhulu zeRenaissance. Ngeshwa, luncane kakhulu ulwazi oluthembekile mayelana nendlela yakhe yokuphila. Kodwa isithombe somculi wesintu, umthandi wokuphila nomuntu ojabulayo, umculi wezingoma ezicashile kanye nomdwebi wohlobo lwe-satirist sivezwa ngokucacile emsebenzini wakhe, ohlukahlukene ngezakhiwo nezinhlobo. Njengabameleli abaningi besiko lomculo we-Renaissance, uJanequin waphendukela ezinhlotsheni zendabuko zomculo ongcwele - wabhala ama-motets, amahubo, izixuku. Kodwa imisebenzi yokuqala kakhulu, eyaba nempumelelo enkulu nabantu besikhathi samanje futhi igcina ukubaluleka kobuciko kuze kube yilolu suku, yadalwa umqambi ohlotsheni lwezwe lwengoma ye-polyphonic yesiFulentshi - chanson. Emlandweni wokuthuthukiswa kwesiko lomculo laseFrance, lolu hlobo lwadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Igxilile engomeni yesintu namasiko ezinkondlo eNkathi Ephakathi, ekhona emsebenzini wama-troubadour nama-trouveurs, i-chanson iveze imicabango nezifiso zazo zonke izinhlaka zomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, izici zobuciko be-Renaissance zazifakwe kuyo ngokuqhubekayo futhi zikhanya kakhulu kunanoma yiziphi ezinye izinhlobo.

Uhlelo lwangaphambili (kolwaziwa) lwezingoma zikaJanequin luhlehlela emuva ngo-1529, lapho u-Pierre Attenyan, iphrinta yomculo endala kakhulu e-Paris, eshicilela inombolo yezingoma ezinkulu zomqambi. Lolu suku seluphenduke uhlobo lwesiqalo ekunqumeni ingqopha-mlando yempilo nendlela yokudala yeciko. Isigaba sokuqala somsebenzi oshubile womculo kaJanequin sihlotshaniswa namadolobha aseBordeaux kanye ne-Angers. Kusukela ngo-1533, wabamba isikhundla esivelele njengomqondisi womculo e-Angers Cathedral, eyayidume ngezinga eliphezulu lokusebenza kwesonto layo kanye nesitho esihle kakhulu. E-Angers, isikhungo esikhulu sobuntu ekhulwini le-10, lapho inyuvesi ibambe iqhaza elivelele empilweni yomphakathi, umqambi wachitha cishe iminyaka eyi-XNUMX. (Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi intsha yomunye ummeleli ovelele wesiko le-French Renaissance, uFrancois Rabelais, naye uhlotshaniswa ne-Angers. Esanduleleni sencwadi yesine ye-Gargantua ne-Pantagruel, uyikhumbula ngokufudumele le minyaka.)

UJanequin ushiya i-Angers cishe. 1540 Cishe akukho lutho olwaziwa mayelana neminyaka eyishumi ezayo yokuphila kwakhe. Kunobufakazi obubhaliwe bokwamukelwa kukaJanequin ngasekupheleni kwawo-1540. ukukhonza njengomfundisi kuDuke Francois de Guise. Amaculo amaningana asindile anikezelwe ekunqobeni kwezempi kukaJanequin wenkosi. Kusukela ngo-1555, umqambi waba umculi wekhwaya yasebukhosini, wabe esethola isihloko esithi "umqambi unomphela" wenkosi. Ngaphandle kodumo lwaseYurophu, impumelelo yemisebenzi yakhe, ukuphrinta kabusha okuningi kwamaqoqo ezingoma, uZhanequin ubhekene nobunzima obukhulu bezezimali. Ngo-1559, waze wakhuluma nomyalezo wezinkondlo endlovukazini yaseFrance, lapho ekhononda khona ngokuqondile ngobumpofu.

Ubunzima bokuphila kwansuku zonke abuzange bumephule umqambi. U-Zhanequin uwuhlobo olugqame kakhulu lobuntu beRenaissance onomoya wakhe ongabhubhi wenjabulo nethemba, uthando lwazo zonke izinjabulo zasemhlabeni, kanye nekhono lokubona ubuhle emhlabeni omzungezile. Ukuqhathaniswa komculo kaJanequin nomsebenzi kaRabelais kusabalele. Abaculi bafana ngokufana nemibala yolimi (kuZhaneken, lokhu akukona nje ukukhetha kwemibhalo yezinkondlo, egcwele izinkulumo zesintu ezihloselwe kahle, ezicwebezelayo, ezijabulisayo, kodwa futhi nothando lwezincazelo ezinemininingwane emibalabala, ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwamasu ezithombe kanye ne-onomatopoeic anikeza imisebenzi yakhe iqiniso elikhethekile nobungqabavu). Isibonelo esicacile yiphupho elidumile lezwi elithi "The Cries of Paris" - elinemininingwane, njengesigcawu semidlalo yaseshashalazini yokuphila komgwaqo waseParis. Ngemuva kwesingeniso esilinganisiwe, lapho umbhali ebuza abalaleli ukuthi bangathanda yini ukulalela i-dissonance yaseParis, isiqephu sokuqala somdlalo siqala - izibabazo ezimemayo zabathengisi zihlala zizwakala, zishintsha futhi ziphazamisana: "ophaya, obomvu. iwayini, inhlanzi, izicathulo ezindala, ama-artichokes, ubisi , ubhitrudi, ama-cherries, ubhontshisi waseRussia, ama-chestnuts, amajuba … “Ijubane lokusebenza liya ngokuya likhula, okudala kule flower dissonance isithombe esihlotshaniswa ne-hyperbole ye-” Gargantua “. Iphupho liphetha ngezingcingo: “Lalela! Yizwa ukukhala kweParis!”

