I-Cello - Ithuluzi Lomculo

I-cello iyinsimbi yocingo ekhotheme, ilungu eliyisibopho le-orchestra ye-symphony kanye ne-string ensemble, enekhono lokusebenza elicebile. Ngenxa yomsindo wayo ocebile futhi omnandi, ivame ukusetshenziswa njengensimbi eyedwa. I-cello isetshenziswa kabanzi lapho kudingekile ukuveza ukudabuka, ukuphelelwa ithemba noma amazwi ajulile emculweni, futhi kulokhu ayinakho okulinganayo.

I-Cello (isiNtaliyane: violoncello, abbr. cello; isiJalimane: Violoncello; isiFulentshi: violoncelle; isiNgisi: cello) iyinsimbi yomculo enezintambo ezikhotheme yerejista ye-bass ne-tenor, eyaziwa kusukela engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-16, yesakhiwo esifanayo i-violin noma i-viola, nokho osayizi abakhulu kakhulu. I-cello inamathuba abanzi avezayo kanye nendlela yokusebenza ethuthukiswe ngokucophelela, isetshenziswa njengensimbi eyedwa, ehlangene kanye ne-orchestral.

Ngokungafani nalokho i-violin futhi viola, lapho kubonakala kufana kakhulu, i-cello ayibanjwanga ezandleni, kodwa ibekwe ngokuqondile. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngesinye isikhathi yayidlalwa imile, ibekwe esihlalweni esikhethekile, kuphela lapho beza ne-spire ehlala phansi, ngaleyo ndlela isekela insimbi.

Kuyamangaza ukuthi ngaphambi komsebenzi we LV Beethoven, abaqambi abazange baqakathekise kakhulu ingoma emnandi yaleli culo. Nokho, ngemva kokuqashelwa emisebenzini yakhe, cello wathatha indawo ebalulekile emsebenzini romantics nabanye abaqambi.

Funda umlando we i-cello kanye namaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ngale nsimbi yomculo ekhasini lethu.

Cello umsindo

Njengoba inomsindo owugqinsi, ocebile, omnandi, ophefumulayo, i-cello ivame ukufana nezwi lomuntu. Kwesinye isikhathi kubukeka sengathi ngesikhathi sokucula yedwa uyakhuluma futhi usengxoxweni yengoma nawe. Ngomuntu singasho ukuthi unezwi lesifuba, okungukuthi, elivela ekujuleni kwesifuba, futhi mhlawumbe kusukela emphefumulweni. Yilo msindo ojulile omangazayo omangaza i-cello.

Ukuba khona kwakhe kuyadingeka uma kudingekile ukugcizelela usizi noma amazwi ahlabayo ngaleso sikhathi. Ngayinye yezintambo ezine ze-cello inomsindo wayo okhethekile, ongavamile kuwo kuphela. Ngakho-ke, imisindo ephansi ifana nezwi le-bass lendoda, engenhla ithambile futhi ifudumele i-alto yabesifazane. Kungakho ngezinye izikhathi kubonakala sengathi akazwakali nje kuphela, kodwa “ukhuluma” nezilaleli. 

Ububanzi bomsindo ihlanganisa isikhawu sama-octave amahlanu ukusuka kunothi elithi “do” le-octave enkulu kuye kunothi elithi “mi” le-octave yesithathu. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile ikhono lomdlali likuvumela ukuthi uthathe amanothi aphezulu kakhulu. Izintambo zishunwe ngokwesihlanu.

I-Cello technique

Ama-cellists e-Virtuoso asebenzisa amasu okudlala ayisisekelo alandelayo:

• i-harmonic (ukukhipha umsindo we-overtone ngokucindezela intambo ngomunwe omncane);
• i-pizzicato (ukukhipha umsindo ngaphandle kosizo lomnsalo, ngokukhipha intambo ngeminwe yakho);
• i-trill (ukushaya inothi eliyinhloko);
• i-legeto (umsindo obushelelezi, ohambisanayo wamanothi amaningana);
• ukubheja kwesithupha (kwenza kube lula ukudlala ngosonhlamvukazi).

Ukuhleleka kokudlala kusikisela lokhu okulandelayo: umculi uhlezi, ebeka isakhiwo phakathi kwemilenze, enyakazisa umzimba kancane emzimbeni. Umzimba uhlezi phezu kwe-capstan, okwenza kube lula kumdlali ukubamba insimbi ngendlela efanele.

Amaseli ahlikihla umnsalo wawo ngohlobo olukhethekile lwerosin ngaphambi kokudlala. Izenzo ezinjalo zithuthukisa ukunamathela kwezinwele zomnsalo nezintambo. Ekupheleni kokudlala umculo, i-rosin isuswa ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukulimala ngaphambi kwesikhathi entweni.

