Isigqi |

I-rytmos yesiGreki, kusukela ku-reo - flow

Indlela ebonwayo yokugeleza kwanoma yiziphi izinqubo ngesikhathi. Izinhlobonhlobo zokubonakaliswa kwe-R. ekuwohlokeni. izinhlobo nezitayela zobuciko (hhayi ezesikhashana kuphela, kodwa futhi nendawo), kanye nangaphandle kwezobuciko. imikhakha (R. yenkulumo, ukuhamba, izinqubo zabasebenzi, njll.) yabangela izincazelo eziningi ezivame ukungqubuzana ze-R. (ezincisha leli gama ukucaca kwetemu). Phakathi kwabo, amaqembu amathathu ahlukaniswe ngokuxega angahlonzwa.

Ngomqondo obanzi, i-R. iyisakhiwo sesikhashana sanoma yiziphi izinqubo ezicatshangwayo, okukodwa kokuthathu (kanye nomculo nokuvumelana) okuyisisekelo. izakhi zomculo, ukusabalalisa maqondana nesikhathi (ngokusho kwe-PI Tchaikovsky) melodic. kanye ne-harmonic. inhlanganisela. R. yakha ama-accents, ukumisa isikhashana, ukuhlukanisa kube izingxenye (amayunithi esigqi amazinga ahlukene afinyelela kumsindo ngamunye), ukuhlanganisa kwawo, izilinganiso zobude besikhathi, njll.; ngomqondo omncane - ukulandelana kobude bemisindo, ekhishwe ekuphakameni kwayo (iphethini yesigqi, ngokungafani ne-melodic).

Le ndlela yokuchaza iphikiswa ukuqonda isigqi njengekhwalithi ekhethekile ehlukanisa ukunyakaza okunesigqi nokungesona isigqi. Le khwalithi inikezwa izincazelo eziphambene ngokulinganayo. UMn. abacwaningi baqonda u-R. njengokushintshwa okujwayelekile noma ukuphindaphinda nokulingana okusekelwe kukho. Ngokwaleli phuzu lokubuka, i-R. ngendlela emsulwa iwukuzulazula okuphindaphindayo kwe-pendulum noma ukushaywa kwe-metronome. Inani le-Aesthetic R. lichazwa ngokuhleleka kwesenzo kanye “nomnotho wokunaka”, ukwenza kube lula ukubona nokufaka isandla ekuzishintsheni komsebenzi wemisipha, isibonelo. uma uhamba. Emculweni, ukuqonda okunjalo kwe-R. kuholela ekuhlonzweni kwayo nge-tempo efanayo noma ngesigqi - ama-muses. imitha.

Kodwa emculweni (njengezinkondlo), lapho indima ka-R. inkulu kakhulu, ngokuvamile iphikisana nemitha futhi ihlotshaniswa hhayi nokuphindaphinda okulungile, kodwa kunzima ukuchaza "umqondo wokuphila", amandla, njll. "Isigqi singamandla amakhulu , amandla ayinhloko evesi. Ngeke kuchazwe "- VV Mayakovsky). Ingqikithi ka-R., ngokuka-E. Kurt, “iwukuphokophela phambili, ukunyakaza okukuyo namandla aphikelelayo.” Ngokuphambene nezincazelo ze-R., ezisekelwe ku-commensurability (ukuqonda) kanye nokuphindaphinda okuzinzile (ama-statics), imizwa nokuguquguqukayo kugcizelelwa lapha. imvelo ye-R., engaziveza ngaphandle kwemitha futhi ingabi khona ngamafomu alungile ngokwemethrikhi.

Ngokuvumelana nokuqonda kuka-R. kukhuluma umsuka waleli gama esenzweni esithi “ukugeleza”, lapho uHeraclitus ezwakalise khona okuyinhloko. isikhundla: "yonke into iyahamba." UHeraclitus angabizwa ngokufanelekile ngokuthi “isazi sefilosofi sezwe R.” kanye nokuphikisa “isazi sefilosofi sokuvumelana kwezwe” uPythagoras. Zombili izazi zefilosofi ziveza umbono wazo wezwe zisebenzisa imiqondo yezisekelo ezimbili. izingxenye zethiyori yasendulo yomculo, kodwa uPythagoras uphendukela emfundisweni yokulinganisa okuzinzile kwezikhala zomsindo, futhi uHeraclitus - kumbono wokwakhiwa komculo ngesikhathi, ifilosofi yakhe kanye ne-antich. izigqi zingachazana ngokulinganayo. Umehluko ka-Main R. kusukela ezakhiweni ezingaphelelwa yisikhathi uhlukile: “awukwazi ukungena emfudlaneni ofanayo kabili.” Ngesikhathi esifanayo, "emhlabeni R." I-Heraclitus enye indlela “yenyuka” kanye “nezansi”, amagama awo – “ano” kanye “no-kato” - aqondana nemibandela ye-antich. izigqi, ezichaza izingxenye ezi-2 zesigqi. amayunithi (okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “arsis” kanye “thesis”), izilinganiso zazo ngobude besikhathi zakha u-R. noma “amalogo” ale yunithi (ku-Heraclitus, “world R.” iphinde ilingane “ne-World Logos”). Ngakho-ke, ifilosofi kaHeraclitus ikhomba indlela eya ku-synthesis ye-dynamic. Ukuqonda kuka-R. kokunengqondo, okuvame ukuphumelela emandulo.

