Isiginci - konke mayelana nezinsimbi zomculo

Isiginci iyinsimbi yomculo enezintambo , engenye yezisakazeke kakhulu emhlabeni . Isetshenziswa njengensimbi ehambisanayo noma eyedwa kuzitayela eziningi zomculo nezikhombisi-ndlela zomculo, iyinsimbi eyinhloko ezitayeleni zomculo ezifana ne-blues, izwe, i-flamenco, umculo we-rock, ngezinye izikhathi i-jazz, njll. Yasungulwa ngekhulu lama-20, ugesi. isiginci saba nethonya elinamandla esikweni elidumile.

Umculi womculo wesigingci ubizwa ngokuthi a umculi. Umuntu owenza futhi alungise iziginci ubizwa ngokuthi a isiginci luthier or luthier ^{[ 1 ]}.

Umlando wesiginci

Origin

Ubufakazi bakudala obukhona bezinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo ezinomzimba nentamo ekhalayo, okhokho besiginci sesimanjemanje, bahlehlela emuva ku-2nd millennium BC.^[2] Izithombe ze-kinnor (insimbi yomculo enezintambo zaseSumer - yaseBabiloni, okukhulunywe ngayo ezinganekwaneni zeBhayibheli) zatholakala emifanekisweni yobumba ngesikhathi sokuvubukula eMesophothamiya. Izinsimbi ezifanayo zaziwa naseGibhithe lasendulo naseNdiya : nabla , nefer , zither eGibhithe, veena kanye ne-sitar eNdiya. EGrisi naseRoma lasendulo insimbi yomculo we-cithara yayidumile.

Abanduleli besiginci babenomzimba ozwakalayo oyindilinga oyindilinga ozwakalayo nentamo ende enezintambo ezinwetshiwe. Umzimba wenziwe ucezu olulodwa - ngethanga elomisiwe, igobolondo lofudu, noma umgodi wokuphuma ocezwini olulodwa lokhuni. Emakhulwini III-IV AD. e. e-China, i-ruan (noma i-yuan) ^[3] futhi yeqin ^[4] kwavela izinsimbi , lapho umzimba wokhuni wawuhlanganiswe kusukela phezulu nangaphansi kwamabhodi omsindo kanye nezinhlangothi eziwaxhumayo. EYurophu , lokhu kubangele ukwethulwa kweziginci zesiLatini nesiMoor cishe ngekhulu lesi-6 . Kamuva, emakhulwini e-XV - XVI, insimbi yavelavihuela, nayo enethonya ekubumbeni ukwakhiwa kwesiginci sesimanje.

Umsuka wegama

Igama elithi “isiginci” livela ekuhlanganisweni kwamagama amabili: igama lesiSanskrit elithi “sangita” elisho “umculo” kanye nelasePheresiya Elidala elithi “tiyela” elisho “intambo”. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, igama elithi "isiginci" livela egameni lesiSanskrit elithi "kutur", elisho "izintambo ezine" (cf. setar - ezinezintambo ezintathu). Njengoba isiginci sisabalala sisuka e-Asia Emaphakathi sidlula eGreece siya eNtshonalanga Yurophu, igama elithi “isiginci” laba nezinguquko: “cithara (ϰιθάϱα)” eGreece yasendulo, isiLatini “cithara”, “guitarra” eSpain, “chitarra” e-Italy, “isiginci. ” eFrance, “isiginci” eNgilandi, futhi ekugcineni, “isiginci” eRussia. Igama elithi "isiginci" laqala ukuvela ezincwadini zaseYurophu ngekhulu le-13. ^[5]

Isiginci seSpanishi

NgeNkathi Ephakathi, isikhungo esiyinhloko sokuthuthukiswa kwesiginci kwakuyiSpain, lapho isiginci sasivela eRoma lasendulo ( Isiginci sesiLatini kanye nabanqobi bama-Arab ( Isiginci samaMoor ). Ngekhulu le-15, isiginci esasungulwa eSpain esinezintambo eziphindwe kabili ezi-5 (iyunithi yezinhlamvu yokuqala yayingaba eyodwa) yasakazeka. Iziginci ezinjalo zibizwa Iziginci zaseSpain . Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, isiginci saseSpain, ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, sithola izintambo ezi-6 ezilodwa kanye ne-repertoire enkulu yemisebenzi, ukwakheka kwayo okwathonywa kakhulu Umqambi wase-Italy kanye nesigingci se-virtuoso uMauro Giuliani.

Isiginci sesiRashiya

Isiginci safika sekwephuzile eRussia, lapho sase saziwa eYurophu iminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu. Kodwa wonke umculo waseNtshonalanga waqala ukungena kabanzi eRussia kuphela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18. ^[6] . Isiginci sathola indawo eqinile ngenxa yabaqambi nabaculi base-Italy abafika eRussia ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17, ngokuyinhloko uGiuseppe Sarti noCarlo Canobbio. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, isiginci saqinisa isikhundla saso eRussia ngenxa kaMarcus Aurelius Zani de Ferranti , owafika eSt. Petersburg ngo-1821, uMauro Giuliani noFernando Sor bavakashela. U-Sor, eshiya umkakhe we-ballerina eMoscow, owaba ngowokuqala wesifazane waseRussia, wanikezela ucezu lomculo wesiginci olubizwa ngokuthi "Inkumbulo YaseRussia" ohambweni oluya eRussia. Lesi siqeshana siyenziwa namanje ^[6] . Nikolai Petrovich Makarov ^[6] waba umshayi wesiginci wokuqala ovelele waseRussia owadlala insimbi enezintambo eziyisithupha . E-Russia, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, inguqulo yezintambo eziyisikhombisa zesiginci saseSpain yaduma, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemisebenzi yomqambi onekhono kanye nesigingci se-virtuoso u-Andrei Sikhra owayehlala ngaleso sikhathi , owabhala. ngaphezu kwenkulungwane isebenza kule nsimbi, ebizwa ngokuthi "isiginci saseRussia".

