Ivan Semyonovich Kozlovsky |

U-Ivan Kozlovsky

Umshayi wehabhu odumile uVera Dulova uyabhala:

“”Kunamagama kwezobuciko anikezwe uhlobo oluthile lwamandla omlingo. Ukumane kukhulunywe ngazo kuletha emphefumulweni ubuhle bezinkondlo. Lawa mazwi omqambi waseRussia uSerov angashiwo ngokugcwele ku-Ivan Semenovich Kozlovsky - ukuziqhenya kwesiko lethu lesizwe.

Ngike ngalalela amarekhodi alo mculi muva nje. Ngamangala kaninginingi, ngoba yonke into iwumsebenzi wobuciko osebenzayo. Lapha, isibonelo, umsebenzi onesihloko esithobekile futhi esobala - "Green Grove" - ​​kungokwalabo owayephila ngesikhathi sethu omkhulu Sergei Sergeevich Prokofiev. Ibhalwe ngamagama esintu, izwakala njengengoma yesiRashiya eqotho. Futhi indlela emnene kangakanani, indlela uKozlovsky ayenza ngokungena ngayo.

Uhlale eqaphile. Lokhu akusebenzi kuphela ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zokusebenza, ezihlala zimkhanga, kodwa futhi ne-repertoire. Abahambela amakhonsathi akhe bayazi ukuthi lo mculi uzohlala enza into entsha, engaziwa ngabalaleli bakhe kuze kube manje. Ngingasho okwengeziwe: uhlelo lwakhe ngalunye lugcwele okuthile okungavamile. Kufana nokulinda imfihlakalo, isimangaliso. Ngokuvamile, kubonakala kimi ukuthi ubuciko kufanele buhlale buyimfihlo ... "

U-Ivan Semenovich Kozlovsky wazalwa ngo-March 24, 1900 edolobhaneni laseMaryanovka, esifundazweni saseKyiv. Imibono yokuqala yomculo ekuphileni kukaVanya ixhunywe noyise, owacula kahle futhi wadlala i-harmonica yaseViennese. Umfana wayenothando lwakuqala lomculo nokucula, wayenendlebe engavamile nezwi elihle ngokwemvelo.

Akumangalisi ukuthi lapho esemusha kakhulu, uVanya waqala ukucula ekwayeni ye-Trinity People's House e-Kyiv. Ngokushesha uKozlovsky wayeseyi-soloist ye-Bolshoi Academic Choir. Ikhwaya yayiholwa umqambi nomculi wase-Ukraine owaziwayo u-A. Koshyts, owaba umeluleki wokuqala wochwepheshe womculi onethalente. Kwakungenxa yokuncoma kukaKoshyts ukuthi ngo-1917 uKozlovsky wangena eKyiv Music and Drama Institute emnyangweni wezwi, ekilasini likaProfesa EA Muravieva.

Ngemva kokuphothula iziqu e-Institute ngo-1920, u-Ivan wavolontiya e-Red Army. Wabelwa ku-22nd Infantry Brigade of the Engineer Troops futhi wathunyelwa ePoltava. Ngemva kokuthola imvume yokuhlanganisa isevisi nomsebenzi wekhonsathi, uKozlovsky uhlanganyela emikhiqizweni yePoltava Music and Drama Theatre. Lapha uKozlovsky, empeleni, wasungulwa njengomculi we-opera. I-repertoire yakhe ihlanganisa i-arias ethi "Natalka-Poltavka" kanye "May Night" kaLysenko, "Eugene Onegin", "Demon", "Dubrovsky", "Pebble" kaMoniuszko, izingxenye ezinjalo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo neziyinkimbinkimbi njengoFaust, Alfred ("La Traviata "), Duke ("Rigoletto").

Ngo-1924, umculi wangena eqenjini le-Opera House yaseKharkov, lapho wamenywa khona ngumholi walo u-AM Pazovsky. I-debut ehlakaniphile e-Faust kanye nokusebenza okulandelayo kwavumela umculi osemusha ukuthi athathe isikhundla esihamba phambili eqenjini. Ngemva konyaka, enqabe isipho esilingayo nesihloniphekile esivela eMariinsky Theatre edumile, umculi ufika eSverdlovsk Opera House. Ngo-1926, igama likaKozlovsky livela okokuqala kumaphosta aseMoscow. Esiteji esikhulu, umculi wenza i-debut yakhe esiteji segatsha le-Bolshoi Theatre engxenyeni ka-Alfred eLa Traviata. U-MM Ippolitov-Ivanov uthe ngemuva kokucula: "Lo mculi uyinto ethembisayo kwezobuciko ..."