Amaphuzu okubuka angokomzwelo (ashukumisayo) kanye nanengqondo (amile) awabandakanyi ngempela, kodwa ayaphelelisana. "I-Rhythmic" ivame ukuqaphela lokho kunyakaza okubangela uhlobo lwe-resonance, ukuzwelana nokunyakaza, okuvezwa isifiso sokuyikhiqiza (okuhlangenwe nakho kwesigqi kuhlobene ngokuqondile nokuzwa kwemisipha, futhi kusukela ekuzweni kwangaphandle kuya emisindweni, umbono ovame ukuhambisana nawo. ngemizwa yangaphakathi. ukudlala). Kulokhu, kuyadingeka, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthi ukunyakaza akukona ukudideka, ukuthi kunesakhiwo esithile esibonwayo, esingaphinda siphindwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthi ukuphindaphinda akuyona imishini. U-R. unolwazi njengoshintsho lokungezwani kwemizwelo nezinqumo, ezinyamalalayo ngokuphindaphinda okufana ne-pendulum. Ku-R., ngakho-ke, i-static ihlanganisiwe. futhi ashukumisayo. izimpawu, kodwa, njengoba umbandela wesigqi uhlala ungokomzwelo futhi, ngakho-ke, ngencazelo. Ngendlela ezithobayo, imingcele ehlukanisa ukunyakaza okunesigqi kusuka kwesiphithiphithi kanye nemishini ayikwazi ukusungulwa ngokuqinile, okwenza kube semthethweni futhi kuchaze. indlela eyisisekelo. izifundo ezithile zazo zombili inkulumo (evesini nephrozi) kanye nomculo. R.

Ukushintshashintsha kwezingxabano nezinqumo (izigaba ezikhuphukayo nezokwehla) kunikeza isigqi. izakhiwo zamamagazini. uhlamvu, okufanele kuqondwe hhayi kuphela njengokuphindaphinda okuthile. ukulandelana kwezigaba (qhathanisa nomqondo wenkathi kuma-acoustics, njll.), kodwa futhi “njengomjikelezo,” oveza ukuphindaphinda, nokuphelela, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubona isigqi ngaphandle kokuphindaphinda. Lesi sici sesibili sibaluleke kakhulu, izinga lesigqi liyakhuphuka. amayunithi. Emculweni (kanye nasenkulumweni yobuciko), isikhathi sibizwa. isakhiwo esiveza umcabango ophelele. Isikhathi singaphinda (ngefomu le-couplet) noma sibe ingxenye ebalulekile yefomu elikhudlwana; ngesikhathi esifanayo limelela imfundo encane kunazo zonke, ukusika kungakwazi ukuzimela. umsebenzi.