Isiginci sakudala

Phakathi nekhulu le-18 - 19th, ukuklanywa kwesiginci saseSpain kuba nezinguquko eziphawulekayo, ochwepheshe bahlola ubukhulu nokuma komzimba, ukubopha intamo, ukuklama komshini wezikhonkwane, njalonjalo. Ekugcineni, ngekhulu le-19, umenzi wesiginci waseSpain u-Antonio Torres wanika isiginci isimo saso nobukhulu baso besimanje. Iziginci eziklanywe uTorres namuhla zibizwa ngokuthi classical iziginci . Umshayi wesigingci odume kakhulu wangaleso sikhathi umqambi nomdlali wesigingci waseSpain uFrancisco Tarrega , owabeka izisekelo zesu lakudala lokudlala isiginci. Ngekhulu lama-20, umsebenzi wakhe waqhubeka umqambi Spanish, isiginci kanye nothisha Andres Segovia.

Isigingci sikagesi

Ngekhulu lama-20, mayelana nokufika kokukhulisa ugesi kanye nobuchwepheshe bokucubungula umsindo, kwavela uhlobo olusha lwesiginci - isiginci sikagesi. Ngo-1936, uGeorges Beauchamp no-Adolphe Rickenbecker, abasunguli benkampani yakwa-Rickenbacker, banelungelo lobunikazi besiginci sokuqala sikagesi esinama-pickups kazibuthe kanye nomzimba wensimbi (okuthiwa "i-pan yokuthosa"). Ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, onjiniyela baseMelika kanye nosomabhizinisi u-Leo Fender, nonjiniyela nomculi u-Les Paul ngokuzimela komunye nomunye, basungula isiginci sikagesi esinomzimba oqinile wokhuni, umklamo wawo ongashintshile kuze kube yilolu suku. Umculi onethonya elikhulu esigingci sikagesi (ngokusho kwephephabhuku i-Rolling Stone) umshayi wesigingci waseMelika uJimi Hendrix owayehlala maphakathi nekhulu lama-20. ^[7] .

Isiginci Siqukethe

Njengazo zonke izinsimbi zomculo, isiginci sinezingxenye eziningana. Ibukeka njengesithombe esingezansi. Ukwakheka kwesiginci kuhlanganisa: i-soundboard, nut, side, neck, pegs, nut, nut, frets, resonator hole kanye nesibambi.

ukwakheka kwesiginci ngokujwayelekile kuboniswa esithombeni esingezansi

I-elementi ngayinye (ingxenye) inesibopho ngani?

Isihlalo sisebenza njengentaba yezintambo: zilungiswa lapho ngama-cartridges akhethekile, kuyilapho ukuphela kwentambo kungena ngaphakathi kwegitala.

Idekhi ingaphambili nangemuva kwesiginci, ngicabanga ukuthi konke kucacile lapha noma kunjalo. Igobolondo liyingxenye exhumayo yesiteki sangaphambili nangemuva, lenza umzimba walo.

Intamo iqukethe ama-sills. Amantongomane - ama-protrusions ku-fretboard. Ibanga phakathi kwamantongomane libizwa ngokuthi i-fret. Uma bethi "first fret" - kusho ukuthi basho ibanga phakathi kwe-headstock ne-nut yokuqala.

   
                 i-fret nut - ibanga phakathi kwamantongomane

Ngokuqondene ne-fretboard - uzoxakeka manje, kodwa kukhona iziginci ezinezintamo ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa!

Izikhonkwane zokulungisa ziyingxenye engaphandle yendlela eqinisa (ekhulula) izintambo. Siphendula izikhonkwane zokushuna, sishuna isiginci, sisenze sizwakale kahle.

Imbobo ye-resonator imbobo yesiginci, cishe lapho isandla sethu sokudla sitholakala khona lapho sidlala isiginci. Eqinisweni, lapho ivolumu yesiginci ikhudlwana, umsindo wayo ujula (kodwa lokhu kukude nesici esinqumayo sekhwalithi yomsindo).

Izilinganiso Ezilinganiselwe

• Inombolo yama-frets - kusuka ku-19 (yakudala) kuya ku-27 (i-electro)
• Inani lezintambo - kusuka ku-4 kuya ku-14
• I-Mensura - kusuka ku-0.5 m kuya ku-0.8 m
• Ubukhulu 1.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.2 m
• Isisindo - kusuka ku->1 (i-acoustic) kuya ku-≈15 kg

Ukuhlukaniswa kwesiginci

Inombolo enkulu yezinhlobonhlobo zeziginci ezikhona njengamanje zingahlukaniswa ngokuya ngalezi zindlela ezilandelayo:

• Isiginci se-acoustic – isiginci esikhala ngosizo lomzimba owenziwe ngendlela ye-acoustic resonator.
• Isiginci sikagesi – isiginci esizwakala ngendlela yokukhulisa ugesi kanye nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwesignali ethathwe ezintanjeni ezidlidlizayo .
• Isiginci se-semi-acoustic (isiginci se-electro-acoustic) - inhlanganisela yama-acoustic neziginci zikagesi, lapho ngaphezu komzimba we-acoustic ongenalutho, ama-pickup nawo anikezwa ekwakhiweni.
• Isiginci seresonator (resonant or resonant guitar) wuhlobo lwesiginci esizwakalayo lapho ama-acoustic resonator ensimbi akhelwe emzimbeni asetshenziselwa ukukhulisa ivolumu.
• Isiginci se-synthesizer (isiginci se-MIDI) yisiginci esenzelwe ukusetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokufaka le-synthesizer yomsindo.

