Gaetano Pugnani |
Gaetano Pugnani
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, uFritz Kreisler washicilela uchungechunge lwemidlalo yakudala, phakathi kwawo okwakukhona kuwo iPrelude kaPugnani kanye ne-Allegro. Kamuva, kwavela ukuthi lo msebenzi, owavele wathandwa kakhulu, awubhalwanga nguPunyani nhlobo, kodwa nguKreisler, kodwa igama le-violinist yase-Italy, ngaleso sikhathi elikhohliwe ngokuphelele, selivele lidonse ukunaka. Ungubani? Ngesikhathi ephila, laliyini ifa lakhe ngempela, wayenjani njengomculi nomqambi? Ngeshwa, akunakwenzeka ukunikeza impendulo egcwele kuyo yonke le mibuzo, ngoba umlando ulondoloze izincwadi ezimbalwa kakhulu zamadokhumentari mayelana nePunyani.
Abaphila ngesikhathi kanye nabacwaningi bakamuva, abahlole isiko levayolini lase-Italy engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX, babala uPunyani phakathi kwabameleli bakhe abaqavile.
Encwadini Yezokuxhumana kaFayol, incwadi encane ekhuluma ngabadlali beviyolin abakhulu bekhulu lesi-XNUMX, igama likaPugnani libekwe ngokushesha ngemuva kukaCorelli, uTartini noGavignier, okuqinisekisa ukuthi wayethatha indawo ephezulu kangakanani emhlabeni womculo wenkathi yakhe. Ngokuka-E. Buchan, “isitayela esihle nesibabazekayo sikaGaetano Pugnani” sasiyisixhumanisi sokugcina kuleso sitayela, umsunguli waso kwakungu-Arcangelo Corelli.
U-Pugnani wayengeyena nje umdlali omangalisayo, kodwa futhi uthisha owakhulisa umthala wama-violinists amahle kakhulu, kuhlanganise noViotti. Wayengumqambi onekhono. Imidlalo yakhe ye-opera yadlalwa ezinkundleni zemidlalo yeshashalazi ezinkulu kunazo zonke kuleli, futhi izingoma zakhe zomculo zanyatheliswa eLondon, e-Amsterdam naseParis.
UPunyani wayephila ngesikhathi lapho isiko lomculo lase-Italy lase liqala ukushabalala. Isimo esingokomoya sezwe kwakungasesona leso esake sazungeza iCorelli, i-Locatelli, iGeminiani, iTartini - abanduleli bamaPunyani. Umfutho wempilo yenhlalo eneziyaluyalu awushayi lapha, kodwa ezweni elingumakhelwane iFrance, lapho umfundi ohamba phambili kaPunyani, uViotti, engazange ajahe ize. I-Italy isadume ngamagama abaculi abaningi abakhulu, kodwa, maye, inani elibaluleke kakhulu labo liphoqeleka ukuthi lifune umsebenzi wamabutho abo ngaphandle kwezwe lakubo. U-Boccherini uthola indawo yokukhosela e-Spain, e-Viotti naseCherubini e-France, e-Sarti nase-Cavos e-Russia… I-Italy isiphenduka umthengisi wabaculi bamanye amazwe.