Isigqi. umbono ungadalwa ukwakheka sekukonke ngenxa yokushintsha kokungezwani (isigaba esikhuphukayo, i-arsis, isibopho) isinqumo (isigaba esehlayo, i-thesis, i-denouement) nokuhlukaniswa ngama-caesuras noma ukumisa isikhashana kube izingxenye (nge-arsis yabo kanye nemibono yabo) . Ngokuphambene nokuhlanganisayo, amazwibela amancane, abonwa ngokuqondile ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi i-rhythmic proper. Akulula neze ukubeka imingcele yalokho okubonwa ngokuqondile, kodwa emculweni singabhekisela ku-R. amayunithi emisho namaphimbo ngaphakathi kweminyuziyamu. ongqi nemisho, enganqunywa kuphela nge-semantic (syntactic), kodwa futhi neyokuphila. izimo futhi eziqhathanisekayo ngobukhulu nezimo zomzimba. ama-periodicities, njengokuphefumula nokushaya kwenhliziyo, i-to-rye yizibonelo zezinhlobo ezimbili zesigqi. izakhiwo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokushaya kwenhliziyo, ukuphefumula akuzenzeki kangako, kukude nomshini. ukuphindaphinda futhi eduze nemvelaphi yemizwa ye-R., izikhathi zayo zinesakhiwo esibonakala ngokucacile futhi zichazwe ngokucacile, kodwa ubukhulu bazo, ngokuvamile buhambisana ne-approx. Amabhithi angu-4 okushaya kwenhliziyo, achezuka kalula kulokhu kujwayelekile. Ukuphefumula kuyisisekelo senkulumo nomculo. imisho, enquma inani elikhulu. iyunithi yemisho - ikholomu (emculweni ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ibinzana", futhi, isibonelo, u-A. Reicha, M. Lucy, A. F. Lvov, "isigqi"), ukudala ikhefu kanye nemvelo. ifomu le-melodic. ama-cadences (ngokwezwi nezwi "ukuwa" - isigaba sokwehla sesigqi. amayunithi), ngenxa yokwehliswa kwezwi ngasekupheleni kokukhipha umoya. Ekushintsheni amaphromoshini omculo nokwehliswa ingqikithi ye-“free, asymmetrical R.” (Lvov) ngaphandle kwenani elihlala njalo elinesigqi. amayunithi, isici sabaningi. amafomu ezinganekwane (eziqala ngezakudala zigcine ngesiRashiya. ingoma eqhubekayo), ingoma kaGregory, ingoma ye-znamenny, njll. njll Le melodic noma yezizwe zonke R. (okubaluleke kakhulu umugqa esikhundleni sohlangothi lwe-modal lomculo) iba yinto efanayo ngenxa yokwengezwa kwe-pulsating periodicity, okubonakala ikakhulukazi ezingomeni ezihambisana nokunyakaza komzimba (umdanso, umdlalo, umsebenzi). Ukuphindaphinda kubusa kuyo phezu kokusemthethweni nokunqunywa kwezikhathi, ukuphela kwenkathi kuwumfutho oqala isikhathi esisha, ukushaya, uma kuqhathaniswa neCrimea, ezinye izikhathi, njengezingagxilile, zingezesibili futhi ingathathelwa indawo yikhefu. I-pulsating periodicity iwuphawu lokuhamba, ukunyakaza komsebenzi okuzenzakalelayo, enkulumweni nasemculweni kunquma i-tempo - ubukhulu bezikhawu phakathi kokucindezeleka. Hlukanisa ngokushaya kwamaphimbo ayisigqi esiyisisekelo. amayunithi ohlobo lokuphefumula abe amasheya alinganayo, akhiqizwa ukwanda komgomo wemoto, nawo athuthukisa ukusabela kwezimoto ngesikhathi sokubona futhi ngaleyo ndlela kube nesigqi. Isipiliyoni. T. o., kakade esezigabeni zokuqala zezinganekwane, izingoma zohlobo oluqhubekayo ziphikiswa izingoma “ezisheshayo,” ezikhiqiza isigqi. umbono. Ngakho-ke, ezikhathini zasendulo, ukuphikiswa kukaR. kanye nomculo (isiqalo “sowesilisa” “nowesifazane”), kanye nenkulumo emsulwa ka-R. umdanso uyaziwa (u-Aristotle, “Poetics”, 1), futhi emculweni uhlotshaniswa nokushaywa nezinsimbi ezishaywayo. Isigqi ezikhathini zanamuhla. uhlamvu luphinde lufakwe ku-preim. umculo wokumasha nokudansa, kanye nomqondo kaR. okuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokushaya kwenhliziyo kunokuphefumula. Kodwa-ke, ukugcizelela ohlangothini olulodwa ku-pulsation periodicity kuholela ekuphindaphindweni kwemishini kanye nokushintshwa kokushintshana kwezingxabano nezinqumo ngokushaya okufanayo (yingakho ukungaqondi kahle kwamakhulu eminyaka kwamagama athi "arsis" kanye "nomqondo", okubonisa izikhathi eziyinhloko zesigqi, kanye nemizamo yokuhlonza oyedwa noma omunye ngokucindezeleka). Amagalelo amaningana abonwa njengo-R.

Ukuhlola okuqondile kwesikhathi kusekelwe ekunyakazeni kwenhliziyo (okufeza ukunemba okukhulu kakhulu ngokuhlobene namanani aseduze nezikhawu zesikhathi sokushaya kwenhliziyo evamile, isekhondi elingu-0,5-1) kanye, ngakho-ke, inani (ukulinganisa isikhathi) isigqi esakhelwe phezu kwezilinganiso zobude besikhathi, ezithole okwakudala. isisho emandulo. Kodwa-ke, indima enqumayo kuyo idlalwe yimisebenzi ye-physiological engeyona isici somsebenzi wemisipha. izitayela, kanye nobuhle. izidingo, ukulingana lapha akuyona i-stereotype, kodwa ubuciko. I-canon. Ukubaluleka komdanso wesigqi se-quantitative akubangelwa kakhulu injini yayo, kodwa imvelo yayo yepulasitiki, eqondiswe ekuboneni, okuhambisana nesigqi. umbono ngenxa ye-psychophysiological. izizathu zidinga ukuyeka ukunyakaza, ukushintsha kwezithombe, okuhlala isikhathi esithile. Yilokhu kanye okwakuyikho i-antique. umdanso, u-R. to-rogo (ngokobufakazi buka-Aristides Quintilian) wawuhlanganisa nokushintsha kwemidanso. ukuma (“amasu”) ahlukaniswe “izimpawu” noma “amachashazi” (ngesiGreki “semeyon” inazo zombili izincazelo). Ama-Beats ngesigqi sobuningi akuwona ama-impulses, kodwa imingcele yezingxenye eziqhathanisekayo ngosayizi, lapho isikhathi sihlukaniswa khona. Umbono wesikhathi lapha usondela kulowo wendawo, futhi umqondo wesigqi usondela ku-symmetry (umqondo wesigqi njengokulingana nokuvumelana kusekelwe kusigqi sasendulo). Ukulingana kwamagugu esikhashana kuba yindaba ekhethekile yokulingana kwawo, kanye neCrimea, kukhona ezinye “izinhlobo ze-R.” (izilinganiso zezingxenye ezingu-2 zeyunithi yesigqi – i-arsis ne-thesis) – 1:2, 2:3, njll. Ukuhanjiswa kumafomula anquma kusengaphambili isilinganiso sobude besikhathi, esihlukanisa umdanso nokunye ukunyakaza komzimba, nakho kudluliselwa evesini lomculo. izinhlobo, ngqo nomdanso ongahlobene (isibonelo, kuma-epic). Ngenxa yomehluko wobude bamagama, umbhalo wevesi ungasebenza “njengesilinganiso” sika-R. (imitha), kodwa kuphela njengokulandelana kwamagama amade namafushane; empeleni u-R. (“ukugeleza”) kwevesi, ukuhlukaniswa kwawo kube izimbongolo kanye nezilinganiso kanye nokugqamisa okunqunywe yizo (okungahlotshaniswa nokucindezeleka kwamazwi) kungokomculo nomdanso. ohlangothini lwecala lokuvumelanisa. Ukungalingani kwezigaba ezinesigqi (ngonyawo, ivesi, isiteji, njll.) kwenzeka kaningi kunokulingana, ukuphindaphinda kanye nesikwele kunikeza indlela eya ekwakhiweni okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okukhumbuza izilinganiso zezakhiwo.