U-Kozlovsky wafika e-Bolshoi Theatre engaseyena owokuqala, kodwa njengenkosi emisiwe.

Esikhathini sokuqala somsebenzi womculi osemusha eBolshoi Theatre VI, uNemirovich-Danchenko wamtshela ekupheleni komdlalo othi "Romeo noJuliet": "Ungumuntu onesibindi ngokungavamile. Uphambana nesimanje futhi awubabheki abakuzwelayo, uzifaka obishini lokungqubuzana okukhona kule midlalo yeshashalazi njengamanje. Ngiyaqonda ukuthi kunzima kuwe futhi izinto eziningi ziyakwethusa, kodwa njengoba umcabango wakho wokudala onesibindi ukukhuthaza - futhi lokhu kuzwakala kukho konke - futhi isitayela sakho sokudala sibonakala yonke indawo, bhukuda ngaphandle kokuma, ungabusheleli emakhoneni futhi ungakwenzi. lindela uzwelo lwalabo obonakala ungabazi.”

Kodwa umbono Natalia Shpiller: "Maphakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili kwavela igama elisha e-Bolshoi Theatre - Ivan Semenovich Kozlovsky. I-timbre yezwi, indlela yokucula, idatha yokulingisa - yonke into kumculi osemusha wangaleso sikhathi yembula ukuphimisela, ubuntu obungavamile. Izwi likaKozlovsky alikaze libe namandla ikakhulukazi. Kodwa ukukhishwa kwamahhala komsindo, ikhono lokugxila kulo kwavumela umculi ukuba "anqamule" izikhala ezinkulu. U-Kozlovsky angacula nanoma iyiphi i-orchestra nanoma iyiphi i-ensemble. Izwi lakhe lihlale lizwakala licacile, linomsindo, ngaphandle kwesithunzi sokushuba. Ukunethezeka kokuphefumula, ukuguquguquka nokushelela, ukukhululeka okungenakuqhathaniswa kurejista ephezulu, isichazamazwi esiphelele - umculi ongenasici ngempela, okuthe eminyakeni edlule elethe izwi lakhe ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu lobuhle ... "

Ngo-1927, u-Kozlovsky wacula i-Holy Fool, eyaba indima enkulu emlandweni wokudala womculi kanye nobuciko beqiniso emhlabeni wobuciko bokudlala. Kusukela manje, lesi sithombe asihlukaniseki negama lomdali waso.

Nakhu okubhala uP. Pichugin: “… Lensky of Tchaikovsky and the Fool of Mussorgsky. Kunzima ukuthola kuwo wonke ama-opera ase-Russian asendulo ahluke kakhulu, ahluke kakhulu, ngisho nezinga elithile alifani nobuhle bomculo, izithombe, futhi okwamanje kokubili i-Lensky kanye ne-Holy Fool cishe izimpumelelo eziphakeme kakhulu ze-Kozlovsky ngokulinganayo. Kuningi okuye kwabhalwa futhi kwashiwo mayelana nalezi zingxenye zomculi, kodwa nokho akunakwenzeka ukusho futhi mayelana ne-Yurodivy, isithombe esakhiwe nguKozlovsky ngamandla angenakuqhathaniswa, okwathi ekusebenzeni kwakhe ngesitayela sikaPushkin kwaba ukubonakaliswa okukhulu "kwesiphetho. wabantu”, izwi labantu, ukukhala kokuhlupheka kwakhe, inkantolo unembeza wakhe. Konke okukulesi sigameko, okwenziwa nguKozlovsky ngekhono elingenakuqhathaniswa, kusukela kweyokuqala kuya kweyokugcina ayishoyo, kusukela engomeni engenangqondo ye-Holy Fool "Inyanga iyeza, izinyane lekati liyakhala" emshweni odumile "Awukwazi ukuthandaza. ye-Tsar Herod” igcwele ukujula, incazelo nenjongo, iqiniso elinjalo lokuphila (kanye neqiniso lobuciko), eliphakamisa le ndima yesiqephu onqenqemeni lwenhlekelele enkulu kakhulu ... zimbalwa zazo!), Sekuyisikhathi eside zihlangana emcabangweni wethu nomlingisi oyedwa noma omunye ovelele. Sinjalo isiwula esingcwele. Uzohlala njalo enkumbulweni yethu njengoYurodivy - Kozlovsky.