Kwakunezizathu ezingathi sína zalokhu. Maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX, izwe lase lihlukene laba izikhulu eziningi; Ukucindezelwa okukhulu kwe-Austrian kwatholwa yizifunda ezisenyakatho. Ezinye izifundazwe zase-Italy "ezizimele", empeleni, zazincike e-Austria. Umnotho wawuwohloka kakhulu. Amadolobha ama-republic okuhweba ake aphila ukuphila okunempilo aphenduka uhlobo “lweminyuziyamu” enempilo eqandisiwe, enganyakazi. Ingcindezelo yamazwe ngamazwe neyamazwe angaphandle yaholela ekuvukeleni kwabalimi nasekuthuthelekeni kweningi labalimi eFrance, eSwitzerland nase-Austria. Yiqiniso, abantu bakwamanye amazwe abeza e-Italy babesawathanda amasiko akhona aphakeme. Futhi ngempela, cishe kuzo zonke izikhulu ngisho nedolobhana kwakuhlala abaculi abamangalisayo. Kodwa abambalwa bezinye izizwe babeqonda ngempela ukuthi leli siko lase lihamba kakade, lilondoloza ukunqoba okudlule, kodwa lingavuli indlela yekusasa. Izikhungo zomculo ezingcweliswe amasiko akudala zagcinwa - i-Academy of the Philharmonic e-Bologna, amakhaya ezintandane - "ama-conservatories" emathempelini aseVenice naseNaples, adume ngamakhwaya nama-orchestra; phakathi koquqaba lwabantu, uthando lomculo lwalondolozwa, futhi ngokuvamile ngisho nasezindaweni ezikude umuntu wayezwa kudlalwa abaculi abavelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, emkhathini wempilo yasenkantolo, umculo waba ngobuhle obucashile, futhi emasontweni - ukuzijabulisa kwezwe. “Umculo wesonto wekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, uma uthanda, uwumculo wezwe,” kubhala uVernon Lee, “wenza osanta nezingelosi bacule njengamaqhawe namaqhawe e-opera.”
Impilo yomculo yase-Italy yageleza ngokulinganisa, cishe ayizange ishintshe phakathi neminyaka edlule. U-Tartini wayehlala ePadua cishe iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu, edlala masonto onke eqoqweni likaSt Anthony; Iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, uPunyani esenkonzweni yeNkosi yaseSardinia eTurin, edlala ivayolini endlini yesonto. NgokukaFayol, uPugnani wazalelwa eTurin ngo-1728, kodwa uFayol unephutha ngokusobala. Ezinye izincwadi eziningi nama-encyclopedia anikeza usuku oluhlukile - Novemba 27, 1731. UPunyani wafunda ukudlala ivayolini nomfundi odumile waseCorelli, uGiovanni Battista Somis (1676-1763), owayebhekwa njengomunye wothisha bevayolini abahamba phambili e-Italy. USomisi udlulisele kumfundi wakhe okuningi akukhuliswe wuthisha wakhe omkhulu. I-Italy yonke yayibabaza ubuhle bomsindo wevayolini kaSomis, imangala ngomnsalo wakhe “ongapheli,” ecula njengezwi lomuntu. Ukuzibophezela kwisitayela se-violin esinephimbo, i-violin ejulile ethi "bel canto" ezuzwe kuye nakuPunyani. Ngo-1752, wathatha indawo yomdlali wevayolini wokuqala ku-orchestra yasenkantolo yaseTurin, kwathi ngo-1753 waya eMecca yomculo yekhulu lesi-XNUMX - eParis, lapho abaculi abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba bagijima ngaleso sikhathi. EParis, kwasebenza ihholo lokuqala lekhonsathi eYurophu - umanduleli wamahholo e-philharmonic azayo ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX - iConcert Spirituel edumile (Ikhonsathi Yokomoya). Ukusebenza e-Concert Spirituel kuthathwe njengokuhlonipheka kakhulu, futhi bonke abadlali abakhulu bekhulu lesi-XNUMX bavakashele isigaba sayo. Kwakunzima ku-virtuoso osemusha, ngoba eParis wahlangana nabadlali be-violin abakhaliphile njengo-P. Gavinier, I. Stamitz kanye nomunye wabafundi abahamba phambili baseTartini, umFulentshi u-A. Pagen.
Yize umdlalo wakhe wamukelwe kahle kodwa uPunyani akahlalanga enhlokodolobha yaseFrance. Kwaphela isikhathi esithile ezungeza iYurophu, wabe esehlala eLondon, ethola umsebenzi wokuba umsizi weqembu le-orchestra ye-Italian Opera. ELondon, ikhono lakhe njengomculi nomqambi ekugcineni liyavuthwa. Lapha uqamba i-opera yakhe yokuqala ethi Nanette noLubino, ayidlale njenge-violinist futhi uzihlola njengomqhubi; esuka lapha, edliwa ukukhumbula ikhaya, ngo-1770, esebenzisa isimemo senkosi yaseSardinia, wabuyela eTurin. Kusukela manje kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe, okwalandela ngoJulayi 15, 1798, impilo kaPunyani ixhumene kakhulu nedolobha lakubo.