Isici sezinkathi ze-syncretic, kodwa kakade i-folklore, kanye no-prof. i-art-va quantitative R. ikhona, ngaphezu kwe-antique, emculweni wenombolo yasempumalanga. amazwe (amaNdiya, ama-Arabhu, njll.), ngeNkathi Ephakathi. umculo wabesilisa, kanye nasezinganekwaneni zabanye abaningi. abantu, lapho umuntu engathatha ithonya lika-prof. kanye nokudala komuntu siqu (ama-bards, ashugs, troubadour, njll.). Umdanso. umculo wezikhathi zanamuhla ukweleta le nganekwane inani lamafomula obuningi, ahlanganisa u-dec. ubude besikhathi ngohlelo oluthile, ukuphindaphinda (noma ukuhluka phakathi kwemikhawulo ethile) i-to-rykh ibonakalisa umdanso othile. Kodwa ngesigqi sokungacunuli esikhona ezikhathini zanamuhla, imidanso enjenge-waltz iyisici esibaluleke kakhulu, lapho kungekho khona ukuhlukaniswa ngezingxenye. "ukuma" kanye nezingxenye zazo zesikhathi ezihambisanayo zesikhathi esithile.

Isigqi sewashi, ngekhulu le-17. esikhundleni ngokuphelele se-mensural, kungokwesithathu (emva kwentonational and quantitative) yohlobo R. - indlela yokuphimisa, isici sesiteji lapho izinkondlo nomculo kuhlukana khona (kanye nomdanso) futhi ngayinye yakha isigqi sayo. Okujwayelekile ezinkondlweni nomculo. R. ukuthi zombili azakhelwe esilinganisweni sesikhathi, kodwa ezilinganisweni zezwi. Umculo ngokukhethekile. imitha yewashi, eyakhiwe ukushintshaniswa kwezingcindezi eziqinile (ezisindayo) nezibuthakathaka (ezilula), ihluka kuwo wonke amamitha evesi (kokubili amamitha enkulumo yomculo evumelanisiwe kanye namamitha enkulumo kuphela) ngokuqhubeka (ukungabikho kokuhlukaniswa kwamavesi, imethrikhi. imisho); Ukulinganisa kufana nokuhambisana okuqhubekayo. Njengokulinganisa kumasistimu we-accent (i-syllabic, syllabo-tonic kanye ne-tonic), imitha yebha impofu futhi iyingozi kakhulu kuneyomthamo futhi inikeza amathuba amaningi kakhulu esigqi. ukwehluka okudalwe yitimu eguqukayo. kanye ne-syntax. isakhiwo. Esigqini sokugcizelela, akukhona ukulinganisa (ukulalela imitha) okuza phambili, kodwa izinhlangothi eziguquguqukayo nezingokomzwelo zika-R., inkululeko nokuhlukahluka kwakhe kubaluleka ngaphezu kokunemba. Ngokungafani nemitha, empeleni i-R. ngokuvamile ebizwa ngalezo zingxenye zesakhiwo sesikhashana, i-to-rye ayilawulwa imethrikhi. uhlelo. Emculweni, lokhu iqoqo lezinyathelo (bheka p. Iziyalezo zikaBeethoven “R. yamabha ama-3", "R. imigoqo emi-4”; “rythme ternaire” ku-Duke’s The Sorcerer’s Apprentice, njll. njll.), imisho (kusukela emculweni. imitha ayikumiseli ukuhlukaniswa kube imigqa, umculo kulokhu useduze ne-prose kunenkulumo yevesi), ugcwalisa i-bar decomp. ubude benothi - rhythmic. umdwebo, ku-Krom it. kanye nezincwadi zethiyori yokuqala yaseRussia (ngaphansi kwethonya lika-X. URiman kanye noG. Konyus) yehlisa umqondo ka-R. Ngakho-ke uR. kanye nemitha ngezinye izikhathi kuqhathaniswa njengenhlanganisela yobude besikhathi nokugcizelela, nakuba kusobala ukuthi ukulandelana okufanayo kobude nodec. ukuhlelwa kwezimpawu zokuphimisela akunakuthathwa njengokufana ngesigqi. Siphikisa u-R. imitha kungenzeka kuphela njengesakhiwo esibonwa ngempela sohlelo olunqunyiwe, ngakho-ke, ukugcizelela kwangempela, kokubili okuhambisana newashi, futhi okuphikisayo, kubhekisela ku-R. Ukuhlotshaniswa kobude besigqi sokuphimisa kulahlekelwa ukuzimela kwakho. incazelo futhi ibe enye yezindlela zokugcizelela - imisindo emide igqamile uma iqhathaniswa nemifushane. Isimo esivamile sobude besikhathi esikhudlwana sisemabhithi aqinile esilinganiso, ukwephulwa kwalo mthetho kudala umbono wokuvumelanisa (okungesona isici sesigqi somthamo nemidanso esuselwe kukho. amafomula ohlobo lwe-mazurka). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuqokwa komculo amanani akha isigqi. umdwebo, awubonisi ubude besikhathi sangempela, kodwa ukuhlukaniswa kwesilinganiso, i-rye emculweni. ukusebenza kweluliwe futhi kucindezelwe ebangeni elibanzi kakhulu. Amathuba we-agogics kungenxa yokuthi ubudlelwano besikhathi sangempela bungenye yezindlela zokuveza isigqi. umdwebo, ongabonakala ngisho noma ubude bangempela bungahambisani nalolo oluboniswe kumanothi. I-metronomically even tempo kusigqi sebhithi ayiphoqelekile kuphela, kodwa kunalokho iyagwenywa; ukusondela kuyo ngokuvamile kubonisa ukuthambekela kwezimoto (mashi, umdanso), okukhulunywa kakhulu ku-classical.