Kusukela lapho, lo mculi usecule futhi wadlala indima engaba ngamashumi amahlanu ehlukene esiteji se-opera. U-O. Dashevskaya uyabhala: “Esiteji sale nkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini edumile, wacula izingxenye ezihlukahlukene—ezinomculo onesigqi esinamandla, ezivusa amadlingozi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezidabukisayo. Abangcono kakhulu kubo i-Astrologer (“I-Golden Cockerel” ka-NA Rimsky-Korsakov) no-Jose (“Carmen” ka-G. Bizet), u-Lohengrin (“Lohengrin” ka-R. Wagner) kanye neNkosana (“Uthando lwamawolintshi amathathu ” ngu-SS Prokofiev), u-Lensky no-Berendey, u-Almaviva no-Faust, u-Alfred no-Duke ka-Verdi – kunzima ukubala zonke izindima. Ehlanganisa ukujwayezwa kwefilosofi nokunemba kwezici zenhlalo nezimpawu zomlingisi, u-Kozlovsky udale isithombe esiyingqayizivele ngobuqotho, umthamo kanye nokunemba kwengqondo. “Abalingisi bakhe babethanda, behlupheka, imizwa yabo yayihlale ilula, ingokwemvelo, ijulile futhi isuka enhliziyweni,” kukhumbula umculi u-EV Shumskaya.

Ngo-1938, ngesinyathelo sika-VI Nemirovich-Danchenko futhi ngaphansi kokuqondisa kobuciko kukaKozlovsky, i-State Opera Ensemble yase-USSR yasungulwa. Abaculi abadumile njengeMP Maksakova, IS Patorzhinsky, MI Litvinenko-Wolgemuth, II Petrov, njengabaxhumanisi - u-AV Nezhdanov no-NS Golovanov. Phakathi neminyaka emithathu yokuba khona kwe-ensemble, u-Ivan Sergeevich wenze imisebenzi eminingi ethakazelisayo yama-opera ekhonsathini: "Werther" kaJ Massenet, "Pagliacci" kaR Leoncavallo, "Orpheus" kaK Gluck. , "Mozart and Salieri" by NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "Katerina" NN Arcas, "Gianni Schicchi" by G. Puccini.

Nakhu okushiwo umqambi u-KA Korchmarev mayelana nokudlala kokuqala kwe-ensemble, i-opera Werther: "Izikrini zangempela ezinsundu zifakwe kulo lonke ububanzi besiteji se-Great Hall of the Conservatory. Ingaphezulu labo liyashintshashintsha: umqhubi ubonakala ngezikhala, iminsalo, amanqe namacilongo akhanya ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngaphambi kwezikrini kukhona izesekeli ezilula, amatafula, izihlalo. Kuleli fomu, u-IS Kozlovsky wenza isipiliyoni sakhe sokuqala sokuqondisa…

Umuntu uthola umbono ogcwele wokudlala, kodwa lowo umculo odlala indima enkulu. Kulokhu, uKozlovsky angazibheka njengomnqobi. I-orchestra, esendaweni eyodwa nabaculi, izwakala imnandi ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa ayibashiyi abaculi. Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, izithombe zasesiteji ziyaphila. Bayakwazi ukujabula, futhi kusukela kulolu hlangothi, lokhu kukhiqizwa kuqhathaniswa kalula nanoma yikuphi ukusebenza okwenzeka esiteji. Okuhlangenwe nakho kukaKozlovsky, njengokufanelekile ngokugcwele, kudinga ukunakwa okukhulu.

Phakathi nempi, uKozlovsky, njengengxenye yama-brigades ekhonsathi, eyenziwa phambi kwama-fighters, wanikeza amakhonsathi emadolobheni akhululiwe.

Esikhathini sangemva kwempi, ngaphezu kokucula yedwa, u-Ivan Semenovich waqhubeka nokuqondisa umsebenzi - edlala ama-opera amaningana.