I-Cello Photo :

Amaqiniso e-Cello athakazelisayo

• Ithuluzi elibiza kakhulu emhlabeni iDuport Stradivari cello. Yenziwe yinkosi enkulu u-Antonio Stradivari ngo-1711. UDuport, i-cellist ehlakaniphile, wayephethe iminyaka eminingi kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe, yingakho i-cello yathola igama layo. Athi ukuklwebheka kancane. Kukhona inguqulo yokuthi lokhu kuwumkhondo we-Napoleon's spurs. Umbusi washiya lolu phawu lapho ezama ukufunda ukudlala le nsimbi yomculo futhi wayisonga imilenze yakhe ngaso. I-cello yahlala iminyaka eminingana nomqoqi odumile uBaron Johann Knop. M. Rostropovich wadlala kuyo iminyaka engu-33. Kunamahlebezi okuthi ngemva kokushona kwakhe, iJapan Music Association yathenga insimbi ezihlotsheni zakhe ngamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-20, nakuba ziliphika ngokunamandla leli qiniso. Mhlawumbe insimbi yomculo isekhona emndenini womculi.
• U-Count Villegorsky wayephethe ama-cellos amabili amahle e-Stradivarius. Omunye wabo kamuva waba u-K.Yu. UDavydov, bese kuba nguJacqueline du Pré, manje isidlalwa umculi weselula odumile nomqambi u-Yo-Yo Ma.
• Lapho eseParis, kwahlelwa umncintiswano wokuqala. I-cellist enkulu uCasals wabamba iqhaza kuwo. Umsindo wezinsimbi zasendulo ezenziwe ngamakhosi u-Guarneri no-Stradivari wafundwa, kanye nomsindo wama-cellos wesimanje owenziwe efektri. Ingqikithi yezinsimbi ezingu-12 ezibambe iqhaza ekuhlolweni. Isibani sivaliwe ngenxa yobumsulwa bokuhlolwa. Kwakuyini ukumangala kwejaji kanye noCasals ngokwakhe lapho, ngemva kokulalela umsindo, abahluleli banikeza izikhathi ezingu-2 amaphuzu amaningi kumamodeli anamuhla ngobuhle bomsindo kunamadala. UCasals wabe esethi: “Ngincamela ukudlala izinsimbi ezindala. Bayeke balahlekelwe ngobuhle bomsindo, kodwa banomphefumulo, futhi abamanje banobuhle ngaphandle komphefumulo.
• Umdlali we-cellist u-Pablo Casals wayethanda futhi wonakalisa izinsimbi zakhe. Emnsalweni we-cellos, wafaka isafire, eyanikezwa yiNdlovukazi yaseSpain.

• Ibhendi yesiFinnish i-Apocalyptika isithole ukuthandwa okukhulu. I-repertoire yakhe ihlanganisa i-hard rock. Okumangazayo ukuthi abaculi badlala 4 cello nezigubhu. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwaleli thuluzi elikhotheme, elihlale libhekwa njengomphefumulo, elithambile, elinomphefumulo, nelinomculo wezingoma, kulethe leli qembu udumo emhlabeni wonke. Egameni leqembu, abadlali bahlanganisa amagama ama-2 Apocalypse kanye ne-Metallica.
• Umdwebi odumile we-abstract u-Julia Borden upenda imidwebo yakhe emangalisayo hhayi ku-canvas noma ephepheni, kodwa kuma-violin nama-cellos. Ukuze enze lokhu, ususa izintambo, ahlanze indawo engaphezulu, ayifake kuqala bese ependa umdwebo. Kungani ekhethe ukubekwa okungajwayelekile kwemidwebo, uJulia akakwazi nokuzichaza. Uthe lezi zinsimbi zibonakala zimdonsela ngakuzo, zimgqugquzela ukuthi aqedele umsebenzi wobuciko olandelayo.
• Umculi u-Roldugin uthenge i-cello ye-Stuart, eyenziwe yinkosi uStradivarius ngo-1732, ngamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-12. Umnikazi wayo wokuqala kwakuyiNkosi uFrederick Omkhulu wasePrussia.
• Izindleko zezinsimbi ze-Antonio Stradivari ziphezulu kakhulu. Sekukonke, inkosi yenza 80 cellos. Kuze kube manje, ngokusho kochwepheshe, amathuluzi angu-60 agcinwe.
• I-Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra inamaseli ayi-12. Baduma ngokwethula izinhlelo eziningi zezingoma zesimanje ezidumile kuqoqo labo.
• Ukubukeka kwakudala kwensimbi kwenziwa ngokhuni. Kodwa-ke, abanye ongcweti besimanje baye banquma ukugqashula ama-stereotypes. Isibonelo, uLouis noClark bebelokhu benza i-carbon fibre cellos, kanti i-Alcoa ibilokhu yenza amacello e-aluminium kusukela ngawo-1930. Inkosi yaseJalimane uPfretzschner nayo yathathwa yilokho.