I-Motority ibonakala futhi ekwakhiweni kwesikwele, "ukulunga" okwanikeza uRiemann nabalandeli bakhe isizathu sokubona iminyuziyamu kuzo. imitha, okuthi, njengemitha yevesi, inqume ukuhlukaniswa kwenkathi ibe yizisusa nemishwana. Kodwa-ke, ukunemba okuvela ngenxa yemikhuba ye-psychophysiological, kunokuhambisana nokuthile. imithetho, ayikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi imitha. Ayikho imithetho yokuhlukaniswa kube imishwana kusigqi sebha, ngakho-ke (kungakhathaleki ukuthi bukhona noma ukungabikho kwesikwele) akusebenzi kumethrikhi. Amagama kaRiemann awamukelwanga ngisho nakuye. i-musicology (isibonelo, u-F. Weingartner, ehlaziya ama-symphonies ka-Beethoven, ubiza isakhiwo esinesigqi lokho isikole sase-Riemann esikuchaza njengesakhiwo semethrikhi) futhi akwamukelwe e-Great Britain nase-France. U-E. Prout ubiza u-R. "i-oda ngokusho ukuthi ama-cadenza abekwe ocezu lomculo" ("Ifomu Lomculo", eMoscow, 1900, p. 41). M. Lussy uqhathanisa izimpawu zemethrikhi (iwashi) nezinesigqi – zemisho, futhi kuyunithi yemisho eyisiqalo (“isigqi”, emagameni kaLussy; wabiza umcabango ophelele, inkathi “umshwana”) ngokuvamile kukhona okubili kwawo. Kubalulekile ukuthi amayunithi anesigqi, ngokungafani namamethrikhi, angakhiwe ngokuzithoba ku-ch. ukucindezeleka, kodwa ngokuhlanganisa okulinganayo, kodwa okuhlukile ekusebenzeni, ama-accents (imitha ibonisa isimo sawo esivamile, nakuba singesona isibopho; ngakho-ke, ibinzana elivame kakhulu liyi-two-beat). Le misebenzi ingabonakala ngokuyinhloko. izikhathi ezingokwemvelo kunoma iyiphi i-R. - i-arsis kanye nethisisi.

Muses. I-R., njengevesi, yakhiwa ukusebenzisana kwesakhiwo se-semantic (thematic, syntactic) kanye nemitha, edlala indima eyisizayo kusigqi sewashi, kanye nasezinhlelweni zamavesi aphimisayo.

Umsebenzi wokuguqula, wokucacisa, kanye nokungahlukanisi wemitha yewashi, elawula (ngokungafani namamitha evesi) isigcizelelo kuphela, hhayi izimpawu zokubhala (caesuras), uboniswa ekungqubuzaneni phakathi kwesigqi (sangempela) kanye nemethrikhi. i-accentuation, phakathi kwe-semantic caesuras kanye nokushintshaniswa okuqhubekayo kwe-metric esindayo nelula. izikhathi.

Emlandweni wewashi isigqi 17 - ekuqaleni. Ikhulu lama-20 amaphuzu amathathu abalulekile angahlukaniswa. inkathi. Kuqedwe umsebenzi ka-JS Bach no-G. f. Inkathi ye-Handel Baroque isungula i-DOS. izimiso zesigqi esisha esihambisana ne-homophonic harmonic. ukucabanga. Ukuqala kwenkathi kumakwa ngokusungulwa kwe-bass evamile, noma i-bass eqhubekayo (i-basso continuo), esebenzisa ukulandelana kokuvumelana okungaxhunywanga yi-caesuras, izinguquko ezivame ukuhambisana nemethrikhi. i-accentuation, kodwa ingase iphambuke kuyo. I-Melodica, lapho “amandla e-kinetic” enqoba “isigqi” (E. Kurt) noma “R. labo” ngaphezu kwe-“clock R.” (A. Schweitzer), ibonakala ngenkululeko yokugcizelela (ngokuphathelene nokungacunuli) kanye ne-tempo, ikakhulukazi ekuphindaphindeni. Inkululeko ye-Tempo iboniswa ngokuphambuka kwemizwa kusuka ku-tempo eqinile (u-K. Monteverdi uqhathanisa i-tempo del'-affetto del animo ne-mechanical tempo de la mano), ekuphetheni. ama-decelerations, u-J. Frescobaldi asevele ebhala ngawo, ku-tempo rubato ("i-tempo efihliwe"), eqondwa njengokushintshwa komculo ohlobene nokuhambisana. I-tempo eqinile iba yinto ehlukile, njengoba kufakazelwa izinkomba ezifana ne-mesurй ka-F. Couperin. Ukwephulwa kokuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwamanothi omculo nobude bangempela kuvezwa ekuqondweni okuphelele kwephuzu elinwetshwayo: kuye ngomongo.