Kusukela ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe uKozlovsky ubelokhu ehlanganisa isiteji se-opera nesiteji sekhonsathi. I-repertoire yakhe yekhonsathi ihlanganisa amakhulu emisebenzi. Nawa ama-cantata ka-Bach, umjikelezo ka-Beethoven othi “To a Distant Beloved”, umjikelezo ka-Schumann othi “Uthando Lwezimbongi”, izingoma zomdabu zase-Ukraine naseRussia. Indawo ekhethekile ithathwa kwezothando, phakathi kwababhali - uGlinka, Taneyev, Rachmaninov, Dargomyzhsky, Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Medtner, Grechaninov, Varlamov, Bulakhov noGurilev.

U-P. Pichugin uyaphawula:

"Indawo ebalulekile ku-repertoire yasekamelweni likaKozlovsky ihlala kwezothando zakudala zaseRussia. U-Kozlovsky akagcinanga nje ngokuthi "uthole" eziningi zazo kubalaleli, njengokuthi, isibonelo, "Winter Evening" kaM. Yakovlev noma "I Met You", eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke namuhla. Wakha isitayela esikhethekile kakhulu sokusebenza kwabo, ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lobumnandi be-salon noma amanga azwela, eduze ngangokunokwenzeka nomkhathi walowo mculo wemvelo, "wasekhaya", ngaphansi kwezimo lawa maparele amancane wezwi lesiRashiya. Izingoma zomculo zadalwa futhi zazwakala ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Kuyo yonke impilo yakhe yobuciko, u-Kozlovsky ulondoloza uthando olungaguquki lwezingoma zomdabu. Asikho isidingo sokusho ukuthi ubuqotho nemfudumalo u-Ivan Semyonovich Kozlovsky ucula kanjani izingoma zase-Ukraine ezithandekayo enhliziyweni yakhe. Khumbula okungenakuqhathaniswa ekuculeni kwakhe "Ilanga liphansi", "Oh, ungabangi umsindo, i-puddle", "Shayela i-Cossack", "Ngiyamangala esibhakabhakeni", "Oh, kukhona ukukhala ensimini" , "Uma ngithathe i-bandara". Kodwa u-Kozlovsky ungumhumushi omangalisayo wezingoma zomdabu zaseRussia futhi. Kwanele ukubiza abantu abanjalo ngokuthi "ikhulu leminyaka uLinden", "O yebo, wena, Kalinushka", "amagwababa, anesibindi", "Ayikho enye indlela eyagijima ensimini." Le yokugcina kaKozlovsky iyinkondlo yangempela, indaba yokuphila konke ixoxwa ngengoma. Umbono wakhe awusoze wawukhohlwa.”

Futhi ekugugeni, umculi akanciphisi umsebenzi wokudala. Akukho nesisodwa isenzakalo esibalulekile ekuphileni kwezwe esiphelele ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kukaKozlovsky. Esikhathini sokuqala somculi, isikole somculo savulwa ezweni lakubo eMaryanovka. Lapha u-Ivan Semenovich wasebenza ngentshiseko nabaculi abancane, abacula neqembu labafundi.

Ivan Semenovich Kozlovsky wafa ngo-December 24, 1993.

U-Boris Pokrovsky uyabhala: “IS Kozlovsky yikhasi eliqhakazile emlandweni wobuciko be-opera yaseRussia. Izingoma zembongi ye-opera eshisekayo uTchaikovsky; i-grotesque yesikhulu sikaProkofiev esithandana namawolintshi amathathu; umhlaziyi osemusha waphakade wobuhle uBerendey kanye nomculi we-Rimsky-Korsakov "i-India ekude yezimangaliso", umthunywa okhazimulayo weGrail kaRichard Wagner; uMbusi oyengayo waseMantua G. Verdi, u-Alfred wakhe ongaphumuli; umphindiseli ohloniphekile u-Dubrovsky ... Phakathi kohlu olukhulu lwezindima ezenziwe ngendlela encomekayo kuyi-biography yokudala ka-IS Kozlovsky kanye nomsebenzi wobuciko wangempela - umfanekiso weSiwula ku-opera ka-M. Mussorgsky ethi "Boris Godunov". Ukwakhiwa kwesithombe sakudala endlini ye-opera kuyinto eyivelakancane ... Impilo nomsebenzi wokudala we-IS Kozlovsky uyisibonelo sawo wonke umuntu othathe umgomo wokuba yiciko nokusebenzela abantu ngobuciko bakhe.