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kusukela ku-métron yesiGreki - isilinganiso noma isilinganiso

Emculweni nasezinkondlweni, ukuhleleka okunesigqi okusekelwe ekugcinweni kwesilinganiso esithile esinquma ubukhulu bezakhiwo ezinesigqi. Ngokuhambisana nalesi silinganiso, umbhalo womlomo nowomculo, ngaphezu kwe-semantic (syntactic) yokukhuluma, ihlukaniswe yaba imethrikhi. amayunithi - amavesi nezigaba, izilinganiso, njll. Kuye ngezici ezichaza lawa mayunithi (ubude besikhathi, inani lokucindezelwa, njll.), izinhlelo zezinsimbi zomculo ziyahlukahluka (imethrikhi, isilabhasi, ithonikhi, njll. iwashi emculweni), ngalinye elingahlanganisa amamitha amaningi ayingxenye (amasu okwakha amayunithi wemethrikhi) ahlanganiswe isimiso esivamile (ngokwesibonelo, ohlelweni lwewashi, osayizi 4/4, 3/2, 6/8, njll.). Kumethrikhi uhlelo luhlanganisa kuphela izimpawu eziyisibopho zemethrikhi. amayunithi, kuyilapho ezinye isigqi. izakhi zihlala zikhululekile futhi zidala isigqi. ezihlukahlukene ngaphakathi kwemitha enikeziwe. Isigqi esingenamitha singenzeka—isigqi se-prose, ngokungafani nevesi (“linganisiwe,” inkulumo “elinganisiwe”), isigqi samahhala sengoma kaGregory, njalonjalo. Emculweni wezikhathi zanamuhla, kunegama lesigqi samahhala esithi senza misura. Imibono yesimanje mayelana M. emculweni kusho. ngokwezinga elithile kuncike emqondweni womculo wezinkondlo, wona ngokwawo owavela esigabeni sobunye obungehlukaniseki bevesi nomculo futhi empeleni wawungowomculo. Ngokuhlakazeka kobunye bevesi lomculo, izinhlelo ezithile zezinkondlo nomculo. M., okufana nokuthi i-M. kuyo ilawula ukugcizelela, hhayi ubude besikhathi, njengakumethrikhi yasendulo. versification noma in medieval mensural (kusuka ku-lat. mensura – measure) umculo. Ukungavumelani okuningi ekuqondeni kwe-M. kanye nobudlelwane bakhe nesigqi kungenxa ye-Ch. ar. iqiniso lokuthi izici zesici zesinye sezinhlelo zibhekwa njengokubaluleka kwendawo yonke (ku-R. Westphal, uhlelo olunjalo lwasendulo, lwe-X. Riemann - ukushaya komculo wesikhathi esisha). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umehluko phakathi kwezinhlelo ufihliwe, futhi lokho okuvamile kuzo zonke izinhlelo akubonakali: isigqi yisigqi esihleliwe, esiguqulwa sibe ifomula ezinzile (ngokuvamile engokwesiko futhi evezwe ngendlela yeqoqo lemithetho) kunqunywa ubuciko. evamile, kodwa hhayi psychophysiological. ukuthambekela okukhona emvelweni yomuntu jikelele. Izinguquko zobuciko. izinkinga zibangela ukuvela kwezinhlelo M. Lapha singakwazi ukuhlukanisa ezimbili eziyinhloko. uhlobo.