Kungasho

, njll., a

Ukuqhubeka komculo. Indwangu idaliwe (kanye ne-basso continuo) i-polyphonic. kusho – ukungqubuzana kwamaphimbo ephimbo ehlukene (isibonelo, ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo kwamazwi ahambisanayo ekugcineni kwezitanza ezinhlelweni zamakhwaya zika-Bach), ukuqedwa kwesigqi somuntu ngamunye. ukudweba ngokunyakaza okufanayo (izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zokunyakaza), ngekhanda elilodwa. umugqa noma ngesigqi esihambisanayo, ukugcwalisa ukuma kwezwi elilodwa ngokuhamba kwamanye amazwi

njll.), ngokuhlanganisa izisusa, bheka, isibonelo, inhlanganisela ye-cadence yokuphikisa nesiqalo setimu ekusungulweni kuka-Bach kwe-15:

Inkathi ye-classicism igqamisa isigqi. amandla, aboniswa ngama-accents agqamile, ngokulingana okukhulu kwe-tempo kanye nokwanda kwendima yemitha, okuyinto, noma kunjalo, igcizelela kuphela amandla. ingqikithi yesilinganiso, esisihlukanisa namamitha obuningi. I-duality of the impact-impulse iphinda ibonakale eqinisweni lokuthi isikhathi esiqinile sesigqi siyindawo evamile yokugcina yama-muses. amayunithi e-semantic futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukungena kokuvumelana okusha, ukuthungwa, njll., okwenza kube yisikhathi sokuqala semigoqo, amaqembu e-bar kanye nezakhiwo. Ukuhlukaniswa komculo (b. izingxenye zomlingisi wengoma yokudansa) kunqotshwa ukuphelezela, okudala "izibopho ezikabili" kanye "nama-cadenza angenayo". Ngokuphambene nesakhiwo semisho nama-motifs, isilinganiso sivame ukunquma ukuguqulwa kwe-tempo, i-dynamics (ngokungazelelwe f kanye no-p emugqeni webha), ukuqoqwa kwamaqembu (ikakhulukazi, amaligi). Uhlamvu lwe-sf, olugcizelela imethrikhi. i-pulsation, okuthi ezindimeni ezifanayo zika-Bach, ngokwesibonelo, enganekwaneni evela kumjikelezo we-Chromatic Fantasy kanye ne-Fugue) ifihliwe ngokuphelele

Imitha yesikhathi echazwe kahle ingakhipha izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zokunyakaza; Isitayela se-classical sibonakala ngokuhlukahluka kanye nokuthuthukiswa okucebile kwesigqi. isibalo, esihlala sihlotshaniswa, nokho, nemethrikhi. isekela. Inani lemisindo phakathi kwawo alidluli imingcele ebonakala kalula (imvamisa engu-4), izinguquko zesigqi. ukuhlukana (ama-triplets, ama-quintuplets, njll.) kuqinisa amaphuzu aqinile. Ukwenza kusebenze imethrikhi. izisekelo nazo zidalwe ngama-syncopations, noma ngabe lezi zisekelo zingekho emsindweni wangempela, njengasekuqaleni kwesinye sezigaba zesiphetho se-symphony ka-Beethoven yesi-9, lapho isigqi singekho. inertia, kodwa umbono womculo udinga ext. ukubala imethrikhi engokomfanekiso. ama-accents:

Nakuba ukugcizelela ibha ngokuvamile kuhlotshaniswa ngisho ne-tempo, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwalokhu kuthambekela okubili emculweni we-classic. izigqi. E-WA ​​Mozart, isifiso sokulingana simethrikhi. ukwabelana (okuletha isigqi saso kwenani) kuboniswe ngokucacile ku-minuet evela ku-Don Juan, lapho ngesikhathi esifanayo. inhlanganisela yobukhulu obuhlukahlukene ayifaki i-agogych. ukugqamisa izikhathi ezinamandla. U-Beethoven unemethrikhi edwetshelwe. i-accentuation inikeza ububanzi obuningi ku-agogics, kanye ne-metric gradation. izingcindezi zivame ukudlula isilinganiso, zenze ukushintshaniswa okujwayelekile kwezinyathelo ezinamandla nezibuthakathaka; mayelana nalokhu, indima ka-Beethoven yesigqi sesikwele iyanda, njengokungathi "imigoqo yezinga eliphezulu", lapho i-syncope ingenzeka khona. ama-accents ezinyathelweni ezibuthakathaka, kodwa, ngokungafani nezinyathelo zangempela, ukushintshanisa okulungile kungaphulwa, okuvumela ukunwetshwa nokufinyela.

