Ingoma |

I-French menestrel, evela kuLate Lat. ministerialis - enkonzweni; IsiNgisi - i-minstrel

Ekuqaleni ngeNkathi Ephakathi. I-France, i-England namanye amazwe, abantu abakhonza nenkosi ye-feudal noma inkosi ehloniphekile futhi benza noma yikuphi okukhethekile ngaphansi kwayo. umsebenzi (ministerium). M. – uprofesa ojikelezayo. umculi wezinsimbi nomculi osebenzela i-troubadour. Imisebenzi yakhe yayihlanganisa ukucula izingoma zomsekeli wakhe noma ukuhambisana nokucula kwe-troubadour ngensimbi yomculo enezintambo ezinezintambo. M. babengabathwali beNar. umculo u-art-va, wathonya umsebenzi wama-troubadour, wabanikeza ukukhiqizwa. izici zobuntu bengoma. Igama elithi "M". kuvame ukunwetshwa kuma-courters kanye nama-troubadours ajikelezayo. Kusukela ekhulwini le-13 igama elithi “M.” kancane kancane ifana negama elithi "troubadour", bese - "juggler". Ekhulwini le-13 izikole zikaM. zase zikhona kakade, ezazisebenza phakathi nokuzila ukudla okwamiswa isonto, lapho imidlalo kaM. yenqatshelwe. Ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo abo, izingcweti zasemadolobheni zahlangana “ezindaweni zobuzalwane,” ezifana nezinhlangano zezingcweti zezandla. Ngo-1321 "ubuzalwane" obunjalo, okuthiwa. menestrandia, yaduma eParis. Ukuze ube yilungu "lobuzalwane", kwakudingeka uphumelele ukuhlolwa okukhethekile (abesifazane nabo bamukelwa). Ngo-1381, kwamiswa inhlangano yeMinstrels eStaffordshire, eNgilandi, ngaphansi kwegama elithi Minstrel Court, eyayiholwa “iNkosi” kaM. Kusukela ekhulwini le-14. U-M. wayebizwa ngabaculi “abahlala phansi” nabajikelezayo ababecula ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, emibukisweni. Kusuka ku-con. ngo-14 c. M. – uphrof. abaculi abaqamba umculo wokudansa futhi abaphelezele ngokudlala insimbi yomculo. Ngo-1407 M. wathola ilungelo lobunikazi eNkosini uCharles VI, elaqinisa isikhundla sabo kwaze kwaba sekugcineni. Ikhulu le-18 Igama elithi “M.” yavuselelwa ngekhulu le-19. izimbongi zothando. izikole. V. Scott eshicilelwe ikholl. nar. ballad "Minstrelsy of the Scottish border", 1802-03), wabhala inkondlo ethi "The Song of the last minstrel" ("Lay of the last minstrel", 1805).

I-IM Yampolsky