Isimo uPugnani azithola ekuso sichazwa kahle nguBurney, owavakashela eTurin ngo-1770, okungukuthi, ngemva nje kokuba umdlali wevayolini ethuthele lapho. Burney uyabhala: “Kunezwi elidabukisayo lemibuzo nemithandazo ephindaphindwa nsuku zonke enkantolo, okwenza iTurin ibe indawo eyisicefe kunazo zonke kubantu bakwamanye amazwe …” “Inkosi, umkhaya wasebukhosini kanye nedolobha lonke, ngokusobala, bahlale belalela uquqaba; ngezinsuku ezejwayelekile, ukuzinikela kwabo kufakwe buthule ku-Messa bassa (okungukuthi, “IMisa Elithule” – inkonzo yesonto yasekuseni. – LR) ngesikhathi sokucula. Ngamaholide u-Signor Punyani udlala yedwa… I-organ itholakala kugalari ebhekene nenkosi, futhi kukhona nenduna yabashayi bevayolini bokuqala.” “Iholo labo (okungukuthi, uPunyani kanye nabanye abaculi. – LR) lokunakekela indlu yesonto lasebukhosini lingaphezudlwana kwezinhlamvu eziyisishiyagalombili ngonyaka; kodwa imisebenzi ilula kakhulu, ngoba badlala bodwa kuphela, futhi nalapho kuphela lapho bethanda.
Emculweni, ngokusho kukaBurney, inkosi kanye nabalandeli bayo baqonda kancane, okubuye kwabonakala emisebenzini yabadlali: "Namuhla ekuseni, u-Signor Pugnani udlale ikhonsathi endlini yesonto yasebukhosini, ebigcwele kakhulu umcimbi ... Mina ngokwami angidingi ukusho lutho ngomdlalo weSignor Pugnani; ithalente lakhe laziwa kakhulu e-England kangangokuthi asikho isidingo salo. Kufanele ngiphawule nje ukuthi ubonakala enza umzamo omncane; kodwa lokhu akumangazi, ngoba uMhlonishwa Wakhe waseSardinia, nanoma ubani ovela emndenini omkhulu wasebukhosini kulesi sikhathi samanje akabonakali enesithakazelo emculweni.
Njengoba ayengaqashiwe kangako enkonzweni yasebukhosini, uPunyani waqala umsebenzi wokufundisa ojulile. “UPugnani,” kubhala uFayol, “wasungula isikole sonke sevayolini eTurin, njengeCorelli eRome naseTartini ePadua, okwaphuma kuso abadlali bokuqala bevayolini ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili—uViotti, uBruni, u-Olivier, njll. “Kuyaphawuleka,” eqhubeka ephawula, “ukuthi abafundi bakaPugnani babengababhidi be-orchestra abanekhono,” lokho, ngokusho kukaFayol, ababekweleta ikhono likathisha wabo lokuqhuba.
UPugnani wayebhekwa njengomqhubi wekilasi lokuqala, futhi lapho ama-opera akhe edlalwa eTurin Theatre, wayewaqhuba njalo. Ubhala ngozwela ngomdlalo kaPunyani Rangoni: “Wayebusa i-orchestra njengojenene phezu kwamasosha. Umnsalo wakhe wawuyinduku yomlawuli, okuyinto wonke umuntu ayeyilalela ngokunemba okukhulu. Ngokushaya okukodwa komnsalo, okunikezwe ngesikhathi, wandisa i-sonority ye-orchestra, wabe eseyinciphisa, wabe eseyivuselela ngokuthanda kwakhe. Ubonise abadlali ama-nuances amancane futhi waletha wonke umuntu kulobo bunye obuphelele umdlalo opopayiwe. Eqaphela ngokujulile entweni into esemqoka ukuthi wonke umphelezeli onekhono kufanele acabange, ukuze agcizelele futhi enze kubonakale okubaluleke kakhulu ezingxenyeni, wabamba ukuvumelana, umlingiswa, ukunyakaza kanye nesitayela sokuqanjwa ngaso leso sikhathi futhi ngokucacile kangangokuthi angakwazi umzuzu ofanayo udlulisele lo muzwa emiphefumulweni. abaculi kanye nawo wonke amalungu e-orchestra. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ikhono lomqhubi onjalo nobuciko bokuhumusha bebumangalisa ngempela.