Esikhathini se-romanticism (ngomqondo obanzi), izici ezihlukanisa isigqi se-accentual nenani (okuhlanganisa indima yesibili yobudlelwane besikhashana nemitha) zembulwa ngokuphelela okukhulu. Int. ukuhlukaniswa kwamabhithi kufinyelela kumanani amancane kangangokuthi hhayi nje ubude besikhathi se-indi. imisindo, kodwa inombolo yabo ayibonwa ngokuqondile (okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukudala ezithombeni zomculo zokuhamba okuqhubekayo komoya, amanzi, njll.). Izinguquko esigabeni se-intralobar azigcizeleli, kodwa zithambisa imethrikhi. amabhithi: inhlanganisela yama-duol anama-triplets (

) abonwa cishe njengama-quintuplets. Ukuvumelanisa kuvame ukudlala indima efanayo yokunciphisa phakathi kwabathandanayo; ukuvumelanisa okwakhiwa ukubambezeleka komculo (i-rubato ebhalwe ngomqondo omdala) kuyisici esikhulu, njengaku-ch. izingxenye ze-Chopin's Fantasy. Emculweni wothando kuvela ama-triplets "amakhulu", ama-quintuplets, nezinye izimo zesigqi esikhethekile. ukuhlukana okungahambisani nokukodwa, kodwa okuningana. amasheya e-metric. Ukusula imingcele yemethrikhi kuvezwe ngezithombe ezibophweni ezidlula ngokukhululekile emugqeni webha. Ekungqubuzaneni komgomo nesilinganiso, ukuphimisela kwezisusa kuvame ukubusa phezu kwamamethrikhi (lokhu kuvame kakhulu ku-I. Brahms' “talking melody”). Kaningi kunasesitayeleni sakudala, isigqi sincishiswa sibe ukushaya kwenhliziyo okucatshangelwayo, okuvamise ukungasebenzi kangako kunase-Beethoven (bona ukuqala kwe-symphony ka-Liszt's Faust). Ukuncipha kwe-pulsation kwandisa amathuba okuphulwa kokufana kwawo; ezothando ukusebenza kubonakala ngenkululeko enkulu ye-tempo, isigqi sebha ngobude singadlula isamba samabhithi amabili alandela ngokushesha. Umehluko onjalo phakathi kobude bangempela nemibhalo yomculo imakwe ekusebenzeni kuka-Scriabin ngokwakhe. umkhiqizo. lapho kungekho khona izinkomba zezinguquko ze-tempo kumanothi. Njengoba, ngokusho kwabantu besikhathi, igeyimu ye-AN Scriabin yayihlukaniswa “ngesigqi. ukucaciseleka”, lapha imvelo yokugcizelela yesigqi yembulwa ngokugcwele. umdwebo. Inothi inothi ayikhombisi ubude besikhathi, kodwa “isisindo”, okuthi, kanye nobude besikhathi, singavezwa ngezinye izindlela. Ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukupela okungaqondakali (ikakhulukazi ku-Chopin), uma ku-fn. ukwethulwa komsindo owodwa kukhonjiswa ngamanothi amabili ahlukene; isb, lapho imisindo yelinye izwi iwela kumanothi woku-1 no-3 wephimbo ezintathu zezwi elilodwa, kanye nesipelingi “okulungile”

izipelingi kungenzeka

. UDkt. uhlobo lwesipelingi esiyindida lukhona eqinisweni lokuthi ngesigqi esishintshayo. ukuhlukanisa umqambi ukuze agcine izinga elifanayo lesisindo, ngokuphambene nemithetho yama-muses. isipelingi, asiwashintshi amanani omculo (R. Strauss, SV Rachmaninov):

R. Strauss. "Don Juan".

Ukuwa kwendima yemitha kuze kufike ekuhlulekeni kwesilinganiso ku-instr. ama-recitatives, ama-cadence, njll., kuhlotshaniswa nokubaluleka okwandayo kwesakhiwo somculo-semantic kanye nokuzithoba kwe-R kwezinye izici zomculo, isici somculo wesimanje, ikakhulukazi umculo wothando. ulimi.

Kanye nokubonakaliswa okumangalisa kakhulu kokuqondile. izici zesigqi se-accent emculweni wekhulu le-19. umuntu angakwazi ukubona isithakazelo ezinhlotsheni zangaphambili zesigqi esihlobene nokukhanga inganekwane (ukusetshenziswa kwesigqi sezwi lengoma yesintu, isici somculo waseRussia, amafomula obuningi alondolozwe kunganekwane yeSpanishi, isiHungary, isiSlavic saseNtshonalanga, inani elithile labantu baseMpumalanga) futhi ifanekisela ukuvuselelwa kwesigqi ekhulwini lama-20

