Johann Nepomuk Hummel |

UJohann Nepomuk Hummel

U-Hummel wazalwa ngoNovemba 14, 1778 e-Presssburg, eyayiyinhloko-dolobha yaseHungary. Umndeni wakhe wawuhlala e-Unterstinkenbrunn, isifunda esincane sase-Lower Austria lapho umkhulu kaHummel ayephethe indawo yokudlela. Ubaba womfana, uJohannes, naye wazalelwa kulesi sifunda.

U-Nepomuk Hummel wayesenendlebe eyingqayizivele yomculo eneminyaka emithathu, futhi ngenxa yesithakazelo sakhe esingavamile kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lomculo, eneminyaka emihlanu wathola kuyise upiyano oluncane njengesipho, yena, ngendlela. , wagcinwa ngenhlonipho kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe.

Kusukela ngo-1793 uNepomuk wayehlala eVienna. Uyise ngaleso sikhathi wakhonza lapha njengoba umqondisi zomculo yaseshashalazini. Eminyakeni yokuqala yokuhlala kwakhe enhloko-dolobha, i-Nepomuk yayingavamile ukubonakala emphakathini, njengoba yayigxile kakhulu emculweni. Okokuqala, uyise wamletha kuJohann Georg Albrechtsberger, omunye wothisha bakaBeethoven, ukuze afunde indawo ephikisayo, futhi kamuva kumphathi weqembu lasenkantolo u-Antonio Salieri, afunda kuye izifundo zokucula futhi owaba umngane wakhe omkhulu futhi waba ngisho nofakazi emshadweni. Futhi ngo-August 1795 waba umfundi Joseph Haydn, owamethula isitho. Nakuba phakathi nale minyaka u-Hummel wayengavamile ukudlala emibuthanweni yangasese njengomdlali wopiyano, wayesevele ecatshangelwe ngo-1799 njengenye ye-virtuosos edume kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe, ukudlala upiyano lwakhe, ngokusho kwabantu besikhathi sakhe, kwakuyingqayizivele, futhi noBeethoven wayengenakuqhathaniswa naye. Lobu buciko bokuhumusha obuyingcweti babufihlwe ngenxa yokubukeka okungenakuqhathaniswa. Wayemfushane, ekhuluphele, enobuso obushaqekile, embozwe ama-pockmarks, ayevame ukunyakaziswa ngenxa yokwethuka, okwakwenza kwaba nethonya elingemnandi ezilalelini.

Ngayo leyo minyaka, u-Hummel waqala ukwenza izingoma zakhe. Futhi uma ama-fugues kanye nokuhlukahluka kwakhe kudonsela ukunaka kuphela, khona-ke i-rondo yamenza wathandwa kakhulu.

Ngokusobala, sibonga uHaydn, ngoJanuwari 1804, u-Hummel wangeniswa e-Prince Esterhazy Chapel e-Eisenstadt njengomphelezeli nomholo wonyaka wama-guilder angu-1200.

Ngasohlangothini lwakhe, u-Hummel wayenenhlonipho engenamkhawulo ngomngane wakhe kanye nomxhasi wakhe, akusho ku-sonata yakhe yepiyano u-Es-dur ayinikezelwe kuHaydn. Kanye nenye i-sonata, i-Alleluia, kanye ne-fantasia yepiyano, kwenza u-Hummel waduma eFrance ngemva kwekhonsathi kaCherubini eParis Conservatoire ngo-1806.

Lapho ngo-1805 u-Heinrich Schmidt, owayesebenza e-Weimar noGoethe, eqokwa njengomqondisi weshashalazi e-Eisenstadt, impilo yomculo enkantolo yavuselelwa; ukusebenza njalo kwaqala esiteji esisanda kwakhiwa sehholo elikhulu lesigodlo. U-Hummel waba nesandla ekuthuthukiseni cishe zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezamukelwa ngaleso sikhathi - kusukela kumadrama ahlukahlukene, izinganekwane, ama-ballet kuya kuma-opera amakhulu. Lobu buciko bomculo senzeka ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi asichitha e-Eisenstadt, okungukuthi, eminyakeni engu-1804-1811. Njengoba le misebenzi yabhalwa, ngokusobala, kuphela ekhomishini, ezimweni eziningi ezinomkhawulo obalulekile wesikhathi futhi ngokuhambisana nokuthandwa komphakathi wangaleso sikhathi, ama-opera akhe awakwazanga ukuba nempumelelo ehlala njalo. Kodwa imisebenzi eminingi yomculo yayithandwa kakhulu ngababukeli baseshashalazini.

Lapho ebuyela eVienna ngo-1811, u-Hummel wazinikela ngokukhethekile ekuqambeni izifundo zomculo futhi wayengavamile ukubonakala phambi komphakathi njengomdlali wepiyano.

Ngo-May 16, 1813, u-Hummel washada no-Elisabeth Rekel, umculi e-Vienna Court Theatre, udadewabo womculi we-opera uJoseph August Rekel, owaduma ngokuxhumana noBeethoven. Lo mshado waba nomthelela wokuthi u-Hummel washeshe waqaphela umphakathi waseViennese. Lapho entwasahlobo ka-1816, ngemva kokuphela kwezitha, ethatha uhambo lwekhonsathi ePrague, eDresden, eLeipzig, eBerlin naseBreslau, kuzo zonke izihloko ezibucayi kwaphawulwa ukuthi “kusukela esikhathini sikaMozart, akekho umshayi wopiyano oye wajabulela umculo. esidlangalaleni njengoHummel. "

