Sofia Asgatovna Gubaidulina (Sofia Gubaidulina) |

Sofia Gubaidlina

Ngaleso sikhathi, mphefumulo, izinkondlo Imihlaba nomaphi lapho ufuna ukubusa, - isigodlo semiphefumulo, Umphefumulo, izinkondlo. M. Tsvetaeva

U-S. Gubaidulina ungomunye wabaqambi ababaluleke kakhulu baseSoviet engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Umculo wakhe ubonakala ngamandla amakhulu angokomzwelo, umugqa omkhulu wokuthuthuka futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, umuzwa ocashile wokuvezwa komsindo - uhlobo lwe-timbre yayo, inqubo yokwenza.

Omunye wemisebenzi ebalulekile ebekwe ngu-SA Gubaidulina ukuhlanganisa izici zesiko laseNtshonalanga nelaseMpumalanga. Lokhu kwenziwa lula imvelaphi yakhe emndenini Russian-Tatar, ukuphila kuqala Tataria, bese eMoscow. Akayona ingxenye ye- "avant-gardism", noma "minimalism", noma "igagasi lendabuko entsha" nanoma yimuphi omunye umkhuba wesimanje, unesitayela somuntu ngamunye esikhanyayo.

UGubaidulina ungumbhali wenqwaba yemisebenzi ezinhlobonhlobo. Izingoma zezwi zisebenza kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe: i-“Facelia” yokuqala esekelwe enkondlweni ka-M. Prishvin (1956); cantatas "Night in Memphis" (1968) kanye "Rubaiyat" (1969) ku-st. izimbongi zasempumalanga; i-oratorio "Laudatio pacis" (esiteshini sika-J. Comenius, ngokubambisana noM. Kopelent no-PX Dietrich - 1975); "Ukubona" ​​kwabacula yedwa kanye ne-string ensemble (1983); "Ukuzinikezela ku-Marina Tsvetaeva" yekwaya i-cappella (1984) nabanye.

Iqembu elibanzi kakhulu lezingoma zegumbi: Piano Sonata (1965); Izifundo ezinhlanu zehabhu, i-double bass kanye ne-percussion (1965); "Concordanza" for ensemble of izinsimbi (1971); 3 string quartets (1971, 1987, 1987); "Umculo we-harpsichord nezinsimbi zomculo ezishaywayo ezivela eqoqweni lika-Mark Pekarsky" (1972); "I-Detto-II" ye-cello nezinsimbi eziyi-13 (1972); Izifundo Eziyishumi (Izandulela) ze-cello solo (1974); Ikhonsathi ye-bassoon nezintambo eziphansi (1975); "Ukukhanya nobumnyama" yesitho (1976); "I-Detto-I" - i-Sonata ye-organ kanye ne-percussion (1978); "De prolundis" ye-button accordion (1978), "Jubilation" yabadlali abane be-percussionists (1979), "In croce" ye-cello nesitho (1979); "Ekuqaleni kwakukhona isigqi" sabashayi bezigubhu abangu-7 (1984); "I-Quasi hoketus" yepiyano, i-viola ne-bassoon (1984) nabanye.

Indawo yemisebenzi ye-symphonic kaGubaidulina ihlanganisa "Izinyathelo" ze-orchestra (1972); I-“Hour of the Soul” ye-solo percussion, i-mezzo-soprano ne-symphony orchestra e-st. UMarina Tsvetaeva (1976); Ikhonsathi yama-orchestra amabili, izinhlobonhlobo ne-symphony (1976); amakhonsathi opiyano (1978) kanye ne-violin ne-orchestra (1980); I-symphony ethi “Stimmen… Verftummen…” (“Ngiyezwa… Kube Kuthule…” – 1986) namanye. Ukwakheka okukodwa kungama-elekthronikhi kuphela, "Vivente - non vivante" (1970). Umculo kaGubaidulina wesinema ubalulekile: “Mowgli”, “Balagan” (opopayi), “Vertical”, “Department”, “Smerch”, “Scarecrow”, njll. UGubaidulina waphothula eKazan Conservatory ngo-1954 njengomdlali wopiyano ( no-G. Kogan ), bafundelwa ukukhetha ngokuqamba no-A. Lehman. Njengomqambi, waphothula eMoscow Conservatory (1959, noN. Peiko) futhi waphothula esikoleni (ngo-1963, noV. Shebalin). Efuna ukuzinikela ekudaleni kuphela, wakhetha indlela yomculi wamahhala impilo yakhe yonke.