MG Harlap

Uma ngekhulu le-18-19. kuphrof. Umculo waseYurophu. orientation R. yathatha isikhundla esingaphansi, kwase kuba ngekhulu lama-20. ngezindlela zenombolo. izitayela, isibe isici esichazayo, esihamba phambili. Ngekhulu lama-20 isigqi njengento ebaluleke kakhulu saqala ukunanela ngesigqi esinjalo. izenzakalo emlandweni waseYurophu. umculo, njengeNkathi Ephakathi. izindlela, isorhythm 14-15 eminyaka. Emculweni wenkathi ye-classicism kanye ne-romanticism, isakhiwo esisodwa kuphela sesigqi esiqhathaniswa nendima yaso esebenzayo eyakhayo nokwakheka kwesigqi kwekhulu lama-20. - "isikhathi esijwayelekile se-8-stroke", ngokunengqondo kuvunyelwe ngu-Riemann. Kodwa-ke, isigqi somculo sekhulu lama-20 sihluke kakhulu kunesigqi. izenzakalo zesikhathi esedlule: icaciswe njengeminyuziyamu yangempela. ukwenzeka, ukunganciki kumdanso nomculo. noma umculo wezinkondlo. R.; usho ukuthi. isilinganiso sisekelwe kumgomo wokungajwayelekile, i-asymmetry. Umsebenzi omusha wesigqi emculweni wekhulu lama-20. kwembulwe endimeni yayo yokwakheka, ekubukekeni kwesigqi. i-thematic, i-polyphony enesigqi. Mayelana nobunkimbinkimbi besakhiwo, waqala ukusondela ngokuvumelana, iculo. Inkinga ka-R. kanye nokwenyuka kwesisindo sayo njenge-elementi kudale inani lezinhlelo zokuqamba, okuhlanganisa nesitayela ngasinye, esilungiswe kancane ngababhali kuthiyori. imibhalo.

Umholi womculo. R. Ikhulu lama-20 umgomo wokungalungi uzibonakalise ekuguquguqukeni okujwayelekile kwesiginesha yesikhathi, osayizi abaxubile, ukungqubuzana phakathi kwesisusa nesigqi, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zesigqi. imidwebo, okungezona-square, ama-polyrhythms ane-rhythmic division. amayunithi wanoma iyiphi inombolo yezingxenye ezincane, i-polymetry, i-polychronism yezisusa nemishwana. Umsunguli wokwethulwa kwesigqi esingajwayelekile njengohlelo kwaba ngu-IF Stravinsky, elola ukuthambekela kwalolu hlobo oluvela kuLungu lePhalamende u-Mussorgsky, u-NA Rimsky-Korsakov, kanye nowaseRussia. ivesi lesintu kanye nenkulumo yesiRashiya ngokwayo. Ehamba phambili ngekhulu lama-20 nge-Stylistically, ukuhunyushwa kwesigqi kuphikisana nomsebenzi we-SS Prokofiev, owahlanganisa izakhi zokujwayelekile (ukungaguquki kobuhlakani, ubukwele, ukujwayela okuhlukahlukene, njll.) isici sezitayela zekhulu le-18 nele-19. . Ukujwayela njenge-ostinato, ukujwayela okunezici eziningi kutshalwa ngu-K. Orff, ongaqhubeki kweyakudala. uphrof. amasiko, kodwa kusukela emcabangweni wokudala kabusha i-archaic. umdanso wokumemezela. isenzo sendawo

Uhlelo lwe-asymmetric rhythm luka-Stravinsky (ngokwethiyori, aluzange ludalulwe umlobi) lusekelwe ezindleleni zokuhlukahluka kwesikhashana nokugcizelela kanye ne-motivic polymetry yezendlalelo ezimbili noma ezintathu.

Isistimu yesigqi sika-O. Messiaen yohlobo olungajwayelekile ngokugqamile (okumenyezelwe nguye encwadini: “Isu Lolimi Lwami Lomculo”) lusekelwe ekuguquguqukeni okuyisisekelo kwesilinganiso kanye namafomula we-aperiodic wezilinganiso ezixubile.

U-A. Schoenberg no-A. Berg, kanye no-DD Shostakovich, banesigqi. ukungahambi ngendlela kwavezwa kumgomo “womculo. I-prose", ngezindlela zokungewona isikwele, ukuhlukahluka kwewashi, "peremetrization", i-polyrhythm (isikole saseNovovenskaya). Ku-A. Webern, i-polychronicity yezisusa nemishwana, ukungakhethi hlangothi kokucunula nesigqi kube yisici. ukudweba maqondana nokugcizelela, emikhiqizweni yakamuva. – enesigqi. canons.

Eziningi zezitayela zakamuva, isitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu lama-20 phakathi kwamafomu anesigqi. izinhlangano indawo evelele yayigcwele isigqi. uchungechunge ngokuvamile luhlanganiswe nochungechunge lweminye imingcele, ngokuyinhloko imingcele ye-pitch (ye-L. Nono, P. Boulez, K. Stockhausen, AG Schnittke, EV Denisov, AA Pyart, nabanye). Ukusuka ohlelweni lwewashi kanye nokuhluka kwamahhala kokuhlukaniswa okunesigqi. amayunithi (ngo-2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, njll.) aholela ezinhlotsheni ezimbili eziphambene ze-R. notation: ukuphawula ngamasekhondi kanye nokubhala ngaphandle kobude besikhathi obumisiwe. Ngokuphathelene nokuthungwa kwe-super-polyphony kanye ne-aleatoric. incwadi (ngokwesibonelo, ku-D. Ligeti, V. Lutoslavsky) ibonakala imile. R., elingenakho ukushaya kwezwi kanye nesiqiniseko se-tempo. I-Rhythmich. izici zezitayela zakamuva prof. umculo uhluke kakhulu kunesigqi. izakhiwo zengoma enkulu, yasekhaya kanye ne-estr. umculo wekhulu lama-20, lapho, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukulinganisa okunesigqi nokugcizelela, isimiso sewashi sigcina konke ukubaluleka kwalo.

VN Kholopova.

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