Ngomklamo we-hull

• Isiginci se-Classic - isiginci esinezintambo eziyisithupha esakhiwe ngu-Antonio Torres (ikhulu le-XIX).
• Isiginci somdabu yisiginci esinezintambo eziyisithupha se-acoustic esiguqulelwe ukusebenzisa izintambo zensimbi.
• I-flattop yisiginci sesintu esingaphezulu esiyisicaba.
• I-Archtop iyisiginci se-acoustic noma i-semi-acoustic enebhodi lomsindo elingaphambili eliyi-convex kanye nezimbobo ze-resonator ezimise okuka-f (efs) ezitholakala emaphethelweni ebhodi lomsindo. Ngokuvamile, umzimba wesiginci esinjalo ufana ne-violin ekhulisiwe. Yasungulwa ngawo-1920 nguGibson.
• I-Dreadnought - isiginci somuntu esinomzimba okhulisiwe wesimo "sonxande". Inevolumu ekhuphukile uma iqhathaniswa necala lakudala kanye nokugqama kwezingxenye zefrikhwensi ephansi ku-timbre. Yasungulwa ngawo-1920 nguMartin.
• I-jumbo inguqulo ekhulisiwe yesiginci somdabu, eyasungulwa ngo-1937 ngu-Gibson futhi isithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabashaya isiginci sezwe kanye ne-rock.
• I-Western - i-acoustic noma i-electro-acoustic guitar, isici esiyisici salezi ziginci sesiphenduke i-cutout ngaphansi kwe-frets yokugcina ukuze kwenziwe kube lula ngangokunokwenzeka ukufinyelela lezi zingoma zokugcina.

Ngobubanzi

• Isiginci esijwayelekile – sisuka ku-D (mi) se-octave enkulu siye ku-C (re) ye-octave yesithathu. Ukusebenzisa umshini wokubhala (Floyd Rose) kukuvumela ukuthi unwebe kakhulu ububanzi kuzo zombili izinkomba. Ububanzi besiginci cishe ama-octave angu-4.
• Isiginci se-bass yisiginci esinomsindo ophansi, ngokuvamile i-octave eyodwa ephansi kunesiginci esivamile. Yasungulwa ngabakwaFender ngawo-1950.
• Isiginci se-tenor yisiginci esinezintambo ezine ezinesilinganiso esifushane, ububanzi nokushuna kwe-banjo .
• Isiginci se-baritone yisiginci esinezinga elide kunesiginci esivamile, esivumela ukuthi sishuniswe sibe nephimbo eliphansi. Yasungulwa nguDanelectro ngeminyaka yawo-1950.

Ngokuba khona kwama-frets

• Isiginci esijwayelekile yisiginci esinama-frets nama-frets futhi sijwayele ukudlala ngendlela efanayo.
• Isiginci esingenamsindo yisiginci esingenawo ama-frets. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhipha imisindo yephimbo ngokunganaki kuhlu lwesiginci, kanye noshintsho olushelelayo lwephimbo lomsindo okhishiwe. Ama-bass guitar avame kakhulu.
• Isiginci seslayidi (Slayida isiginci) - isiginci esiklanyelwe ukudlala ngesilayidi, kusiginci esinjalo iphimbo lishintsha kahle ngosizo lwedivayisi ekhethekile - isilayidi esishayelwa ezintanjeni.

Ngezwe (indawo) yendabuko

• Isiginci saseSpain yisiginci esinezintambo eziyisithupha esavela eSpain ngekhulu le-13 - 15.
• Isiginci saseRussia yisiginci se-acoustic esinezintambo eziyisikhombisa esavela eRussia ngekhulu le-18 - 19.
• I-ukulele isiginci se-slide esisebenza endaweni “yokuqamba amanga,” okungukuthi, umzimba wesiginci ulala phansi ethangeni lesigingci noma esitendeni esikhethekile, kuyilapho oshaya isiginci ehlezi esihlalweni noma ame eduze kwesiginci njengase. itafula.

Ngohlobo lomculo

• Isiginci se-Classic - isiginci esinezintambo eziyisithupha esakhiwe ngu-Antonio Torres (ikhulu le-XIX).
• Isiginci somdabu yisiginci esinezintambo eziyisithupha se-acoustic esiguqulelwe ukusebenzisa izintambo zensimbi.
• Isiginci se-Flamenco - isiginci sakudala, esivumelaniswe nezidingo zesitayela somculo we-flamenco, sinomsindo obukhali.
• Isiginci se-Jazz (isiginci se-orchestral) yigama elisunguliwe lama-archtops akwa-Gibson nama-analogue awo. Lezi ziginci zinomsindo obukhali, ohlukaniseka ngokucacile ekuqanjweni kwe-orchestra ye-jazz, eyanquma kusengaphambili ukuthandwa kwabo phakathi kwabadlali besigingci se-jazz bama-20s nama-30s wekhulu lama-XX.