• Iqoqo lama-cellists avela eSt. Petersburg ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-Olga Rudneva linokwakheka okuyivelakancane. Iqoqo lihlanganisa 8 cello kanye upiyano.
• NgoZibandlela wezi-2014, u-Karel Henn waseNingizimu Afrika waqopha irekhodi lokudlala i-cello isikhathi eside. Udlale ngokuqhubekayo amahora angama-26 futhi wangena kuGuinness Book of Records.
• UMstislav Rostropovich, i-cello virtuoso yekhulu lama-20, waba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni nasekukhuthazeni i-cello repertoire. Wenzela okokuqala imisebenzi emisha engaphezu kwekhulu ye-cello.
• Enye yamacello adume kakhulu "iNkosi" eyenziwa u-Andre Amati phakathi kuka-1538 no-1560. Lena enye yama-cello amadala kakhulu futhi iseSouth Dakota National Music Museum.
• Izintambo ezingu-4 ensimbi zazingasetshenziswa ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngekhulu le-17 nele-18 kwakukhona ama-cellos anezintambo ezinhlanu eJalimane naseNetherlands.
• Ekuqaleni, izintambo zazenziwa ngemvu yemvu, kamuva zathathelwa indawo yizinsimbi.

Imisebenzi edumile ye-cello

I-JS Bach – Suite No. 1 ku-G enkulu (lalela)

PI Tchaikovsky. - Ukwehluka kwetimu ye-Rococo ye-cello ne-orchestra (lalela)

A. Dvorak – Ikhonsathi ye-cello ne-orchestra (lalela)

C. Saint-Saens – “Swan” (lalela)

I. Brahms – Ikhonsathi ephindwe kabili yevayolini ne-cello (lalela)

I-Cello repertoire

I-cello ine-repertoire ecebile kakhulu yamakhonsathi, i-sonatas neminye imisebenzi. Mhlawumbe adume kakhulu kuwo ama-suites ayisithupha JS Bach ka-Cello Solo, Izinguquko ku-Rococo Theme ngo PI Tchaikovsky kanye ne-Swan kaSaint-Saens. U-Antonio Vivaldi wabhala amakhonsathi e-cello angama-25, uBoccherini 12, uHaydn wabhala okungenani amathathu, I-Saint-Saens futhi Dvorak wabhala amabili ngamunye. Amakhonsathi e-cello ahlanganisa nezingcezu ezibhalwe ngu-Elgar no-Bloch. I-cello nepiyano sonatas edume kakhulu yabhalwa nguBeethoven, UMendelssohn , Brahms, Rachmaninov , Shostakovich, Prokofiev , Poulenc kanye British .

Ukwakhiwa kwe-Cello

Ithuluzi ligcina ukubukeka kwalo kwasekuqaleni isikhathi eside. Idizayini yayo ilula kakhulu futhi akukaze kwenzeke kumuntu ukuthi enze kabusha futhi aguqule okuthile kuyo. Okuhlukile yi-spire, lapho i-cello ihlezi phansi. Ekuqaleni yayingekho nhlobo. Insimbi yayibekwa phansi idlalwe, ihlanganise umzimba ngemilenze, bese ibekwa emsamo idlalwe imile. Ngemva kokuvela kwe-spire, okuwukuphela koshintsho kwakuwukugoba kwayo, okwavumela i-hull ukuba ibe nge-engeli ehlukile. I-cello ibukeka njengenkulu ivayolini. Iqukethe izingxenye ezi-3 eziyinhloko:

• Uhlaka. Iqukethe ibhodi lomsindo elingaphezulu nangaphansi, i-efu (imbobo yokuzwakala), ibhodi lentamo, igobolondo, iluphu, inkinobho, intambo (i-spacer ngaphakathi).
• Vulture. Kukhona inati, intamo nesithende.
• Ikhanda. Lena imininingwane enebhokisi lezikhonkwane lapho izikhonkwane zokulungisa zikhona. Iphetha ngokugoqa.

