Isitho: incazelo yensimbi, ukwakheka, umsindo, izinhlobo, umlando, isicelo

I-organ iyinsimbi yomculo engagxili kuphela ngomsindo wayo, kodwa futhi nobukhulu bayo. Ubizwa ngenkosi emhlabeni wezomculo: uyisikhumbuzo futhi unobukhosi kangangokuthi akashiyi muntu ongenandaba.

Basics

Iqembu lezinsimbi isitho esiyingxenye yalo amakhibhodi omoya. Isici esihlukile ubukhulu besakhiwo. Isitho esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni sitholakala e-USA, idolobha lase-Atlantic City: lihlanganisa amapayipi angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-30, linamarejista angama-455, izincwadi eziyi-7. Izitho ezisinda kakhulu ezenziwe umuntu zinesisindo esingamathani angama-250.

Insimbi izwakala inamandla, i-polyphonic, ibangela isiphepho semizwa. Uhlu lomculo lwalokhu lukhawulelwe kuma-octave amahlanu. Eqinisweni, amathuba omsindo abanzi kakhulu: ngokushintsha amarejista esitho, umculi udlulisela ngokuthula umsindo wamanothi nge-octave eyodwa noma amabili kunoma iyiphi indlela.

Amathuba we "Inkosi Yomculo" cishe angenamkhawulo: akuzona zonke izinhlobo zemisindo evamile etholakalayo kuye, kusukela phansi kuya phezulu kakhulu. Kusemandleni akhe ukukhiqiza kabusha imisindo yemvelo, ukuhlabelela kwezinyoni, ukukhala kwezinsimbi, ukubhonga kwamatshe awayo.

Isitho sedivayisi

Idivayisi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kufaka phakathi izakhi ezihlukahlukene, imininingwane, izingxenye. Izingxenye eziyinhloko yilezi:

• Isihlalo noma ikhonsoli. Indawo ehloselwe ukuthi umculi alawule isakhiwo. Ifakwe izinsimbi, amaswishi, izinkinobho. Kukhona nama-manual, ama-foot pedals.
• Amamanuwali. Amakhibhodi amaningana okudlala ngezandla. Ubuningi bungumuntu ngamunye kumodeli ngayinye. Inombolo enkulu yanamuhla izingcezu ezingu-7. Kaningi kunabanye, kunemiklamo enamanyuwali angu-2-4. Incwadi ngayinye inesethi yayo yamarejista. Imanuwali eyinhloko itholakala eduze kakhulu nomculi, ifakwe amarejista anomsindo kakhulu. Inombolo yokhiye bemanuwali ngu-61 (ihambisana nebanga lama-octave angu-5).
• Amarejista. Leli igama lamapayipi esitho, ahlanganiswe ne-timbre efanayo. Ukuze uvule irejista ethile, umculi usebenzisa izinsimbi noma izinkinobho kusilawuli kude. Ngaphandle kwalesi senzo, amarejista ngeke azwakale. Izitho zamazwe ahlukene, izinkathi ezahlukene zinenani elihlukile lamarejista.
• Amapayipi. Zihluke ngobude, ububanzi, ukuma. Abanye bahlonyiswe ngezilimi, abanye abahlomile. Amapayipi anamandla enza imisindo enzima, ephansi, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Inani lamapayipi liyahlukahluka, ngezinye izikhathi lifinyelela izingcezu eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Izinto zokukhiqiza - insimbi, izinkuni.
• Ikhibhodi ye-Pedal. Imelwe okhiye bezinyawo abasebenzela ukukhipha imisindo ephansi, yebhesi.
• I-Traktura. Isistimu yamadivayisi adlulisa amasignali ukusuka kumamanuwali, amaphedali ukuya emapayipini (ipheshana lokudlala), noma ukusuka ekuguquleni ukushintshela kumarejista (ipheshana lokubhalisa). Izinhlobonhlobo ezikhona zikagandaganda ziyimishini, i-pneumatic, kagesi, ixubile.

Umlando

Umlando wensimbi awufaki amakhulu eminyaka - izinkulungwane zeminyaka. “Inkosi Yomculo” yavela ngaphambi kokufika kwenkathi yethu, umbhobho waseBabiloni ubizwa ngokuthi umsunguli wawo: wawunoboya obuvuthela umoya ngamashubhu; ekugcineni kwakukhona umzimba onamapayipi afakwe izilimi nezimbobo. Omunye ukhokho wensimbi ubizwa ngokuthi i-panflute.

Isitho esisebenza ngosizo lwama-hydraulics sasungulwa ngumdwebi wasendulo ongumGreki u-Ktesebius ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC: umoya wawuphoqeleka ngaphakathi ngomshini wokunyathelisa wamanzi.

Izitho zeNkathi Ephakathi zazingahlukaniswa ngesakhiwo esihle: zazinokhiye abawugqinsi, abangakhululekile ababeqhelelene komunye nomunye. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukudlala ngeminwe - umculi washaya ikhibhodi ngendololwane yakhe, isibhakela.

Ukuduma kwensimbi kwaqala ngaleso sikhathi lapho amasonto eba nentshisekelo kuyo (ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD). Imisindo ejulile yayihambisana kahle nezinkonzo. Ukuthuthukiswa komklamo kwaqala: izitho ezikhanyayo zaphenduka amathuluzi amakhulu, athatha ingxenye ebalulekile yezakhiwo zethempeli.

Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, amakhosi wezitho ezihamba phambili asebenza e-Italy. Khona-ke iJalimane yathatha izintambo. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, wonke amazwe aseYurophu ayesekwazi ukukhiqiza into encane ethandwayo.

Ikhulu le-XIV liwusuku oluhamba phambili lwethuluzi: umklamo wathuthukiswa, ubukhulu bezihluthulelo nama-pedals bancishiswa, amarejista ahlukanisiwe, futhi ububanzi bandiswa. Ikhulu le-XV - isikhathi sokuvela kwezinguquko ezifana nesitho esincane (esiphathekayo), esimile (usayizi ophakathi).

Ukuqala kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX kubhekwa "njengenkathi yegolide" yomculo wezitho. Idizayini yathuthukiswa yaze yafika emkhawulweni: insimbi ingangena esikhundleni sayo yonke i-orchestra, ikhiqize imisindo ehlukahlukene emangalisayo. Abaqambi u-Bach, uSweelinck, uFrescobaldi badale imisebenzi ikakhulukazi yaleli thuluzi.

Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX laphusha amathuluzi amakhulu eceleni. Athathelwa indawo yimiklamo ehlangene okulula ukuyisebenzisa futhi engadingi ukunyakaza komzimba okuyinkimbinkimbi. Isikhathi “senkosi yomculo” sesiphelile.

Namuhla izitho zingabonakala futhi zizwakale emasontweni amaKhatholika, kumakhonsathi omculo wegumbi. Insimbi isetshenziswa njengokuphelezela, icula iyodwa.

izinhlobonhlobo

Izitho zihlukaniswa ngokwemibandela eminingana:

Idivayisi: ithusi, i-electronic, idijithali, umhlanga.

functional: ikhonsathi, isonto, imidlalo yeshashalazi, igumbi.

Ukuphazamiseka: classical, baroque, symphonic.

Inombolo yamanyuwali: eyodwa-ezimbili-ntathu-manual, njll.

Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zezitho:

• Umoya - ohlome ngezihluthulelo, amapayipi, iyithuluzi elikhulu. Kungokwesigaba sama-aerophone. Kubukeka sengathi iningi licabanga isitho - isakhiwo esikhulu esinezitezi ezimbalwa phezulu, esisemasontweni namanye amagumbi avulekile.
• I-Symphonic – uhlobo lwesitho somoya esinenzuzo emsindweni. Ibanga elibanzi, i-timbre ephezulu, amakhono okubhalisa avumela leli thuluzi lodwa ukuthi limiselele yonke i-orchestra. Abanye abameleli beqembu bahlonyiswe ngamamanyuwali ayisikhombisa, amashumi ezinkulungwane zamapayipi.
• Ithiyetha - ayihlukani ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zomculo. Ikwazi ukwenza imisindo yepiyano, inani lemisindo. Ekuqaleni yadalwa ngenhloso yokuhambisana nomculo wemidlalo yaseshashalazini, izigcawu zamafilimu athule.
• I-Hammond organ iyithuluzi likagesi, isimiso saso esisekelwe ekuhlanganiseni okungeziwe kwesignali yomsindo ochungechungeni oluguquguqukayo. Ithuluzi lasungulwa ngo-1935 ngu-L. Hammond njengenye indlela yamasonto. Umklamo wawungabizi, futhi ngokushesha waqala ukusetshenziswa ngenkuthalo amaqembu ezempi, i-jazz, abadlali be-blues.

Isicelo

Namuhla, ithuluzi lisetshenziswa ngenkuthalo amaProthestani, amaKatolika - lihambisana nokukhulekela. Ifakwa emahholo ezwe ukuze ihambisane namakhonsathi. Amathuba esitho avumela umculi ukuthi adlale yedwa noma abe yingxenye ye-orchestra. "Inkosi yomculo" ihlangana ensembles, ihambisana namakwaya, abahlabeleli, ngezinye izikhathi iqhaza kuma-opera.

Idlalwa kanjani isitho

Ukuba i-oganist kunzima. Kuzodingeka usebenze ngezingalo nemilenze ngesikhathi esifanayo. Alukho uhlelo lokudlala olujwayelekile - insimbi ngayinye ifakwe inombolo ehlukile yamapayipi, okhiye, amarejista. Njengoba usufunde imodeli eyodwa, awukwazi ukudlulisela kwenye, uzodinga ukuphinda ufunde idivayisi.

Ukudlala unyawo kuyicala elikhethekile. Uzodinga izicathulo ezikhethekile, ezibucayi. Ukukhwabanisa kwenziwa ngozwane, isithende.

Izingxenye zomculo zibhalwa ngokwehlukana zekhibhodi yonyawo namamanuwali.

Abaqambi

Imisebenzi "yenkosi yomculo" yabhalwa abaqambi abanamakhono bakudala kanye nekhulu leminyaka ngaphambi kokugcina:

• M. Dupre
• V. Mozart
• F. Mendelssohn
• A. Gabrieli
• D. Shostakovich
• R. Shchedrin
• N. Grigny