Mayelana nefa lokuqamba likaPunyani, ulwazi ngaye luyaphikisana. UFayol ubhala ukuthi ama-opera akhe enziwa ezindaweni eziningi zeshashalazi e-Italy ngempumelelo enkulu, futhi kusichazamazwi somculo sikaRiemann sifunda ukuthi impumelelo yabo yayiyisilinganiso. Kubonakala sengathi kuleli cala kuyadingeka ukwethemba uFayol kakhudlwana - cishe owayephila ngesikhathi se-violinist.
Ezingomeni ezidlalwa izinsimbi ze-Punyani, u-Fayol uphawula ubuhle kanye nobungqabavu bezingoma, eveza ukuthi i-trio yakhe yayimangalisa kakhulu ngobuhle besitayela kangangokuthi u-Viotti waboleka enye yezinjongo zekhonsathi yakhe kweyokuqala, nge-E-flat enkulu.
Sekukonke, uPunyani ubhale ama-opera ayi-7 kanye nengoma eyisimangaliso; 9 amakhonsathi e-violin; ishicilele ama-sonata angu-14 evayolini eyodwa, ama-quartet ezintambo ezingu-6, ama-quintets angu-6 ama-violin angu-2, imitshingo emi-2 namabhesi, izincwadi zokubhalela ezi-2 zama-violin duets, izincwadi ezi-3 zokubhalela ama-trios ama-violin angu-2 nama-bass kanye “nama-symphonies” angu-12 (ngamaphimbo angu-8 - entambo I-quartet, ama-oboes ama-2 nezimpondo ezi-2).
Ngo-1780-1781, uPunyani, kanye nomfundi wakhe uViotti, benza uhambo lwekhonsathi eJalimane, lwaphetha ngokuvakashela eRussia. ESt. Petersburg, uPunyani noViotti babevunywe inkantolo yombuso. UVotti wenza ikhonsathi esigodlweni, futhi uCatherine II, ehlatshwe umxhwele ukudlala kwakhe, “wazama ngazo zonke izindlela ukugcina i-virtuoso eSt. Kodwa uViotti akazange ahlale isikhathi eside lapho futhi waya eNgilandi. UVotti akazange anikeze amakhonsathi omphakathi enhloko-dolobha yaseRussia, ebonisa ubuciko bakhe kuphela kuma-salon abaxhasi. Petersburg yezwa ukusebenza kukaPunyani “emidlalweni” yosomahlaya baseFrance ngoMashi 11 no-14, 1781. Iqiniso lokuthi “umdlali we-violini okhazimulayo uMnu Pulliani” wayezodlala kuzo lamenyezelwa eSt. Petersburg Vedomosti. Kunombolo 21 ka-1781 wephephandaba elifanayo, uPugnani noViotti, abaculi abanenceku uDefler, basohlwini lwalabo abahambayo, “bahlala eduze neBlue Bridge endlini kaMhlonishwa u-Ivan Grigorievich Chernyshev.” Ukuya eJalimane naseRussia kwaba okokugcina empilweni kaPunyani. Yonke eminye iminyaka wayichitha ngaphandle kwekhefu eTurin.
UFayol ubika endabeni kaPunyani amanye amaqiniso anelukuluku lokwazi okuvela kumlando wakhe. Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe wobuciko, njengomdlali we-violinist osevele ethola udumo, uPugnani wanquma ukuhlangana noTartini. Ngale njongo, waya ePadua. Umaestro ovelele wamamukela ngomusa omkhulu. Ekhuthazwe ukwamukela, uPunyani waphendukela kuTartini ngesicelo sokuveza umbono wakhe ngokudlala kwakhe ngokungagwegwesi futhi waqala i-sonata. Nokho, ngemva kwama-bar ambalwa, uTartini wammisa ngokuqinile.