I-Creativity Gubaidulina yayingaziwa kangako ngesikhathi "sokumila", futhi i-perestroika kuphela eyamenza waqashelwa kabanzi. Imisebenzi yenkosi yaseSoviet yathola ukuhlolwa okuphezulu kakhulu phesheya. Ngakho, phakathi noMkhosi WaseBoston Womculo WaseSoviet (1988), esinye sezihloko sasinesihloko esithi: “INtshonalanga Ithola Ingqondo KaSofia Gubaidulina.”

Phakathi kwabaculi bomculo kaGubaidulina kukhona abaculi abadume kakhulu: umqhubi G. Rozhdestvensky, i-violinist G. Kremer, ama-cellists V. Tonkha no-I. Monighetti, i-bassoonist V. Popov, i-bayan player F. Lips, i-percussionist M. Pekarsky nabanye.

Isitayela sokuqamba sika-Gubaidulina ngasinye saqala ukumila maphakathi nawo-60s, siqala nge-Five Etudes yehabhu, amabhesi aphindwe kabili nokushaywa, egcwele umsindo ongokomoya wezinsimbi ezingajwayelekile. Lokhu kwalandelwa ama-cantatas angu-2, abhekiswe eMpumalanga - "Night in Memphis" (emibhalweni evela kumazwi aseGibhithe lasendulo ahunyushwe ngu-A. Akhmatova no-V. Potapova) kanye "noRubaiyat" (emavesini kaKhaqani, Hafiz, Khayyam). Womabili ama-cantata embula izingqikithi zaphakade zobuntu zothando, usizi, isizungu, induduzo. Emculweni, izici zomculo we-oriental melismatic zihlanganiswa ne-dramaturgy esebenzayo yasentshonalanga, ngesu lokuqamba le-dodecaphonic.

Ngama-70s, engazange ithathwe yisitayela "esilula" esasakazwa kabanzi eYurophu, noma indlela ye-polystylistics, eyayisetshenziswa ngenkuthalo abaqambi abahamba phambili besizukulwane sakhe (A. Schnittke, R. Shchedrin, njll. ), uGubaidulina waqhubeka nokusesha izindawo zokuvezwa komsindo (ngokwesibonelo, ku-Ten Etudes for Cello) kanye nedramaturgy yomculo. Ikhonsathi ye-bassoon neyunithi yezinhlamvu eziphansi iyingxoxo “yetiyetha” ebukhali phakathi kwe-“hero” (i-bassoon eyedwa) kanye “nesixuku” (iqembu lama-cellos namabhesi akabili). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukungqubuzana kwabo kuboniswa, okuhamba ngezigaba ezihlukahlukene zokungaqondi kahle: "isixuku" sibeka isikhundla saso "kwiqhawe" - umzabalazo wangaphakathi "weqhawe" - "ukuvumela kwakhe isixuku" kanye i-fiasco yokuziphatha "yomlingisi" oyinhloko.

I-“Hour of the Soul” yokucula uwedwa, i-mezzo-soprano kanye ne-orchestra iqukethe ukuphikiswa kwezimiso zobuntu, zamagama kanye nobudlova, ezingenabuntu; umphumela uwukuphela kwezwi eliphefumulelwe elinamandla, amavesi e-"Atlantean" ka-M. Tsvetaeva. Emisebenzini kaGubaidulina, ukuhumusha okungokomfanekiso kwamabhangqa ahlukene okuqala avela: "Ukukhanya nobumnyama" kwesitho, "Vivente - non vivente". (“Okuphilayo - okungaphili”) kwe-electronic synthesizer, “In croce” (“Crosswise”) ye-cello nesitho (izinsimbi ezingu-2 zishintshanisa amatimu azo ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka). Ngawo-80s. UGubaidulina uphinde enze imisebenzi yohlelo olukhulu, olukhulu, futhi uqhubekisela phambili nendikimba yakhe “yasempumalanga” ayintandokazi, futhi andise ukunaka kwakhe emculweni wephimbo.

