I-Mensural notation |

kusuka ku-Latin mensura - mera; letters — notation dimensional

Uhlelo lokuqopha imisindo yomculo eyasetshenziswa ngekhulu le-13-16. Ngokungafani nombhalo wangaphambili ongewona owengqondo (bheka i-Nevmy), amaphethelo abonisa kuphela isiqondiso sokuhamba komculo, kanye nombhalo we-choral owawuthatha indawo yawo, lapho kuboniswe khona ukuphakama kwemisindo kuphela, uM. n. kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukulungisa kokubili ukuphakama nobude besikhathi obuhlobene bemisindo. Lokhu kwadingeka ekuthuthukisweni kwe-polyphony, lapho kuma-motet kunokusuka ekubizeni ngesikhathi esisodwa kohlamvu ngalunye lombhalo kuwo wonke amazwi. M. i. ithuthukiswe futhi yachazwa nguJohannes de Garlandia, uFranco waseCologne, uWalter Odington, uHieronymus waseMoravia (ikhulu le-13), uPhilippe de Vitry, u-de Muris, uMarchetto wasePadua (ikhulu le-14), uJohannes Tinctoris (ikhulu le-15-16), uFrancino Gaffori ( 16th c.), njll.

Ukuze con. ngo-13 c. ukucacisa ubude besikhathi semisindo nokuphumula ku-M. n. kwasetshenziswa izimpawu ezilandelayo (zinikezwe ngokulandelana kobude besikhathi; wonke amagama angesiLatini):

Ngekhulu le-14 kwaqala ukusetshenziswa ngisho nezikhathi ezincane - minima

(okuncane kakhulu) kanye ne-semiminima

(uhhafu ubuncane).

Iyunithi yokubala yobude besikhathi ekuqaleni kwakuyinothi elithi longa. Kwakukhona inothi elithi longa perfecta (eliphelele), elilingana nama-brevis amathathu, kanye nenothi le-longa imperfecta (elingaphelele), elilingana nama-brevis amabili. Kusuka ku-Ser. ngo-14 c. imiqondo ye- perfecta , i- division enezingxenye ezintathu , ne- imperfecta , i- division enezingxenye ezimbili , nayo yanwetshwa ezilinganisoni zamanye amanothi "omakhelwane" endaweni ochungechungeni lwezikhathi zenothi; amanothi kuphela i-duplex longa (kamuva i-maxima) kanye ne-minima ayehlala eshaya kabili. Lezi zinhlobo zokuhlukanisa ngesigqi zazibizwa ngokuthi izikali. Kwakunamagama akhethekile esikali sobude besikhathi ngasinye. Ngakho, isikali se-longa sasibizwa ngokuthi i-modus, isikali se-brevis sasibizwa ngokuthi i-tempus, isikali se-semibrevis sasibizwa ngokuthi i-prolatio. Kamuva, i-note brevis yaba isikhathi sokubala, esihambelana nesimanje. inothi eliphelele; izinhlobo zezikali zayo, okungukuthi i- tempus perfectum (ihlukanisa ibe ama-semibrevis amathathu) kanye ne- tempus imperfectum (ihlukanisa ibe ama-semibrevis amabili) zazichazwa ngezimpawu ngokulandelana kwazo.

и

; igama lokugcina lisasetshenziswa nanamuhla kusayizi 4/4. Lezi zimpawu zazibekwe ekuqaleni komugqa womculo noma phakathi nezimo zokushintsha isikali. Kusukela kuyunithi yekhulu le-14 yokubala ubude besikhathi ku-M. n. kwaba inothi semibrevis. Ukwehlukaniswa kwayo kube amasheya amathathu amancane kwaqanjwa ngegama elithi prolatio enkulu (perfecta), kwaba kabili - ngegama elithi prolatio minor (imperfecta). Ichashaza kuphawu lwethempeli lisetshenziswe njengophawu oluhlukile. Lokhu kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukusho kafushane zonke izisekelo ezine ezisetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi. uhlobo lokubekelwa phansi ubude besikhathi:

1) i-brevis ne-semibrevis – i-tripartite, ie tempus perfectum, i-prolatio enkulu (ihambisana nosayizi besimanje 9/4, 9/8) – uphawu

; 2) i-brevis - i-tripartite, i-semibrevis - i-bipartite, ie tempus perfectum, i-prolatio encane (ihambisana nosayizi besimanje 3/4, 3/8) - uphawu

;

3) i-brevis - izingxenye ezimbili, i-semibrevis - izingxenye ezintathu, okungukuthi tempus imperfectum, i-prolatio enkulu (ihambisana nosayizi besimanje 6/4, 6/8) - uphawu

; 4) i-brevis – i-bipartite, i-semibrevis – i-bipartite, ie tempus imperfectum, i-prolatio minor (ihambisana nosayizi besimanje 2/4, 4/4).