I-Antich. uhlelo oludale igama elithi “M.” ungowohlobo lwesici sesiteji somculo nesankondlo. ubunye. I-M. yenza kuyo emsebenzini wayo oyinhloko, ibeka phansi inkulumo nomculo kubuhle obujwayelekile. umgomo wesilinganiso, ovezwe ekuqhathaniseni amanani esikhathi. Ukujwayela okwehlukanisa ivesi enkulumweni evamile kusekelwe emculweni, kanye nemithetho yemethrikhi, noma yobuningi, i-versification (ngaphandle kweyasendulo, kanye ne-Indian, Arabic, njll.), enquma ukulandelana kwamagama amade namafushane ngaphandle kokuthatha. ku-akhawunti yokucindezeleka kwamagama, empeleni kusebenza ukufaka amagama ohlelweni lomculo, isigqi sawo esihluke ngokuyisisekelo esigqiniselweni somculo omusha futhi singabizwa ngokuthi i-quantitative, noma ukulinganisa isikhathi. I-Commensurability isho ukuba khona kwesikhathi sokuqala (isiGreki xronos protos - "chronos protos", isiLatini mora - mora) njengeyunithi yokulinganisa eyinhloko. ubude bomsindo (uhlelo) oluyiziphindaphinda zaleli nani eliyisisekelo. Zimbalwa izikhathi ezinjalo (zikhona ezi-5 zazo kusigqi sasendulo - ukusuka ku-l kuye ku-5 mora), izilinganiso zazo zihlala zihlolwa kalula ngokubona kwethu (ngokungafani nokuqhathaniswa kwamanothi aphelele namasekhondi angamashumi amathathu, njll., avunyelwe ku- isigqi esisha). Imethrikhi eyinhloko iyunithi - unyawo - yakhiwe inhlanganisela yobude besikhathi, kokubili okulinganayo nokungalingani. Inhlanganisela yokumisa ibe amavesi (imishwana yomculo) namavesi abe yizigaba (izikhathi zomculo) nazo zihlanganisa izingxenye ezilinganayo, kodwa hhayi ezilinganayo. Njengohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezilinganiso zesikhashana, ngesigqi somthamo, isigqi sehlisa isigqi kangangokuthi kuyinkolelo-mbono yasendulo ukuthi ukudideka kwaso okusabalele nesigqi kusekelwe khona. Kodwa-ke, ezikhathini zasendulo le mibono yayihluke ngokusobala, futhi umuntu angachaza izincazelo eziningana zalomehluko ezisabalulekile nanamuhla:

1) Ukuhlukaniswa okucacile kwamalunga ngobude kuvunyelwe i-wok. umculo awukhombisi ubudlelwano besikhashana, obavezwa ngokucacile embhalweni wenkondlo. Muses. isigqi, ngaleyo ndlela, singakalwa ngombhalo (“Leyo nkulumo ingubuningi bucacile: phela, ikalwa ngohlamvu olufushane nolude” – Aristotle, “Categories”, M., 1939, p. 14), ngubani yena ngokwakhe wanikeza imethrikhi. uhlelo olukhishwe kwezinye izici zomculo. Lokhu kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa amamethrikhi kuthiyori yomculo njengemfundiso yamavesi amamitha. Ngakho-ke ukuphikiswa phakathi komculo wezinkondlo nesigqi somculo okusatholwa (isibonelo, emisebenzini yenganekwane yomculo ka-B. Bartok kanye no-KV Kvitka). R. Westphal, owachaza uM. njengokubonakaliswa kwesigqi endabeni yenkulumo, kodwa wamelana nokusetshenziswa kwegama elithi “M.” emculweni, kodwa wayekholelwa ukuthi kulokhu kufana nesigqi.

2) I-Antich. i-rhetoric, eyayifuna ukuthi kube nesigqi ku-prose, kodwa hhayi uM., oyiphendulela ivesi, ifakazela umehluko phakathi kwesigqi senkulumo kanye. M. – onesigqi. ukuhleleka okuyisici sevesi. Ukuphikiswa okunjalo kwe-M. elungile nesigqi samahhala kuye kwahlangana ngokuphindaphindiwe ezikhathini zanamuhla (isibonelo, igama lesiJalimane levesi lamahhala lithi freie Rhythmen).

3) Evesini elifanele, isigqi saphinde sahlukaniswa njengephethini yokunyakaza nesigqi njengokunyakaza ngokwako okugcwalisa leli phethini. Evesini lasendulo, lokhu kunyakaza kwakuhlanganisa i-accentuation futhi, mayelana nalokhu, ekuhlukaniseni imethrikhi. amayunithi ezingxenyeni ezikhuphukayo (i-arsis) nezehlayo (i-thesis) (ukuqonda lezi zikhathi ezinesigqi kuvinjelwa kakhulu isifiso sokuzifanisa nezigqi ezinamandla nezibuthakathaka); Iziphimiso ezinesigqi azixhunywanga nezingcindezi zamazwi futhi azivezwa ngokuqondile embhalweni, nakuba ukubekwa kwazo ngokungangabazeki kuncike kumethrikhi. uhlelo.