Ngeqhaza emsebenzini owenziwe

• Isiginci esiyedwa – isiginci esiklanyelwe ukwenza izingxenye ezicula eziyedwana eziculayo, esibonakala ngomsindo obukhali nofundeka kakhudlwana wamanothi angawodwana.

Emculweni we-classical, isiginci esiyedwa sithathwa njengesiginci ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa, zonke izingxenye zithathwa yisiginci esisodwa, uhlobo olunzima kakhulu lokudlala isiginci.

• Isiginci esinesigqi – isiginci esiklanyelwe ukudlala izingxenye zesigqi, esibonakala nge-timbre yomsindo ecinene futhi efanayo, ikakhulukazi kumaza aphansi.
• I-Bass Guitar - Isiginci esisezingeni eliphansi ngokuvamile esisetshenziselwa ukudlala imigqa ye-bass.

Ngenombolo yezintambo

• Isiginci esinezintambo ezine (4-string guitar) yisiginci esinezintambo ezine. Iningi leziginci ezinezintambo ezine zingama-bass guitar noma iziginci ze-tenor.
• Isiginci esinezintambo eziyisithupha (isiginci esinezintambo eziyisi-6) – isiginci esinezintambo eziyisithupha ezingazodwa. Izinhlobonhlobo ezijwayelekile nezisabalele.
• Isiginci esinezintambo eziyisikhombisa (isiginci esinezintambo ezingu-7) - isiginci esinezintambo eziyisikhombisa ezingazodwa. Okusebenza kakhulu emculweni waseRussia naseSoviet kusukela ngekhulu le-18-19 kuze kube manje.
• Isiginci esinezintambo eziyishumi nambili (isiginci esinezintambo ezingu-12) - isiginci esinezintambo eziyishumi nambili, sakha amapheya ayisithupha, ashuniwe, njengomthetho, ohlelweni lwe-classical ku-octave noma ngokubambisana. Idlalwa kakhulu ngabaculi berock abangochwepheshe , abaculi bendabuko kanye nama - bards .
• Abanye - Kunenombolo enkulu yezinhlobo ezingajwayelekile ezimaphakathi neziyingxube zeziginci ezinenani elikhulayo lezintambo. Kukhona ukungezwa okulula kweyunithi yezinhlamvu ukuze kwandiswe ububanzi bensimbi (isb. ama-bass guitar anezintambo ezinhlanu nezintambo eziyisithupha), kanye nokuphinda kabili noma ukuphinda kathathu ezinye noma zonke izintambo ukuze uthole i-timbre ecebile yomsindo. Kukhona neziginci ezinentamo eyengeziwe (imvamisa eyodwa) ukuze kube lula ukusebenza uwedwa kweminye imisebenzi.

Izincwajana zemininingwane

• Isiginci seDobro yisiginci se-resonator esasungulwa ngo-1928 ngabazalwane bakwaDopera. Okwamanje i-“Guitar Dobro” wuphawu lokuhweba luka-Gibson.
• I-ukulele inguqulo encane yezintambo ezine yesiginci eyasungulwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 e-Hawaiian Islands.
• Ukuthepha isiginci (i-tap guitar) – isiginci esenzelwe ukudlalwa kusetshenziswa i ukushaya indlela yokukhipha umsindo.
• Isiginci sika-Warr siyisiginci sikagesi esitofayo, sinomzimba ofana nesigingci sikagesi esivamile, futhi sivumela nezinye izindlela zokukhiqiza umsindo. Kunezinketho ezinezintambo eziyi-8, eziyi-12 noma eziyi-14. Ayinaso isilungiselelo esizenzakalelayo.
• Induku kaChapman iyisiginci esishaya ngogesi. Ayinawo umzimba, ivumela i-Play kusuka emaphethelweni amabili. Inezintambo eziyi-10 noma eziyi-12. Ngokwethiyori, kungenzeka ukuthi udlale amanothi afinyelela kwayi-10 ngesikhathi esisodwa (umunwe ongu-1 - inothi eli-1).

Indlela yesiginci

Lapho edlala isiginci, umculi wesiginci umpintsha izintambo ku-fretboard ngeminwe yesandla sobunxele, futhi usebenzisa iminwe yesandla sokudla ukuze akhiphe umsindo ngenye yezindlela ezimbalwa. Isiginci siphambi komshayi wesigingci ( sivundlile noma sikwi-engeli, intamo iphakanyiswe yaba ngamadigri angu-45 ), sincike edolweni, noma silenga ebhandeni eligaywe ehlombe. Abanye abashaya isiginci abanikezwa kwesokunxele baphendulela intamo yesiginci kwesokudla, badonsa izintambo ngokufanele futhi bashintshe imisebenzi yezandla - qinisa izintambo ngesandla sokudla, khipha umsindo kwesokunxele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagama ezandla anikezwa oshaya isiginci ngesandla sokunene.

Ukukhiqizwa komsindo

Indlela eyinhloko yokukhiqiza umsindo esigincini - umshayi wesiginci uhuqa intambo ngesihloko somunwe noma uzipho lwakhe, ayidonse kancane futhi ayikhulule. Uma udlala ngeminwe , izinhlobo ezimbili zokukha zisetshenziswa : i - apoyando ne - tirando .

I-Apoyando (kusuka eSpanishi  ukusekela , ancike ) i-pinch emva kwalokho umunwe uhlala entanjeni eseduze . Ngosizo lwe-apoyando , amavesi esikali ayenziwa , kanye ne- cantilena , edinga umsindo ojulile futhi ogcwele. Nini ukuthatha (I-tirando yaseSpain - donsa   ngokungafani ne - apoyando , umunwe ngemva kokuhluthula awuhlali phezu kwentambo eseduze , ewugqinsi , kodwa ushanela ngokukhululekile phezu kwayo , kumanothi , uma uphawu olukhethekile lwe - apoyando (^) lungaboniswa , khona-ke umsebenzi udlalwa kusetshenziswa indlela ye- tirando .