Izimpawu ezingenhla kanye nokuphawula akuzange kunikeze irekhodi lazo zonke izinhlobo zesigqi ezingaba khona. inhlangano yemisindo. Mayelana nalokhu, kwasungulwa imithetho exhumanisa ubude besikhathi esithile senothi kanye naphakathi kwamaphuzu elitholakala phakathi kwawo. Ngakho-ke, umthetho we-imperfectio wawuthi uma esigabeni esingunxantathu inothi elinwetshiwe lilandelwa inothi lesikhathi esifushane esiseduze, bese liza futhi ubude obufana nelokuqala, noma uma inothi lilandelwa amanothi angaphezu kwamathathu. ubude besikhathi obufushane obuseduze, ubude baleli nothi buyancipha ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu:

Umthetho we-ateratio (ukuguqulwa, izinguquko) unqume ukuphindwa kabili kwesikhathi kwesibili kwamanothi amabili aseduze wesikhathi esifanayo, i-brevis, kamuva ne-semibrevis, ene-aticulation ephindwe kathathu:

UMnyango. amazwi amaningi. izingoma zazivame ukubhalwa ngaleso sikhathi ngendlela yokuthi amayunithi okubala kuzo ahluke. Ngakho-ke, lapho kuncishiswa amazwi abe aphelele, kwakudingeka isigqi. ukuguqulwa kwamavoti. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amazwi aqoshiwe anesikhathi esikhudlwana ayengaphansi kwe-"diminutio" (diminutio). Okuvame kakhulu kwakuwukuncishiswa kwazo zonke izikhathi zezwi elinikeziwe ngohhafu (proportio dupla). Yayifanekiselwa umugqa oqondile odlula kuphawu lwesikali – , noma ukuguqulwa kwalolu phawu – , noma ingxenyenamba yenombolo 2/1. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-diminutio nazo zasetshenziswa. Ukukhanselwa kwe-diminutio ekhonjiswe ingxenyana kwenziwe ngokuhambisa inombolo nedenominator (isibonelo, 1/2 ngemva kuka-2/1). I-Diminutio 2/1, ibhekisela kuwo wonke amazwi, imele ukusheshisa kwetempo elula.

Ngenxa yokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ze-imperfectio kanye ne-diminutio kuyinkimbinkimbi yokubhalwa komculo, kwenziwa imizamo yokusiza ukufundwa kwamanothi ngokwethula izimpawu zomculo ezintsha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, mayelana nokushintshwa kwesikhumba kuya ephepheni, baqala ukushintsha izimpawu zomculo "ezimnyama" "ezimhlophe". Le nqubo yayishubile ikakhulukazi e-Italy. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16. Nali uhlelo olulandelayo lokuphawula komculo:

Kancane kancane, kwasungulwa izimpawu zomculo ezimnyama ukuze zichaze ubude besikhathi esincane nobude obuncane, kanye nokumisa isikhashana okuhambisana ne-fuze ne-semifuze, uphawu lokuqala lwezimpawu ezimbili. Lolu hlelo lwezimpawu lwakha isisekelo sesimanje. izinhlelo zokubhala inothi. Kakade ngekhulu le-15. yayivame ukusetshenziswa ngokubhala amanothi ayindilinga, ekhulwini le-16. waphinde wathuthela ekunyatheliseni komculo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16 ukuncishiswa kwezikhathi maqondana l : 2 kwanqoba yonke indawo; kwaphawula ukwenqatshwa kukaM. n. kanye nokushintshela kusistimu ye-notation yesimanje.

References: Saketti LA, Indatshana yomlando ovamile womculo, iSt. Petersburg, ngo-1912; Gruber RI, Umlando Wamasiko omculo, vol. 1, ingxenye 2, M.-L., 1941; Bellermann H., Die Mensuralnoten und Takteeichen des XV. futhi XVI. Jahrhunderts, W., 1858, 1963; Jacobsthal G., Die Mensuralnotenschrift des 12. und 13. Jahrhunderts, B., 1871; Riemann, H. Studien zur Geschichte der Notenschrift, Lpz., 1878; Wolf J., Geschichte der Mensuralnotation von 1250-1460, Bd 1-3, Lpz., 1904, Hildesheim-Wiesbaden, 1965; okufanayo, Handbuch der Notationskunde, Bd 1, Lpz., 1913; yakhe, Die Tonschriften, Breslau, 1924; Chybinski A., Teoria mensuralna…, Kr., 1910; Michalitschke AM, Studien zur Entstehung und Fhrhentwicklung der Mensuralnotation, “ZfMw”, 1930, Jahrg. 12, H. 5; Rarrish C., I-notation of polyphonie music, NY, 1958; Fischer K. v., Zur Entwicklung der italienischen Trecento-Notation, “AfMw”, 1959, Jahrg. 16; Apel W., Die Notation der polyphonen Musik, 900-1600, Lpz., 1962; Genther R., Die Mensuralnotation des Ars nova, “AfMw”, 1962-63. (Jahrg. 20), H. 1.

VA Vakhromeev