Njengoba umculo we-chamber ngaleso sikhathi wawufana nomculo we-house, kwakudingeka azivumelanise nezilaleli eziningi uma efuna ukuphumelela. Umqambi ubhala i-septet edumile, eyaqala ukwenziwa ngempumelelo enkulu ngoJanuwari 28, 1816 ngumculi wegumbi lasebukhosini baseBavaria uRauch ekhonsathini yasekhaya. Kamuva yabizwa ngokuthi umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu futhi ophelele kakhulu we-Hummel. Ngokomqambi ongumJalimane uHans von Bulow, lesi “isibonelo esihle kakhulu sokuhlanganisa izitayela ezimbili zomculo, ikhonsathi negumbi, ezitholakala ezincwadini zomculo.” Ngalesi septet kwaqala isikhathi sokugcina somsebenzi kaHummel. Ngokuqhubekayo, yena ngokwakhe wacubungula imisebenzi yakhe yezingoma ezihlukahlukene ze-orchestra, ngoba, njengoBeethoven, akazange athembele kulolu daba kwabanye.

Ngendlela, u-Hummel wayenobudlelwane obunobungane noBeethoven. Nakuba ngezikhathi ezahlukene kwakunokungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kwabo. Lapho uHummel eshiya eVienna, uBeethoven wanikezela incwadi yakhe yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli ekhumbula isikhathi esisichithe ndawonye eVienna ngala mazwi: “Uhambo olujabulisayo, Hummel othandekayo, ngezinye izikhathi khumbula umngane wakho uLudwig van Beethoven.”

Ngemva kokuhlala iminyaka emihlanu eVienna njengothisha womculo, ngo-September 16, 1816, wamenywa eStuttgart njengomphathi webhendi yasenkantolo, lapho adlala khona ama-opera kaMozart, uBeethoven, uCherubini noSalieri endaweni ye-opera futhi wadlala njengomdlali wopiyano.

Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, umqambi wathuthela Weimar. Idolobha, kanye nenkosi engakathweswa umqhele wezimbongi uGoethe, bathola inkanyezi entsha kumuntu odumile weHummel. Umlobi wokuphila kukaHummel uBeniowski uyabhala ngaleyo nkathi: “Ukuvakashela e-Weimar futhi ungamlaleli uHummel kufana nokuvakashela eRoma futhi ungamboni uPapa.” Abafundi baqala ukuza kuye bevela emhlabeni wonke. Udumo lwakhe njengothisha womculo lwalulukhulu kangangokuthi lona kanye iqiniso lokuba umfundi wakhe lalibaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini wesikhathi esizayo womculi osemusha.

E-Weimar, u-Hummel wafinyelela ukuphakama kodumo lwakhe lwaseYurophu. Lapha wenza impumelelo yangempela ngemva kweminyaka yokudala engenazithelo eStuttgart. Isiqalo sabekwa ukwakhiwa kwe-sonata edumile ye-fis-moll, leyo, ngokusho kukaRobert Schumann, yayiyokwanela ukuqeda igama likaHummel. Ngamagama athakazelisayo, acatshangelwe, "futhi ngendlela enothando kakhulu, usele cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe futhi ulindele imiphumela yomsindo etholakala ngesikhathi sokuthandana kwakamuva." Kodwa amaphiyano amathathu amathathu enkathi yakhe yokugcina yokusungula, ikakhulukazi i-opus 83, aqukethe izici zesitayela ezintsha ngokuphelele; edlula abanduleli bakhe uHaydn noMozart, lapha uphendukela emdlalweni “ohlakaniphile”.

Okuphawuleka kakhulu i-es-moll upiyano quintet, eyaqedwa cishe ngo-1820, lapho umgomo oyinhloko wokuvezwa komculo ungezona izici zokuthuthukisa noma imihlobiso yokuhlobisa, kodwa usebenza ngendikimba nomculo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezakhi ze-folkloric zaseHungary, okuthandwayo kakhulu kwepiyanoforte, kanye nokushelela komculo ezinye zezici zomculo ezihlukanisa isitayela sekwephuzile sika-Hummel.

Njengomqhubi wenkantolo yase-Weimar, u-Hummel wayesevele ethathe ikhefu lakhe lokuqala ngo-March 1820 ukuze ahambe ohambweni lwekhonsathi ePrague bese eya eVienna. Endleleni ebuyayo, wanikeza ikhonsathi eMunich, okwakuyimpumelelo engakaze ibonwe. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva waya eRussia, ngo-1823 eParis, lapho, ngemva kwekhonsathi ngoMay 23, abizwa ngokuthi “iMozart yesimanje yaseJalimane.” Ngo-1828, elinye lamakhonsathi akhe eWarsaw lalihanjelwe nguChopin osemusha, owakhangwa ngokoqobo ngokudlala kwenkosi. Uhambo lwakhe lokugcina lwekhonsathi - eVienna - walwenza nomkakhe ngoFebhuwari 1834.

Wachitha amasonto okugcina empilo yakhe ehlela izintambo zikaBeethoven zomculo wepiyano, ayethunywe wona eLondon, lapho ayehlose ukuzishicilela khona. Ukugula kwamqeda amandla umqambi, amandla akhe aphela kancane, futhi akakwazanga ukufeza izinhloso zakhe.

Cishe isonto ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, ngendlela, kwakukhona ingxoxo mayelana noGoethe nezimo zokufa kwakhe. U-Hummel wayefuna ukwazi ukuthi u-Goethe ushona nini - emini noma ebusuku. Bamphendula bathi: “Ntambama.” “Yebo,” kusho uHummel, “uma ngifa, ngingathanda ukuba kwenzeke phakathi nosuku.” Lesi sifiso sakhe sokugcina sagcwaliseka: ngo-Okthoba 17, 1837, ngehora lesi-7 ekuseni, ekuntweleni kokusa, wafa.