Izingoma eziningi ezinhle zamakhwaya zikaJanequin zazalwa njengempendulo ezenzakalweni ezibalulekile zenkathi yakhe. Enye yezincwadi ezidume kakhulu zomqambi, ethi The Battle, ichaza impi yaseMarignano ngoSepthemba 1515, lapho amasosha aseFrance anqoba khona abaseSwitzerland. Ngokugqamile nangokukhululeka, njengokungathi ku-canvases yempi ka-Titian no-Tintoretto, kubhalwe isithombe somsindo we-fresco enkulu yomculo. I-leittheme yakhe - ucingo lwe-bugle - isebenza kuzo zonke iziqephu zomsebenzi. Ngokuhambisana nesakhiwo senkondlo esambulekayo, le ngoma inezigaba ezimbili: 1h. – ukulungiselela impi, amahora ama-2 – incazelo yayo. Eshintsha ngokukhululekile ukuthungwa kokubhalwa kwekhwaya, umqambi ulandela umbhalo, ezama ukudlulisa ukushuba kwemizwelo kwezikhathi zokugcina ngaphambi kwempi kanye nokuzimisela kobuqhawe kwamasosha. Emfanekisweni wempi, u-Zhanequin usebenzisa amasu amaningi amasha, anesibindi ngokwedlulele ngesikhathi sakhe, amasu e-onomatopoeia: izingxenye zamazwi ekwaya zilingisa ukushaywa kwezigubhu, izimpawu zecilongo, ukukhenceza kwezinkemba.

Ingoma ethi "Battle of Marignano", eyatholwa ngesikhathi sayo, yabangela ukulingisa okuningi phakathi kwabantu bakubo kaJanequin nangaphandle kweFrance. Umqambi ngokwakhe waphendukela ngokuphindaphindiwe ezingomeni zalolu hlobo, ephefumulelwe ukukhuphuka kokushisekela izwe okubangelwa ukunqoba kweFrance ("Impi yaseMetz" - 1555 kanye "Impi Yokuqasha" - 1559). Umthelela wezingoma zikaJaneken zobuqhawe nokushisekela izwe kubalaleli wawunamandla kakhulu. Njengoba omunye wabantu besikhathi sakhe efakaza, “lapho “Impi YaseMarignano” yenziwa ... ngamunye walabo ababekhona wathatha isikhali wathatha isimo esinjengesempi.

Phakathi kwemidwebo ekhangayo yezinkondlo kanye nemidwebo enemifanekiso yohlobo nempilo yansuku zonke, edalwe nge-polyphony yamakwaya, abathanda ithalente lika-Zhanequin baveza i-Deer Hunting, imidlalo ye-onomatopoeic ethi Birdsong, The Nightingale kanye nesigcawu samahlaya Ingxoxo Yabesifazane. Isakhiwo, umculo omnandi, ukunemba komsindo onikeziwe wemininingwane eminingi kuvusa ubudlelwano namaseyili amaciko amaDashi, anamathisele ukubaluleka emininingwaneni emincane kakhulu evezwe kukhanvasi.

Izingoma zephimbo lomqambi aziziwa kakhulu ngabalaleli kunezingoma zakhe eziyingqopha-mlando zamakhwaya. Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe, u-Zhanequin wagxila ezinkondlweni zikaClement Marot, enye yezimbongi ezithandwayo zika-A. Pushkin. Kusukela ku-chanson yama-1530s ivela ezinkondlweni zezimbongi ze-"Pleiades" edumile - umphakathi wobuciko wamaciko ayisikhombisa avelele aqambe inyunyana yawo kukhunjulwa umlaza wezimbongi zase-Alexandria. Emsebenzini wabo, uZhanequin wakhangwa ubunkimbinkimbi nobuhle bezithombe, umculo wesitayela, ukushisekela imizwa. Izingoma ezaziwayo ezisekelwe emavesini kaP. Ronsard, “inkosi yezimbongi,” njengoba abantu besikhathi sakhe babembiza kanjalo, uJ. Du Bellay, A. Baif. Amasiko obuciko bobuntu bukaJanequin emkhakheni wengoma ye-polyphonic polyphonic aqhutshekiselwa phambili ngu-Guillaume Cotelet kanye no-Claudin de Sermisy.

N. Yavorskaya