I-Violin - insimbi yomculo

Ivayolini iyinsimbi yomculo enezintambo zomnsalo emise okusaqanda enezingxenye ezilinganayo emaceleni omzimba. Umsindo ophumayo ( amandla kanye ne-timbre ) uma udlala insimbi uthonywa yilokhu: ukuma komzimba we-violin, into eyenziwa ngayo insimbi kanye nekhwalithi nokwakheka kwevashi lapho insimbi yomculo ehlanganiswe ngayo.

Amafomu e-violin ayekhona eyasungulwa ngekhulu le-16; abakhiqizi abadumile bamaviyolini, umndeni wakwa-Amati, bangawaleli khulu leminyaka kanye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17. I-Italy yayidume ngokukhiqiza amavayolini. I-violin ibilokhu iyinsimbi eyedwa kusukela nge-XVII

Design

I-violin iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: umzimba nentamo, lapho izintambo zeluliwe. Ubukhulu be-violin egcwele buyi-60 cm, isisindo - 300-400 amagremu, nakuba kukhona ama-violin amancane.

Uzimele

Umzimba wevayolini unomumo othize oyindilinga. Ngokuphambene nefomu le-classical yecala, ukuma kwe-trapezoidal parallelogram kuhle kakhulu ngokwezibalo ezinamanotshi ayindilinga emaceleni, okwenza "ukhalo". Ukujikeleza kwama-contours angaphandle kanye nemigqa "ekhalweni" kuqinisekisa ukunethezeka kwe-Play, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphezulu. Izindiza ezingezansi nezingaphezulu zomzimba - amadekhi - axhunywe komunye nomunye ngamapheshana ezinkuni - amagobolondo. Zinomumo oyi-convex, zakha “ama-vaults”. I-geometry yama-vaults, kanye nokuqina kwawo, ukusatshalaliswa kwawo ezingeni elilodwa noma elinye kunquma amandla ne-timbre yomsindo. Isithandwa sibekwe ngaphakathi kwekesi, elixhumanisa ukudlidliza ukusuka endaweni yokumisa - ngokusebenzisa idekhi ephezulu - ukuya phansi. Ngaphandle kwayo, i-timbre ye-violin ilahlekelwa amandla nokugcwala kwayo.

Amandla kanye ne-timbre yomsindo we-violin kuthonywa kakhulu yizinto ezenziwe ngazo, futhi, kancane kancane, ukubunjwa kwe-varnish. Ukuhlolwa kwaziwa ngokususwa kwamakhemikhali okuphelele kwevarnish ku-violin ye-Stradivarius, ngemva kwalokho umsindo wayo awuzange ushintshe. I-lacquer ivikela i-violin ekuguquleni ikhwalithi yokhuni ngaphansi kwethonya lemvelo futhi ingcolisa i-violin ngombala osobala ukusuka kokusagolide okukhanyayo kuya kokubomvu okumnyama noma okunsundu.

Isitezi esingezansi yenziwe ngokhuni lwe-maple oluqinile (ezinye izingodo eziqinile), noma ngamahhafu amabili alinganayo.

Isitezi esiphezulu yenziwe nge-spruce e-resonant. Inezimbobo ezimbili ze-resonator - effs (kusuka egameni lohlamvu oluncane lwesiLatini F, olubukeka njengalo). Isitendi sihlezi maphakathi nedekhi engenhla, lapho izintambo, ezigxilwe kumbambi wezintambo (ngaphansi kwebhodi leminwe), ziphumule. Isiphethu esisodwa sinamathiselwe ebhodini lomsindo eliphezulu ngaphansi komlenze wokuma ohlangothini lwentambo ye-G - ipulangwe lepulangwe elitholakala ngobude, eliqinisekisa kakhulu amandla ebhodi lomsindo eliphezulu kanye nezakhiwo zalo ezizwakalayo.

Amagobolondo ukuhlanganisa amadekhi aphansi nangaphezulu, enze indawo eseceleni yomzimba wevayolini. Ukuphakama kwawo kunquma ivolumu ne-timbre ye-violin, ngokuyisisekelo kuthonya ikhwalithi yomsindo: ukuphakama kwamagobolondo, umsindo ozwakalayo futhi othambile, ophansi, ohlabayo nakakhulu futhi obala amanothi aphezulu. Amagobolondo enziwe, njengamadekhi, ngokhuni lwe-maple.

Amakhona emaceleni akhonze ukubeka umnsalo lapho edlala. Lapho umnsalo ukhonjwe kwelinye lamakhona, umsindo ukhiqizwa entanjeni ehambisanayo. Uma umnsalo uphakathi kwamakhona amabili, umsindo udlalwa ngezintambo ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kukhona abadlali abangakwazi ukukhiqiza umsindo ezintanjeni ezintathu ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa ngenxa yalokhu kufanele uphambuke emthethweni wokubeka umnsalo emakhoneni futhi ushintshe ukucushwa kwe-stand.ad

The darling  iyisikhala esiyindilinga esenziwe ngokhuni lwe-spruce esixhuma amabhodi omsindo ngomshini futhi sidlulise ukungezwani kwezintambo nokudlidliza kwe-high-frequency ebhodini lomsindo elingezansi. Indawo yayo ekahle itholakala ngokuhlolwa, njengomthetho, ukuphela kwe-homie kutholakala ngaphansi komlenze wokuma ohlangothini lwentambo ye-E, noma eduze kwayo. I-Dushka ihlelwa kabusha yinkosi kuphela, ngoba ukunyakaza kwayo okuncane kuthinta kakhulu umsindo wensimbi.