4) Ukuhlukaniswa kancane kancane kwezinkondlo eminyuziyamu yayo. amafomu ayahola kakade ekuqaleni kwe-cf. amakhulu eminyaka ekuveleni kohlobo olusha lwezinkondlo, lapho kungacatshangelwa ubude bendawo, kodwa inani lamagama kanye nokubekwa kwezingcindezi. Ngokungafani "namamitha" asendulo, izinkondlo zohlobo olusha zazibizwa ngokuthi "izigqi". Lokhu kuguqulwa kwamazwi kuphela, okufinyelele ekuthuthukisweni kwakho ngokugcwele kakade ezikhathini zanamuhla (lapho izinkondlo ngezilimi ezintsha zaseYurophu, nazo, zihlukaniswa nomculo), ngezinye izikhathi ngisho namanje (ikakhulukazi ababhali baseFrance) kuphikisana ne-metric ngokuthi "isigqi" (bona , isibonelo, Zh. Maruso, Dictionary of linguistic terms, M., 1960, p. 253).

Ukuphikisana kokugcina kuholela ezincazelweni ezivame ukutholakala phakathi kwama-philologists: M. - ukusatshalaliswa kobude, isigqi - ukusatshalaliswa kwama-accents. Ukwakhiwa okunjalo kwabuye kwasetshenziswa emculweni, kodwa kusukela ngesikhathi sika-M. Hauptmann no-X. Riemann (eRussia okokuqala ngqa encwadini yemfundiso yokuqala ka-GE Konyus, 1892), ukuqonda okuphambene nalawa magama kuye kwanqoba, okuyinto ihambisana kakhulu nesigqi. Ngakha umculo nezinkondlo esigabeni sokuba khona kwazo ngokwehlukana. Izinkondlo “ezinesigqi”, njengazo zonke ezinye, ziyehluka ku-prose ngendlela ethile enesigqi. i-oda, eliphinde lithole igama losayizi noma M. (igama selivele litholakala ku-G. de Machaux, ikhulu le-14), nakuba lingabhekiseli esilinganisweni sobude besikhathi, kodwa ekubalweni kwamalunga noma izingcindezi - inkulumo kuphela. amanani angenaso ubude besikhathi obuthile . Iqhaza lika-M. alikho kubuhle. ukujwayela komculo kanjalo, kodwa ekugcizeleleni isigqi nokuthuthukisa umthelela wawo womzwelo. Iphethe imethrikhi yomsebenzi wesevisi. izinhlelo zilahlekelwa ubuhle bazo obuzimele. nesithakazelo futhi babe mpofu futhi monotonous more. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokuphambene nevesi lemethrikhi futhi ngokuphambene nencazelo engokoqobo yegama elithi "versification", ivesi (umugqa) aliqukethe izingxenye ezincane, b.ch. ezingalingani, kodwa zihlukaniswe zibe amasheya alinganayo. Igama elithi “dolniki”, elisetshenziswa emavesini anenani eliqhubekayo lokucindezeleka kanye nenani elihlukahlukene lamagama angagcizelelwe, linganwetshwa kwezinye izinhlelo: ku-syllabic. uhlamvu ngalunye luyi-“dule” emavesini, amavesi e-syllabo-tonic, ngenxa yokushintshaniswa okulungile kwamagama agcizelelwe nangagxilile, ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu afanayo e-syllabic - izinyawo, okufanele zithathwe njengezingxenye zokubala, hhayi njengemigomo. Amayunithi wemethrikhi akhiwa ngokuphindaphinda, hhayi ngokuqhathaniswa kwamanani alinganayo. I-Accent M., ngokungafani neyomthamo, ayinqobi isigqi futhi ibangela ukungahlangani kwalemiqondo, kodwa ekuphikisaneni kwayo, kuze kufike ekwakhiweni kuka-A. Bely: isigqi siwukuchezuka ku-M. (okuwukuthi okuhlotshaniswa nezici zesistimu ye-syllabic-tonic, lapho, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, i-accentuation yangempela isuka kumethrikhi). I-metric efanayo isikimu sidlala indima yesibili evesini uma kuqhathaniswa nesigqi. ezihlukahlukene, njengoba kufakazelwa ukuvela kwekhulu le-18. ivesi lamahhala, lapho lolu hlelo lungekho nhlobo futhi umehluko ku-prose usesithombeni kuphela. ukuhlukanisa kube imigqa, engancikile ku-syntax futhi idala "ukufakwa ku-M".