Futhi , isigingci singashaya zonke noma izintambo ezimbalwa ezincikene ngesikhathi esisodwa ngeminwe emithathu noma emine ngomzamo omncane . _ Le ndlela yokukhiqiza umsindo ibizwa ngokuthi i-rasgueado. Igama elithi "ches" nalo livamile.

I-pinch nesiteleka ingenziwa ngeminwe yesandla sokunene noma ngosizo lwedivayisi ekhethekile ebizwa ngokuthi i-plectrum (noma i-plectrum). I-plectrum iyipuleti elincane eliyisicaba lezinto eziqinile - ithambo, ipulasitiki noma insimbi. Umshayi wesigingci usibamba ngeminwe yesandla sokudla kanye nezincinyane noma ushaye izintambo ngayo .

Impama isetshenziswa kakhulu ezitayeleni eziningi zomculo zesimanje . Ukwenza lokhu, umculi wesiginci ushaya intambo eyodwa kanzima ngesithupha sakhe, noma athathe futhi akhulule intambo . Lezi zindlela zibizwa ngokuthi i- slap ( hit ) kanye ne-pop ( hook ), ngokulandelanayo . Ikakhulukazi impama esetshenziswa uma udlala isiginci se-bass . _

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje , kuye kwathuthukiswa indlela yokudlala engajwayelekile , indlela entsha yokukhipha umsindo , lapho iyunithi yezinhlamvu iqala ukuzwakala isuka ekushayeni kweminwe emincane phakathi kwama-frets ebhodini leminwe . Le ndlela yokukhiqiza umsindo ibizwa ngokuthi ukucofa (izandla ezimbili uma udlala ngezandla ezimbili) noma iTouchStyle. Ngo ukuthepha kufana nokudlala upiyano , isandla ngasinye sidlala ingxenye yaso ezimele.

Isandla sobunxele

Ngesandla sokhohlo umshayi wesiginci ubambe intamo ngezansi eqamele isithupha sakhe ngemuva . Eminye iminwe isetshenziselwa ukuncinza izintambo endaweni yokusebenza ye-fretboard. Iminwe iqokwa futhi ifakwe izinombolo ngale ndlela elandelayo: 1 – index , 2 – middle , 3 – ring , 4 - little finger . Indawo yesandla ehlobene nama-frets ibizwa ngokuthi "indawo" futhi iboniswa inombolo yesiRoma. Isibonelo, uma umshayi wesiginci ehlwitha intambo ngayo eyoku-1 umunwe ku 4th ukudinwa , bese bethi isandla sisendaweni yesi-4 . Intambo engaluliwe ibizwa ngokuthi intambo evulekile.

Izintambo ziboshelwe ngamaphedi eminwe - ngakho-ke, ngomunwe owodwa, isigingci sicindezela intambo eyodwa ngesikhathi esithile. Uma umunwe wenkomba ubekwe phansi ku-fretboard , izintambo ezimbalwa, noma zonke, ku-fret efanayo zizocindezelwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Le ndlela evamile ibizwa ngokuthi ” Barre “. Kukhona i-barre enkulu ( i-barre egcwele ), lapho umunwe ucindezela zonke izintambo, kanye ne-barre encane ( i-half-barre ), lapho inani elincane lezintambo ( kufika ku-2 ) licindezelwa. Eminye iminwe ihlala ikhululekile ngesikhathi sokusetha i-barre futhi ingasetshenziswa ukubopha izintambo ngezinye izindlela. Kukhona futhi ama-chords lapho, ngaphezu kwe-barre enkulu ngomunwe wokuqala, kuyadingeka ukuthatha i-barre encane ku-fret ehlukile, lapho kusetshenziswa khona noma yimiphi iminwe yamahhala, kuye ngokuthi "ukudlala" kwento ethile. ingoma .

Amaqhinga esiginci

Ngaphezu kwesu eliyisisekelo lokudlala isiginci elichazwe ngenhla , kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziswa kakhulu abashaya isiginci ngezitayela ezahlukene zomculo .