Insimu Yenjabulo Nosizi yomtshingo, i-viola nehabhu inikezwe ukunambitheka okucolisisiwe kwasempumalanga. Kulesi sakhiwo, i-melismatics ecashile yomculo i-whimsical, i-interweaving yezinsimbi zokubhalisa eziphezulu kuhle kakhulu.

Ikhonsathi ye-violin ne-orchestra, ebizwa ngombhali "Offertorium", ihlanganisa umqondo wokuzidela nokuzalwa kabusha empilweni entsha ngezindlela zomculo. Itimu evela kokuthi “Umnikelo Womculo” ka-JS Bach ohlelweni lwe-orchestra ka-A. Webern isebenza njengophawu lomculo. I-quartet yeyunithi yezinhlamvu yesithathu (ingxenye eyodwa) isuka esikweni le-quartet yakudala, isekelwe ekuhlukeni kokudlala kwe-pizzicato "okwenziwe umuntu" kanye nokudlala ngomnsalo "okungenziwanga", okuphinde kunikezwe incazelo engokomfanekiso. .

UGubaidulina ubheka okuthi “Perception” (“Perception”) we-soprano, i-baritone nezinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo ezingu-7 ezingxenyeni ezingu-13 njengeminye yemisebenzi yakhe engcono kakhulu. Kwavela ngenxa yokuxhumana noF. Tanzer, lapho imbongi ithumela imibhalo yezinkondlo zayo, futhi umqambi wanikeza izimpendulo zomlomo nezomculo kubo. Yavela kanjena inkhulumomphendvulwano engokomfanekiso phakathi kweNdoda Nowesifazane ngezihloko: UMdali, Indalo, Ukudala, Isidalwa. UGubaidulina wazuza lapha ukwanda okuzwakalayo nokungena kwengxenye yezwi futhi wasebenzisa isikali samasu ezwi esikhundleni sokucula okuvamile: ukucula okumsulwa, ukucula okuphokophele, i-Sprechstimme, inkulumo emsulwa, inkulumo efiselekayo, inkulumo ephinyisiwe, ukuhleba. Kwezinye izinombolo, itheyiphu kazibuthe enokurekhoda kwabahlanganyeli ekusebenzeni yanezelwa. Inkhulumomphendvulwano yephilosophical yowesilisa nowesifazane, isidlule ezigabeni zokuchazwa kwayo ngenani lezinombolo (No. 1 “Bheka”, No. 2 “Thina”, No. 9 “Mina”, No. 10 “Mina nawe”), ifinyelela umvuthwandaba wayo ngoNombolo 12 othi “The Death of Monty” Le ngxenye emangalisa kakhulu ingoma yehhashi elimnyama uMonty, elake lathola imiklomelo emijahweni, futhi manje liyakhashelwa, liyathengiswa, lashaywa. , abafile. No. 13 “Amazwi” asebenza njengesisusa samagama. Amagama okuvula nawokuvala esiphetho – “Stimmen… Verstummen…” (“Amazwi… Athulisiwe…”) asebenze njengesihlokwana somnyakazo omkhulu ka-Gubaidulina womnyakazo oyishumi nambili i-First Symphony, eqhubekisela phambili imibono yobuciko ethi “Perception”.

Indlela kaGubaidulina kwezobuciko ingaboniswa ngamazwi avela ku-cantata yakhe ethi "Night in Memphis": "Yenza izenzo zakho emhlabeni ngokucela kwenhliziyo yakho."

V. Kholopova