Kuyenzeka okufanayo emculweni. Isigqi seMensural sekhulu le-11-13. (okuthiwa i-modal), njenge-antique, ivela ngokusondelene nezinkondlo (i-troubadours kanye ne-trouvers) futhi yakhiwa ngokuphindaphinda ukulandelana okuthile kobude besikhathi (i-modus), efana nezinyawo zakudala (ezivame kakhulu izindlela ezi-3, ezidluliswa lapha. ngenothi yesimanje: 1- th

, 2

kanye no-3

). Kusukela ngekhulu le-14 ukulandelana kwezikhathi emculweni, kancane kancane ukuhlukana nezinkondlo, kuyakhululeka, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-polyphony kuholela ekuveleni kwezikhathi ezincane kakhulu, ukuze inani elincane kakhulu le-semibrevis yesigqi sokuqala liphenduke libe "inothi eliphelele. ”, maqondana nawo cishe wonke amanye amanothi awasekho ukuphindaphinda, kodwa abahlukanisi. "Isilinganiso" sobude besikhathi esihambisana naleli nothi, esimakwe ngesandla (i-Latin mensura), noma "isilinganiso", sihlukaniswa ngokushaywa kwamandla amancane, njalonjalo. kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 kunesilinganiso sesimanje, lapho amabhithi, ngokungafani nezingxenye ezi-2 zesilinganiso esidala, esisodwa esingaba sikhulu ngokuphindwe kabili kunesinye, siyalingana, futhi singaba ngaphezu kuka-2 (ku icala elijwayelekile kakhulu - 4). Ukushintshashintsha okujwayelekile kwamabhithi anamandla nabuthakathaka (asindayo nalula, asekelayo nangasekeli) emculweni wezikhathi zanamuhla kwakha imitha, noma imitha, efana nemitha yevesi—isigqi esinesigqi esisemthethweni. uhlelo, ukugcwalisa uswebezane olunezinhlobonhlobo zobude benothi kwenza isigqi. umdwebo, noma “isigqi” ngomqondo omncane.

Uhlobo oluthile lomculo luwubuhlakani, olwaba khona njengomculo ohlukaniswe nobuciko obuhlobene. Ukushiyeka okukhulu kwemibono evamile ngomculo. I-M. isuka eqinisweni lokuthi leli fomu elinesimo somlando liqashelwa njengemvelo emculweni “ngemvelo”. Ukushintshashintsha okujwayelekile kwezikhathi ezinzima nezilula kuthiwa kudalwe umculo wasendulo, wenkathi ephakathi, inganekwane, njll. abantu. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuqonda hhayi kuphela umculo wezinkathi zakuqala namamuses. izinganekwane, kodwa futhi ukucabanga kwazo emculweni wezikhathi zanamuhla. NgesiRashiya nar. ingoma pl. ama-folklorists asebenzisa i-barline ukuze aqoke amabhithi aqinile (angekho), kodwa imingcele phakathi kwemisho; "amabhithi esintu" anjalo (igama le-PP Sokalsky) avame ukutholakala ngesiRashiya. uphrof. umculo, futhi hhayi kuphela ngendlela yamamitha angavamile (isibonelo, 11/4 nguRimsky-Korsakov), kodwa futhi ngesimo sezingxenye ezimbili. imijikelezo emithathu, njll. Lezi izingqikithi zamanqamu e-1st fp. ikhonsathi kanye ne-symphony yesi-2 ka-Tchaikovsky, lapho ukwamukelwa kwe-barline njengokuqokwa kwesigqi esinamandla kuholela ekuhlanekeni okuphelele kwesigqi. izakhiwo. I-Bar notation imaski isigqi esihlukile. inhlangano kanye nemidanso eminingi ye-West Slavic, isiHungary, iSpanishi, neminye imvelaphi (polonaise, mazurka, polka, bolero, habanera, njll.). Le midanso ibonakala ngokuba khona kwamafomula - ukulandelana okuthile kobude besikhathi (ukuvumela ukuhluka phakathi kwemikhawulo ethile), imiphetho akufanele ibhekwe njengesigqi. iphethini egcwalisa isilinganiso, kodwa njenge-M. yohlobo lobuningi. Le fomula ifana nonyawo lwemethrikhi. ukuqinisa. Ngomdanso omsulwa. Umculo wasempumalanga. Amafomula abantu angaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunasevesini (bheka u-Usul), kodwa umgomo uhlala unjalo.