Ingxenye ebalulekile ehlukene yensimbi ngumnsalo. Iza ngosayizi abahlukene futhi iqukethe izingxenye ezi-3:

• Umhlanga wokhuni (ukhuni lwaseBrazil noma i-fernambuco lusetshenziswa).
• Amaphedi (enziwe nge-ebony eqinile, anokufakwa kukamama weparele).
• Izinwele zehhashi (zemvelo noma zokwenziwa zithathwa). Ukushuba kwayo kulawulwa isikulufu esine-octagonal esitholakala emobeni.

Indawo lapho izinwele zithinta khona intambo ibizwa ngokuthi indawo yokudlala. Umsindo uthintwa indawo yokudlala, amandla okucindezela kumnsalo, isivinini sokunyakaza kwawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsindo ungathonywa ukutsheka komnsalo. Isibonelo, sebenzisa inqubo ye-harmonics, imiphumela yokukhuluma, ukuthambisa umsindo, upiyano.

Isakhiwo sifana nezinye izintambo (isiginci, i-violin, i-viola). Izakhi eziyinhloko yilezi:

• Ikhanda. Ukubunjwa: ibhokisi lezikhonkwane, izikhonkwane, i-curl. Ixhuma entanyeni.
• Vulture. Lapha, izintambo zitholakala kuma-grooves akhethekile. Inani lezintambo lijwayelekile - izingcezu ezi-4.
• Uhlaka. Izinto zokukhiqiza - izinkuni, i-varnished. Izingxenye: amadekhi aphezulu, aphansi, igobolondo (ingxenye eseceleni), ama-efs (izimbobo ze-resonator enani lezicucu ezi-2 ezihlobisa ingaphambili lomzimba zibizwa kanjalo ngoba zifana nohlamvu "f" ngokuma).
• Spire. Itholakala ngezansi, isiza isakhiwo ukuba siphumule phansi, sinikeze ukuzinza.
• Khothama. Unomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhiqiza umsindo. Kwenzeka ngosayizi abahlukene (kusuka ku-1/8 kuya ku-4/4).

I-Cello Dimensions

Usayizi we-cello ojwayelekile (ogcwele) ngu-4/4. Yilezi zinsimbi ezingatholakala kuma-symphonic, chamber and string ensembles. Nokho, amanye amathuluzi nawo ayasetshenziswa. Ezinganeni noma kubantu abafushane, amamodeli amancane akhiqizwa ngosayizi 7/8, 3/4, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/10, 1/16.

Lezi zinhlobonhlobo ziyefana ngesakhiwo namandla omsindo kumaseli avamile. Ubukhulu babo obuncane bukwenza kube lula kumakhono asemasha asanda kuqala uhambo lwawo oluya empilweni emnandi yomculo.

Kukhona ama-cellos, ubukhulu bawo obudlula izinga. Amamodeli afanayo enzelwe abantu abanobude obukhulu abanezingalo ezinde. Ithuluzi elinjalo alikhiqizwa esikalini sokukhiqiza, kodwa lenziwa ukuze li-oda.

Isisindo se-cello incane impela. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi libukeka likhulu, linesisindo esingaphezu kuka-3-4 kg.

Umlando wokudalwa kwe-cello

Ekuqaleni, zonke izinsimbi ezikhotheme zazivela kumnsalo womculo, owawuhluke kancane ekuzingeleni. Ekuqaleni, basakazeka eShayina, eNdiya, ePheresiya kuze kufike emazweni amaSulumane. Ezweni laseYurophu, abamele i-violin baqala ukusabalala bevela eBalkan, lapho balethwa khona bevela eByzantium.

I-cello iqala ngokusemthethweni umlando wayo kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16. Yilokhu umlando wanamuhla waleli thuluzi osifundisa kona, nakuba abanye bethola ukungabaza ngakho. Ngokwesibonelo, eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia, kakade ekhulwini lesi-9, kwavela iconography, lapho kukhona amathuluzi akhothame. Ngakho, uma umba ujule, umlando we-cello uqala esikhathini esingaphezu kwenkulungwane yeminyaka edlule.

Izinsimbi zomculo ezikhotheme ezazidume kakhulu kwakuyi- i-viola da gamba . Kwaba nguye owaxosha i-cello ku-orchestra, eyinzalo yayo eqondile, kodwa ngomsindo omuhle kakhulu futhi ohlukahlukene. Zonke izihlobo zakhe ezaziwayo: i-violin, i-viola, i-double bass, nazo zilandelela umlando wazo kusukela ku-viola. Ekhulwini le-15, kwaqala ukuhlukaniswa kwe-viol zibe izinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ezikhotheme.