• I-Arpeggio (i-brute force) - ukukhishwa okulandelanayo kwemisindo ye-chord. Kwenziwa ngokuhlwitha ngokulandelana izintambo ezahlukene ngomunwe owodwa noma ngaphezulu.
• I-Arpeggio – ishesha kakhulu , ngokunyakaza okukodwa , ukukhishwa okulandelanayo kwemisindo etholakala kumayunithi ezinhlamvu ahlukene.
• Goba (ukuqinisa) – ukuphakamisa ithoni ngokugudluka okuguquguqukayo kwentambo eduze kwe-fret nut. Ngokuya kokuhlangenwe nakho komdlali wesiginci kanye nezintambo ezisetshenzisiwe , le nqubo ingakhuphula inothi elikhishiwe ngethoni eyodwa nohhafu ukuya kumathoni amabili .
  • Ukugoba okulula – intambo ishaywa kuqala bese idonswa.
  • Dlulisela – intambo iqala idonswe phezulu bese iyashaywa.
  • Goba emuva - intambo idonswa buthule , igaywe bese yehliswa ibe inothi lokuqala .
  • Ukugoba kwefa - ukushaya intambo , ukuqinisa , bese intambo yehliselwa kwithoni yokuqala .
  • Gobisa inothi lomusa – ukushaya intambo ngokuqinisa kanyekanye .
  • Ukugoba kwe-Unison – kukhishwa ngokushaya izintambo ezimbili , bese inothi elingezansi lifinyelela ekuphakameni kwephezulu . Womabili amanothi azwakala ngesikhathi esisodwa.
  • I-Microbend ilifti engagxilile ngobude , cishe ngo-1/4 wethoni .
• Yilwa - phansi ngesithupha , phezulu ngenkomba , phansi ngenkomba ngepulaki , phezulu nenkomba .
• I-Vibrato iwushintsho oluncane lwezikhathi ezithile kuphimbo lomsindo okhishiwe. Yenziwa ngosizo lwe-oscillations yesandla sobunxele eduze kwentamo, kuyilapho amandla okucindezela intambo eshintsha, kanye namandla okucindezela kwayo futhi, ngokufanele, iphimbo. Enye indlela yokwenza i-vibrato iwukusebenza ngezikhathi ezithile okulandelanayo kwendlela " yokugoba " ukuya endaweni encane yobude . Kuziginci zikagesi ezifakelwe ” whammy bar ” ( tremolo systems ), i-lever ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza i-vibrato.
• Isishiyagalombili ( rumba )- umunwe wokukhomba phansi , isithupha phansi , umunwe wokukhomba phezulu } izikhathi ezi-2 , khomba phansi naphezulu .
• I-Glissando iwushintsho olushelelayo olushelelayo phakathi kwamanothi. Esigincini , kungenzeka phakathi kwamanothi asocingweni olufanayo , futhi kwenziwa ngokususa isandla sisuka endaweni ethile siyiswe kwenye ngaphandle kokukhulula umunwe ngokucindezela intambo .
• I-Golpe (iSpanishi:  golpe  - blow ) - indlela yokushaywa , ngokuthepha ibhodi lomsindo lesiginci esizwakalayo ngozipho , ngenkathi udlala . Isetshenziswa kakhulu emculweni we-flamenco. _
• I-Legato – ukusebenza okuqhubekayo kwamanothi . Isiginci sidlalwa ngesandla sobunxele .
  • Ukukhuphuka ( percussion ) legato - intambo evele ikhala iboshelwa ukunyakaza okubukhali nokunamandla komunwe wesandla sobunxele , kuyilapho umsindo ungenaso isikhathi sokuma . Igama lesiNgisi lale nqubo livamile - isando, isando - he .
  • I-legato eyehlayo - umunwe ukhishwa entanjeni , uyicoshe kancane ngesikhathi esifanayo . Kukhona negama lesiNgisi elithi - pool , pool - off .
  • I-trill ukushintshaniswa okusheshayo kwamanothi amabili okwenziwa inhlanganisela yezindlela zesando nezamachibi .
• I-Pizzicato idlalwa ngokunyakaziswa kwesandla sokudla . Intambo ibanjwa ngesandla sokudla phakathi komunwe ongaphambili nesithupha , bese intambo ihlehliswe ibangana bese iyadedelwa . Ngokuvamile intambo ihlehliswa ibangana elifushane , okuholela kumsindo opholile . Uma ibanga likhulu , intambo izoshaya ama-frets futhi yengeze ukushaywa emsindweni .
• Ukuthulisa ngentende yesandla sokudla - ukudlala ngemisindo evalekile , lapho intende yesandla sokudla ibekwe ingxenye yesitendi ( ibhuloho ), ngokwengxenye ezintanjeni . Igama lesiNgisi lale nqubo , elisetshenziswa kakhulu abashaya isiginci besimanje , lithi “ palm mute ” ( s. yisimungulu  - yisimungulu).  
• IsiPulgar (iSpanishi:  isithupha  – isithupha ) – indlela yokudlala ngesithupha sesandla sokudla . Indlela eyinhloko yokukhiqiza umsindo kumculo we-flamenco. Intambo ishaywa kuqala eceleni kwe-pulp bese ishaywa ngonqenqema lwesithonjana .
• Shanela (isiNgisi  shisha – shanela ) – ngokuslayida ipiki kuyunithi yezinhlamvu uye phezulu noma phansi lapho udlala i- arpeggios , noma ushelela ipiki ezintambo ezithulisiwe uye phezulu noma phansi , okudala umsindo wokuklwebha ngaphambi kwenothi eliyinhloko .
• I-Staccato – Ifushane, amanothi e-staccato. Kwenziwa ngokukhulula ukucindezela kwezintambo zeminwe yesandla sobunxele , noma ngokuthulisa izintambo zesandla sokudla , ngokushesha ngemva kokuthatha umsindo noma i-chord .
• Ithamborini enye indlela yokushaywa ehlanganisa ukucofa izintambo endaweni yesitendi , elungele iziginci ezinomzimba ongenalutho , i-acoustic ne-semi -acoustic .
• I-Tremolo iyi-pluck esheshayo ephindaphindiwe ngaphandle kokushintsha inothi.
• I-harmonic iwukuthuliswa kwe-harmonic eyinhloko yeyunithi yezinhlamvu ngokuthinta iyunithi yezinhlamvu enomsindo ncamashi endaweni eyihlukanisa ibe inombolo ephelele yezingxenye . Kunama-harmonics emvelo , adlalwa entanjeni evuliwe , kanye neyokwenziwa , adlalwa entanjeni eboshwe . Kukhona futhi okuthiwa umlamuleli i-harmonic ekhiqizwayo lapho umsindo ukhiqizwa kanyekanye yi-plectrum kanye nenyama yesithupha noma i-forefinger ebambe i-plectrum.