Ukuqhathanisa i-melodic (izilinganiso ze-accent) nesigqi (izilinganiso zobude—i-Riemann), engasebenzi kusigqi somthamo, kuphinde kudinga ukuchibiyela kusigqi sephimbo sezikhathi zamanje. Ubude besikhathi esigqini sokugcizelela buba yindlela yokugcizelela, ezibonakalisa kokubili ku-agogics kanye nesigqi. isibalo, isifundo esaqalwa nguRiemann. Ithuba elibuhlungu. ukugcizelela kusekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi lapho kubalwa amabhithi (okwathatha indawo yesilinganiso sesikhathi njengo-M.), izikhawu phakathi kokushaqeka, ngokuvamile ezithathwa njengezilingana, zinganwebeka futhi zinciphe phakathi kwemikhawulo ebanzi kakhulu. Isilinganiso njengeqembu elithile lokucindezeleka, elihlukile ngamandla, alixhomekile ku-tempo kanye nezinguquko zayo (ukusheshisa, ukwehla, i-fermat), kokubili okukhonjiswe kumanothi futhi akubonisiwe, futhi imingcele yenkululeko ye-tempo ayikwazi ukusungulwa. Isigqi sokwakha. ubude besikhathi samanothi, kukalwa ngenani lokuhlukaniswa ngemethrikhi ngayinye. igridi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiqiniso. ubude buphinde buhambisane nokuhleleka kwengcindezi: njengomthetho, ubude besikhathi eside buwela kumabhithi aqinile, amancane kumabhithi abuthakathaka wesilinganiso, futhi ukuchezuka kulo myalelo kuthathwa njengokuvumelana. Ayikho inkambiso enjalo kusigqi somthamo; ngokuphambene, amafomula anesici esifushane esigcizelelwe sohlobo

(i-antique iambic, imodi yesi-2 yomculo we-mensural),

(i-anapaest yasendulo), njll. isici sakhe kakhulu.

"Ikhwalithi yemethrikhi" okuthiwa u-Riemann ku-accent ratios ingeyabo kuphela ngenxa yesimilo sabo esivamile. I-barline ayibonisi i-accent, kodwa indawo evamile ye-accent futhi ngaleyo ndlela imvelo yezimpawu zangempela, ibonisa ukuthi ijwayelekile noma iguquliwe (i-syncopes). Imethrikhi "elungile". ama-accents avezwa kalula kakhulu ekuphindaphindweni kwesilinganiso. Kodwa ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi ukulingana kwezinyathelo ngesikhathi akuhlonishwa nakancane, kuvame ukuba nezinguquko ngosayizi. Ngakho, enkondlweni kaScriabin op. 52 Cha l emijikelezweni engama-49 yezinguquko ezinjalo 42. Ngekhulu lama-20. "Amabha mahhala" avela, lapho kungekho khona isiginesha yesikhathi futhi imigqa yebha ihlukanisa umculo ube izingxenye ezingalingani. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile. ukuphindaphinda nonmetric. ama-accents, angalahli uhlamvu “lwe-rhythmic dissonances” (bona izakhiwo ezinkulu zika-Beethoven ezinamazwi esigqi esibuthakathaka ekugcineni kwe-symphony yesi-7, “weqa” isigqi esinamabhithi amabili emigoqweni ebhithi emithathu engxenyeni yokuqala ye-symphony. I-symphony yesi-1 nokunye). Ekuphambukeni ku-M. ku-hl. emazwini, ezimweni eziningi igcinwa ekuhambisaneni, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi iphenduka uchungechunge lokuthuthumela okucatshangelwayo, ukuhlobana okunikeza umsindo wangempela umlingiswa osusiwe.