- Udlala phezulu kakhulu!
Aqale futhi uPhunyani.
“Manje udlalela phansi kakhulu!”
Umculi onamahloni wabeka i-violin phansi futhi ngokuzithoba wacela uTartini ukuba amthathe njengomfundi.
UPhunyani wayemubi, kodwa lokhu akuzange kuphazamise nakancane isimilo sakhe. Wayenesimo sokwenama, ethanda amahlaya, futhi maningi namahlaya ngaye. Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi uluhlobo luni lomlobokazi angathanda ukuba nalo uma enquma ukushada - enhle, kodwa enomoya, noma embi, kodwa enhle. “Ubuhle bubangela ubuhlungu ekhanda, futhi kabi bulimaza ukubona. Lokhu, cishe, - uma nginendodakazi futhi ngifuna ukuyishada, kungaba ngcono ukumkhethela umuntu ongenamali nhlobo, kunemali engenamuntu!
UPunyani wake wayesemphakathini lapho uVoltaire efunda khona izinkondlo. Umculi walalela ngesithakazelo esikhulu. Inkosikazi yomuzi, uMama uDenis, yaphendukela kuPhunyani ngesicelo sokwenzela izihambeli ezazihlangene okuthile. U-maestro wavuma ngokushesha. Nokho, eqala ukudlala, wezwa ukuthi uVoltaire waqhubeka ekhulumela phezulu. Emisa lo mdlalo wafaka ivayolini ecaleni, uPunyani uthe: “UMonsieur Voltaire ubhala izinkondlo ezimnandi kakhulu, kodwa mayelana nomculo akamqondi usathane kuwona.”
UPhunyani wayethintekile. Ngesinye isikhathi umnikazi wefekthri yaseTurin, owayethukuthelele uPunyani ngento ethize, wanquma ukuziphindiselela kuye wayala ukuba isithombe sakhe siqoshwe ngemuva kwenye yamavazi. Umdwebi othukuthele wabizela umkhiqizi emaphoyiseni. Lapho efika lapho, umkhiqizi wavele wakhipha ephaketheni lakhe iduku elinesithombe seNkosi uFrederick wasePrussia futhi ngomoya ophansi waphephetha ikhala lakhe. Wabe esethi: “Angicabangi ukuthi uMonsieur Punyani unelungelo lokucasuka kunenkosi yasePrussia uqobo.”
Phakathi nomdlalo, uPunyani ngezinye izikhathi wayefikelwa yinjabulo futhi wayeka nokubona indawo yakhe. Ngesinye isikhathi, lapho enza ikhonsathi enkampanini enkulu, wathatheka kangangokuthi, ekhohlwe konke, wadlulela phakathi nehholo futhi wasanguluka kuphela lapho i-cadenza isiphelile. Ngesinye isikhathi, lapho elahlekelwe i-cadence yakhe, waphendukela buthule kumdwebi owayeseduze kwakhe: "Mngane wami, funda umthandazo ukuze ngibuyele ezingqondweni!").
UPunyani wayenesimo esimangalisayo nesihloniphekile. Isitayela esihle kakhulu somdlalo wakhe sasihambisana ngokugcwele naso. Hhayi umusa ne-gallantry, evame kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi phakathi kwama-violin amaningi ase-Italy, kuze kufike ku-P. Nardini, kodwa uFayol ugcizelela amandla, amandla, ubukhulu ePugnani. Kepha yilezi zimfanelo uViotti, umfundi kaPugnani, okudlala kwakhe okwathathwa njengokuvezwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwesitayela sakudala ekudlalweni kwevayolini ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, okuzojabulisa kakhulu abalaleli ngazo. Ngenxa yalokho, izitayela eziningi zikaViotti zalungiselelwa uthisha wakhe. Kubantu besikhathi esiphila kuso, uViotti wayeyingcweti yobuciko bevayolini, ngakho-ke i-epitaph yangemva kokufa eshiwo ngoPugnani umshayi wevayolini odumile ongumFulentshi u-JB Cartier izwakala njengodumo olukhulu: “Wayenguthisha kaViotti.”
L. Raaben