Isiginci notation

Kusiginci , imisindo eminingi ebangeni elitholakalayo ingakhishwa ngezindlela ezimbalwa . Isibonelo, i-sound mi ye-octave yokuqala ingathathwa ochungechungeni lokuqala oluvuliwe, ocingweni lwesi-1 ku-2th fret, ocingweni lwesi-5 ku-3th fret, _ ocingweni lwesi-9 ku-4th fret, ngo-14. intambo ku-5th fret kanye nentambo yesi-19 ku-6th fret ( kusiginci esinezintambo ezingu-24 esinama-frets angu-6 nokushuna okujwayelekile). _ _ _ _ Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka umdlalo ofanayo ngezindlela eziningi , kukhishwe imisindo efunwayo ezintanjeni ezihlukene nokumpintsha izintambo ngeminwe ehlukene . Kulesi simo , i - timbre ehlukile izoba khona kuyunithi yezinhlamvu ngayinye . Ukuhlelwa kweminwe yomdlali wesiginci lapho edlala ucezu kubizwa ngokuthi i-fingering yaleso siqeshana. Ongwaqa abahlukahlukene kanye namaculo angaba idlalwe ngezindlela eziningi futhi ibe neminwe ehlukene. Kunezindlela ezimbalwa zokuqopha iminwe yesiginci.

Isaziso somculo

Ekubhalweni komculo wesimanje , lapho kuqoshwa kusebenza isiginci , isethi yezimiso isetshenziswa ukukhombisa umunwe womsebenzi . Ngakho , intambo okutuswa ukuba udlale kuyo umsindo iboniswa inombolo yentambo embuthanweni , indawo yesandla sobunxele ( imodi ) iboniswa inombolo yesiRoma , iminwe isandla sobunxele - izinombolo ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-4 (intambo evulekile - 0), iminwe yesandla sokudla - ngezinhlamvu zesiLatini p , i , m futhi a , kanye nesiqondiso sokukhetha ngezithonjana  ( phansi, okungukuthi, kude nawe) futhi  (phezulu, okungukuthi, ngakuwena).

Ngaphezu kwalokho , lapho ufunda umculo , kufanele ukhumbule ukuthi isiginci siyinsimbi eshintshashintshayo - imisebenzi yesiginci ihlale iqoshwa i - octave ephakeme kunaleyo ezwakalayo . Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze kugwenywe inani elikhulu lemigqa eyengeziwe kusuka ngezansi.

Isichazamazwi

Enye indlela yokuqopha imisebenzi yesiginci ukuqoshwa kwethebhulature, noma ithebhulature. I- tablature yesiginci ayikhombisi ukuphakama , kodwa indawo neyunithi yezinhlamvu zomsindo ngamunye wesiqephu . Futhi ku- tablature notation , izimpawu zeminwe ezifana nalezo ezisetshenziswa ekubhalweni komculo zingasetshenziswa. i-tablature notation ingasetshenziswa kokubili ngokuzimela futhi ngokuhambisana nokuphawula komculo.

Fingering

Kunezithombe eziyingcaca zeminwe ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kunqubo yokufunda ukudlala isiginci, okubuye kubizwe ngokuthi ” fingering”. Umunwe ofanayo ucezwana oluvezwe ngohlelo lwentamo yesigingci enamachashazi amakwe ngezindawo zokusetha iminwe yesandla sobunxele . Iminwe ingaqokwa ngezinombolo zayo , kanye nokuma kwesiqephu ku-fretboard .

Kunesigaba semikhiqizo yesofthiwe ” guitar chord calculators ” - lezi izinhlelo ezingabala futhi zibonise ngemifanekiso yonke iminwe engaba khona yechord ethile.

Izesekeli zesiginci

Izinhlobonhlobo zezinsiza nezakhiwo zingasetshenziswa nesiginci ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa nokusebenza , okuhlanganisa okulandelayo:

• I-Plectrum ( umlamuli ) – ipuleti elincane ( elenziwe ngepulasitiki , ithambo , insimbi ) elinogqinsi luka 0 . 1-1 ( kwesinye isikhathi kufika ku-3 ) mm , esetshenziselwa ukukhipha umsindo.
• Isilayidi – isilinda esingenalutho sezinto eziqinile nezibushelelezi, ikakhulukazi insimbi noma ingilazi ( ibhodlela ), egqokwa komunye weminwe yesandla sobunxele; idlala indima ” yomkhawulo wokuslayida “, okuvumela ukuthi ungashintshi ngokusobala ukuphakama kwemisindo ekhishiwe .
• I-Capo - ithuluzi lokuhlala ucindezela zonke noma izintambo ezimbalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa , ukwenza lula ukudlala kokhiye abathile , kanye nokwandisa ukuphakama kwensimbi .
• Ikesi – ikesi elithambile noma eliqinile noma ikesi lokugcinwa kanye ( noma ) nokuphatha isiginci.
• Ukuma ( ukuma ) – idivayisi yokulungisa ngokuphephile ithuluzi phansi noma odongeni, ukuze ugcine isikhathi esifushane.
• Ibhande lesiginci ibhande elenziwe ngezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside ( isikhumba noma zokwenziwa ) ezivumela oshaya isiginci ukuthi enze izingoma eziqanjwe kahle ngenkathi emile .
• I-guitar clef iyithuluzi lokulungisa intamo yesiginci sakudala ( esixhunywe emzimbeni ngesikulufu esikhethekile sokulungisa ).
• I-Hex wrench - t. n. ” truss “, ukulungisa ukuchezuka kwentamo ( futhi , ngokufanele , ibanga phakathi kwezintambo nama-frets ) kumagitha amaningi esimanje ngokuxegisa - ukuqinisa induku ye-truss. Ukhiye ofanayo , kodwa omncane , usetshenziselwa ukuqondisa nokulungiswa okuhle kwegebe phakathi kwentambo nentamo kwamanye amamodeli eziginci zikagesi.
• I-Turntable - idivayisi eyenza ukugoqa kwezintambo; i-nozzle - isandiso sesibambo se-peg mechanism .
• I-pickup ekhiphekayo – kanye nesiginci se-acoustic , ama-pickup akhethekile angasetshenziswa angeyona ingxenye yomklamo wesigingci , kodwa ashuthekwe embotsheni ye-resonator noma axhunywe kumzimba wensimbi ngaphandle .
• Ishuna iyisisetshenziswa sikagesi esenza kube lula ukushuna isiginci ngokubonisa ngokunemba ukunemba kokushuna kweyunithi yezinhlamvu ngayinye .
• Intambo yomculo - intambo kagesi evikelwe ngokukhethekile ukuze idlulise isignali isuka ku-pickup yesiginci kagesi iye ku-amplifying , ukuxuba , ukurekhoda nezinye izisetshenziswa .
• IsiPolish sokunakekela umzimba , intamo noma ibhodi lomsindo .
• Isikhonkwane sedivayisi ekhethekile ^{[ 8 ]} lokho kukuvumela ukuthi usuke ngokushesha ekushuneni kokunye uye kokunye ( ngokwesibonelo , ukusuka kokujwayelekile kuye kokuthi " Kwehliswe D ").

Okubhekwayo

1. ↑ . Isichazamazwi Somculo [ Trans . naye . B. P. Jurgenson, engeza. rus. umnyango] . _-M. : DirectMedia Publishing , 2008 . - I-CD-ROM
2. ↑ Charnasse, Helene. Six-string guitar  : From the beginnings to the present day . — M . : ” Music “, 1991 . — ISBN 5-7140-0288-1 _ _ _ _ _ _
3. ↑ 阮 ruǎn ; awu isilevu . iminyuziyamu . zhuan , yuan ( insimbi yakudala ehlutshiwe enezintambo ) ” Isichazamazwi esikhulu sesiShayina nesiRashiya emiqulu emine “
4. ↑ 月琴 yeqa isilevu . iminyuziyamu . i-yueqin ( 4 – insimbi yomculo enezintambo ezinomzimba oyindilinga noma onezinhlangothi ezingu-8) ” Isichazamazwi sesiShayina esikhulu - isiRashiya emiqulu emine “
5. ↑ Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch . ed . A . M . Prokhorov . – 4th ed . _ _ — M . : Owls . encyclopedia , 1989 . ISBN 5-85270-001-0 _ _ _ _ _ _
6. ↑ ^{1 2 3} ISIGCAWU EZWENI LETHU
7. ↑ I-Rolling Stone Magazine : Uhlu Lwabashayi besigingci abayi-100 Abakhulu Kunabo Bonke Abake Baphila .
8. ↑ Ikhasi lomkhiqizo kuwebhusayithi yomkhiqizi
9. Sharnasset, Helen. Six-string guitar  : From the origins to the present day = Helene Charnasse , La guitare . — M . : ” Music “, 1991 . — ISBN 5-7140-0288-1 _ _ _ _ _ _Mark Philips, John Chappel. Guitar for Dummies( full version )= Guitar For Dummies . — M . : ” Dialectics “, 2006 . — S. _ 384 . — ISBN 0-7645-5106 – X _ _ _ _
10. John Chappel. Rock guitar for ” dummies “= Rock Guitar For Dummies . — M . : ” Dialectics “, 2006 . — S. _ 368 . — ISBN 0-7645-5356-9 _ _ _ _ _ _

I-FAQ yesiginci

Sibiza malini isiginci esihle?

Ngama- $ 150-200 kunamamodeli amaningi ngisho anokuxhumana, aneshuna eyakhelwe ngaphakathi nemiphumela. Futhi ngisho ne-$ 80-100 ungathenga isiginci esihloniphekile se-EUPHONY, i-MARTINEZ brand, isibonelo, noma amamodeli wesabelomali angabizi ngentengo, kodwa ehloniphekile ngekhwalithi nomsindo.

Isiphi isiginci esingcono kakhulu ongasithengela abaqalayo?

Ochwepheshe batusa ukuqala ukuqeqeshwa ngesiginci sakudala. Izintambo ezithambile zenayiloni zifakwe kuyo, ibha inobubanzi obuningi, futhi umsindo ungabonakala uthambile futhi uyindilinga. Kuma-guitar anjalo, kwenziwa imisebenzi yakudala, kanye nomculo ngesitayela se-jazz ne-flamenco.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwesiginci se-classical ne-acoustic?

Izintambo zenayiloni zisetshenziselwa isiginci sakudala. Athambile uma uwathinta futhi kulula ukuwacindezela entanyeni yesiginci. Kusiginci se-acoustic kunezintambo zensimbi eziqinile ezenza umsindo ube namandla futhi ugcwale. Ezimweni ezingavamile, izintambo zensimbi ezenziwe ngokukhethekile zingafakwa ku-guitar yakudala.