Ngemva kokuvela kwayo njengommeleli ohlukile we-cello ekhotheme, i-cello yaqala ukusetshenziswa njenge-bass ukuze ihambisane nokudlalwa kwezwi kanye nezingxenye ze-violin, umtshingo nezinye izinsimbi ezinerejista ephakeme. Kamuva, i-cello yayivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza izingxenye zomuntu oyedwa. Kuze kube yilolu suku, akukho neyodwa i-quartet ye-string ne-symphony orchestra engayenza ngaphandle kwayo, lapho kuhileleke khona izinsimbi ezingu-8-12.

Abenzi be-cello abakhulu

Abenzi bokuqala be-cello abadumile nguPaolo Magini noGasparo Salo. Baklama ithuluzi ekupheleni kwe-16 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17. Ama-cellos okuqala adalwe yilawa ongcweti afane kuphela nethuluzi esilibona manje.

I-cello yathola uhlobo lwayo lwakudala ezandleni zamakhosi adumile njengoNicolò Amati no-Antonio Stradivari. Isici esihlukile somsebenzi wabo kwakuyinhlanganisela ephelele yokhuni nevanishi, ngenxa yokuthi kwakungenzeka ukunikeza insimbi ngayinye umsindo wayo oyingqayizivele, indlela yayo yokuzwakala. Kunombono wokuthi i-cello ngayinye ephuma ku-workshop ye-Amati ne-Stradivari yayinomlingiswa wayo.

I-Cellos Stradivari ibhekwa njengebiza kakhulu kuze kube manje. Inani labo liyizigidi zamarandi. I-Guarneri cellos nayo idumile. Kwakuyithuluzi elinjalo ukuthi i-cellist edumile uCasals wayeyithanda ngaphezu kwakho konke, ekhetha kunemikhiqizo ye-Stradivari. Izindleko zalezi zinsimbi zithi ziphansi (kusuka ku-$200,000).

Kungani izinsimbi ze-Stradivari zinenani eliphindwe kaningi? Ngokuya ngemvelaphi yomsindo, umlingiswa, i-timbre, womabili amamodeli anezici ezihlukile. Ukuthi nje igama leStradivari lalimelwe amakhosi angeqile kwabathathu, kanti uGuarneri wayengenani eyishumi. Udumo lwendlu ka-Amati noStradivari lwafika ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabo, igama elithi Guarneri lazwakala kamuva kakhulu kunokufa kwabameleli babo.

Amanothi e i-cello zibhalwe kububanzi be-tenor, i-bass kanye ne-treble clef ngokuvumelana nephimbo. Kumphumela we-orchestra, ingxenye yakhe ibekwa phakathi kwama-viola namabhesi akabili. Ngaphambi kokuqala komdlalo, umculi ugcoba umnsalo nge-rosin. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukubopha izinwele entanjeni futhi kuvumele umsindo ukuba ukhiqizwe. Ngemva kokudlala umculo, i-rosin ikhishwa ensimbi, njengoba ichitha i-varnish nezinkuni. Uma lokhu kungenziwanga, umsindo ungase ulahlekelwe yikhwalithi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi insimbi ngayinye ekhotheme inohlobo lwayo lwe-rosin.

I-Cello FAQ

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-violin ne-cello?

Umehluko omkhulu, ohlaba umxhwele ngokuyinhloko ubukhulu. I-cello enguqulweni yakudala icishe iphindwe kathathu futhi inesisindo esikhulu. Ngakho-ke, esimweni sakhe kukhona amadivaysi akhethekile (spire), futhi adlala ehlezi kuwo kuphela.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-cello ne-double bass?

Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-double bass ne-cello:
i-cello incane kune-double bass; Badlala izitokisi behlezi, bemile lapho kushushumbiswa khona; I-double bass inomsindo ophansi kune-cello; Izindlela zokudlala ku-double bass ne-cello ziyefana.

Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-cello?

Futhi, njengamavayolini, i-cello inobukhulu obuhlukahlukene (4/4, 3/4, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8) futhi ikhethwa ngokuya ngokukhula nebala lomculi.
I-Cello
Intambo yokuqala - a (i-octave encane);
Intambo yesibili - D (i-octave encane);
Intambo yesi-3 - G (usawoti omkhulu we-octave);
Intambo yesi-4 - C (kuya ku-Big Oktava).

Ubani owasungula i-cello?

U-Antonio Stradivari

Okwamanje, yi-cello ethathwa njengensimbi yomculo ebiza kakhulu emhlabeni! Enye yezinsimbi ezakhiwe ngu-Antonio Stradivari ngo-1711, ngokusho kwamahemuhemu, yathengiswa kubaculi baseJapane ngama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-20!