“Ukuphelezela okucatshangelwayo” kungase kusekelwe inertia yesigqi, kodwa ekuqaleni kwenguquko ka-Schumann ethi “Manfred”, ihlukile kunoma yikuphi ukuhlobana nokwangaphambili nokulandelayo:

Ukuvumelanisa isiqalo nakho kuyenzeka kumabha wamahhala:

SV Rakhmaninov. Ezothando "Ebusuku engadini yami", op. 38 nxa 1.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezilinganiso ku-notation yomculo kuveza isigqi. inhloso yombhali, kanye nemizamo kaRiemann nabalandeli bakhe “yokulungisa” ukuhlelwa kombhali ngokuhambisana nokugcizelela kwangempela, kubonisa ukungaqondi kahle kwengqikithi ka-M., ingxube yesilinganiso esinikeziwe nesigqi sangempela.

Lokhu kushintsha kuphinde kwaholela (hhayi ngaphandle kwethonya lezifaniso nevesi) ekwandiseni umqondo ka-M. ekwakhekeni kwemishwana, izikhathi, njll. Kodwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zomculo wezinkondlo, ubuhlakani, njengomculo womculo okhethekile, kuyahluka. ngokuqondile lapho engekho amamethrikhi. isisho. Evesini, amaphuzu okugcizelela anquma indawo yemingcele yamavesi, ukungezwani kwe-to-rykh ne-syntactic (enjambements) kudala evesini elithi “rhythmic. ama-dissonances.” Emculweni, lapho u-M. elawula khona ukugcizelela kuphela (izindawo ezinqunywe kusengaphambili zokuphela kwesikhathi kweminye imidanso, isibonelo, kupolonaise, ziyifa le-quantitative M.), ukuhlanganisa akunakwenzeka, kodwa lo msebenzi wenziwa ukuvumelanisa, okungacatshangwa evesini (lapho kungekho khona ukuhambisana, okwangempela noma okucatshangwayo, okungase kuphikisane nokugcizelelwa kwamazwi ayinhloko). Umehluko phakathi kwezinkondlo nomculo. I-M. ibonakala ngokucacile ngezindlela ezibhaliwe zokuziveza: esimweni esisodwa, ukuhlukaniswa kube imigqa namaqembu abo (izigaba), ezichaza i-metric. iyaphumula, ngakolunye - ukuhlukaniswa kube imijikelezo, okubonisa imethrikhi. ama-accents. Ukuxhumana phakathi komculo womculo nokuphelezela kungenxa yokuthi isikhathi esiqinile sithathwa njengesiqalo semethrikhi. amayunithi, ngoba iyindawo evamile yokushintsha ukuvumelana, ukuthungwa, njll. Incazelo yemigqa yebha njengemingcele “yohlaka lwamathambo” noma “yokwakha” yabekwa phambili (ngendlela ethize eyihaba) ngu-Konus njengesisindo esiphikisayo ku-syntactic, “ okuhlanganisayo”, okuthole igama elithi “metric” esikoleni saseRiemann. UCatoire uphinde avumele umehluko phakathi kwemingcele yemisho (syntactic) kanye “nezakhiwo” eziqala enkathini eqinile (“trocheus of the 2nd kind” kumatemu akhe). Ukuqoqwa kwezinyathelo ezakhiweni kuvame ukuba ngaphansi kokuthambekela “ku-square” kanye nokushintshaniswa okulungile kwezinyathelo eziqinile nezibuthakathaka, okukhumbuza ukushintshaniswa kwamabhithi ngesilinganiso, kodwa lokhu kuthambekela (okune-psychophysiologically conditioned) akuyona imethrikhi. evamile, ekwazi ukumelana nama-muses. i-syntax ekugcineni enquma usayizi wezakhiwo. Noma kunjalo, ngezinye izikhathi izinyathelo ezincane zihlanganiswa zibe imethrikhi yangempela. ubunye - "imigoqo yezinga eliphezulu", njengoba kufakazelwa ukuthi kungenzeka i-syncope. ukugcizelela ezinyathelweni ezibuthakathaka:

L. Beethoven Sonata wepiyano, op. 110, ingxenye II.

Kwesinye isikhathi ababhali bakhombisa ngqo ukuqoqwa kwamabha; kulesi simo, akuwona kuphela amaqembu ayizikwele (i-ritmo di quattro battute) angenzeka, kodwa namabha amathathu (ritmo di tre battute ku-symphony ka-Beethoven yesi-9, i-rythme ternaire ku-Duke's The Sorcerer's Apprentice). Ukwenza imidwebo yezinyathelo ezingenalutho ekupheleni komsebenzi, okugcina ngesilinganiso esiqinile, nakho kuyingxenye yokuqokwa kwezilinganiso ze-oda eliphezulu, ezivame kakhulu phakathi kwama-Viennese zakudala, kodwa futhi zatholakala kamuva (F. Liszt, "Mephisto Waltz ” No1, PI Tchaikovsky, isiphetho se-symphony yokuqala) , kanye nezinombolo zezinyathelo ngaphakathi kweqembu (Liszt, "Mephisto Waltz"), kanye nokubala kwabo phansi kuqala ngesilinganiso esiqinile, hhayi nge-syntactic. imingcele. Umehluko obalulekile phakathi komculo wezinkondlo. M. akubandakanyi ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwabo ku-wok. umculo wenkathi entsha. Ngasikhathi sinye, zombili zinezici ezijwayelekile ezizihlukanisa nenani elingu-M.: imvelo yokuphimisa, indima eyisizayo kanye nomsebenzi wokuguqula amandla, ovezwe ngokucacile emculweni, lapho iwashi eliqhubekayo elithi M. (elivele ngasikhathi sinye “ne-bass eqhubekayo ", i-basso continuo) ayinqamuli , kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, idala "izibopho ezimbili" ezingavumeli umculo ukuba uhlukane phakathi kwezisusa, imishwana, njll.

References: I-Sokalsky PP, umculo wesintu waseRussia, isiRashiya Esikhulu nesiRashiya Esincane, esakhiweni saso esinomculo nesigqi kanye nomehluko wawo kusukela ezisekelweni zomculo wesimanje we-harmonic, uKharkov, 1888; Konyus G., Isengezo ekuqoqweni kwemisebenzi, izivivinyo nemibuzo (1001) yocwaningo olusebenzayo lwethiyori yomculo wokuqala, M., 1896; okufanayo, uM.-P., 1924; eyakhe, Ukugxekwa kwethiyori yendabuko emkhakheni wefomu lomculo, M., 1932; U-Yavorsky B., Isakhiwo senkulumo yomculo Izinto kanye namanothi, ingxenye 2, M., 1908; eyakhe, The Basic Elements of Music, "Art", 1923, No l (kukhona ukuphrinta okuhlukile); Sabaneev L., Umculo wenkulumo Ucwaningo lobuhle, M., 1923; Rinagin A., Isistimu yolwazi lomculo kanye nethiyori, encwadini. De musica Sat. Art., ed. I. Glebova, P., 1923; Mazel LA, Zukkerman VA, Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi yomculo. Izakhi ze-muchyka nezindlela zokuhlaziya amafomu amancane, M., 1967; U-Agarkov O., Ekwanele kokubonwa kwemitha yomculo, ngo-Sat. Ubuciko Bomculo Nesayensi, vol. 1, eMoscow, ngo-1970; Kholopova V., Imibuzo yesigqi emsebenzini wabaqambi bengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-1971, M., 1; Harlap M., Rhythm of Beethoven, encwadini. Beethoven Sat. st., udaba. 1971, M., XNUMX. Bheka futhi lit. ku-Art. Amamethrikhi.

MG Harlap