Intamo , noma okuthungiwe , isetshenziselwa ukubopha izintambo. Ngaphambilini benziwe ngezingodo eziqinile ze-ebony noma i-mahogany (imvamisa i-ebony noma i-rosewood). Namuhla kuvame ukwenziwa ngamapulasitiki noma ama-alloys alula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, intamo ine-loop, ngakolunye - izimbobo ezine ezinezintambo zokunamathisela izintambo. Ukuphela kwentambo enenkinobho (mi kanye ne-la) ifakwe emgodini oyindilinga, emva kwalokho, ngokudonsa intambo entanyeni, icindezelwe ku-slot. Izintambo zika-D no-G zivame ukumiswa entanyeni nge-loop edlula emgodini. Njengamanje, imishini ye-lever-screw ivame ukufakwa emigodini yentamo, eyenza kube lula ukulungisa. Izintamo ze-alloy ezikhanyayo ezikhiqizwe ngokuhlelekile ezinemishini edidiyelwe ngokuhlelekile.

Loop eyenziwe ngentambo ewugqinsi noma ngocingo lwensimbi. Lapho kushintsha iluphu ye-strand enkulu kuno-2.2 mm ububanzi ngokwenziwa okokwenziwa (ububanzi obungu-2.2 mm), kufanele kufakwe umcengezi futhi imbobo enobubanzi obungu-2.2 kufanele ibhojwe kabusha, ngaphandle kwalokho ingcindezi yephoyinti yentambo yokwenziwa ingase ilimaze. intamo engaphansi yokhuni.

Inkinobho  iyinhloko yesikhonkwane sokhuni esishuthekwe embobeni emzimbeni, esiseceleni kwentamo, esisetshenziselwa ukubophela intamo. I-wedge ifakwe emgodini we-conical ohambisana nobukhulu nokuma kwawo, ngokuphelele futhi ngokuqinile, ngaphandle kwalokho ukuqhekeka kwendandatho negobolondo kungenzeka. Umthwalo on inkinobho uphezulu kakhulu, cishe 24 kg.

Isitendi iwukusekela izintambo ezisuka ohlangothini lomzimba futhi idlulisa ukudlidliza ukusuka kuzo kuya kumabhodi omsindo, ngokuqondile kuya kweliphezulu, kuya kwephansi ngokusebenzisa isithandwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuma kuthinta i-timbre yensimbi. Kuye kwatholakala ngokuhlolwa ukuthi ngisho nokushintsha kancane kwesitendi kuholela kushintsho olubalulekile ekucushweni kwensimbi ngenxa yoshintsho esikalini kanye noshintsho oluthile ku-timbre - lapho ishintshelwa ku-fretboard - umsindo uyavaleka, usuka kuyo - elikhanyayo. Isitendi siphakamisa izintambo ngaphezu kwebhodi elizwakalayo phezulu ziye ezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukene ukuze sikwazi ukudlala kulowo nalowo ngomnsalo, zisabalalise kude kakhulu komunye nomunye ku-arc yerediyasi enkulu kunonati, ukuze kuthi lapho udlala. entanjeni eyodwa, umnsalo wawunganamathele komakhelwane.

Vulture

Intamo yevayolini  ipulangwe elide lokhuni oluqinile oluqinile (u-ebony omnyama noma i-rosewood), eligobe engxenyeni enqamulayo ukuze kuthi lapho lidlala entanjeni eyodwa, umnsalo unganamathele ezintambo ezincikene. Ingxenye engezansi yentamo inamathelwe entanyeni, edlula ekhanda, ehlanganisa ibhokisi lezikhonkwane kanye ne-curl.ad

Inathi  ipuleti le-ebony eliphakathi kwentamo nekhanda, elinezikhala zezintambo. Ama-Slots ku-nut asabalalisa izintambo ngokulinganayo ngokuhlukana futhi anikeze imvume phakathi kwezintambo nentamo.

Intamo  iyimininingwane eyisiyingi umculi ayimboza ngesandla ngesikhathi sokudlala, ihlanganisa ngokwesakhiwo umzimba wevayolini, intamo nekhanda. Intamo enamantongomane ixhunywe entanyeni kusuka phezulu.

Ibhokisi lesikhonkwane  iyingxenye yentamo lapho i-slot yenziwa khona ngaphambili, amapheya amabili wokushuna izikhonkwane zifakwe nhlangothi zombili , ngosizo lapho izintambo zishunwa khona. Izikhonkwane ziyizinduku ezicijile. Induku ifakwe emgodini we-conical ebhokisini lesikhonkwane futhi ilungiswe kuyo - ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nalesi simo kungase kuholele ekubhujisweni kwesakhiwo. Ukuze kube nokuphenduka okuqinile noma okushelelayo, izikhonkwane zicindezelwa ngaphakathi noma zikhishwe ebhokisini, ngokulandelana, futhi ukuze zizungeziswe kahle kufanele zigcotshwe nge-lapping paste (noma ushoki nensipho). Izikhonkwane akufanele ziphume kakhulu ebhokisini lezikhonkwane. Izikhonkwane zokulungisa ngokuvamile zenziwe nge-ebony futhi ngokuvamile zihlotshiswe ngokufakwa kwe-mother-of-pearl noma insimbi (isiliva, igolide).

I-curl bekulokhu kusebenza njengokuthile okunjengophawu lwenkampani - ubufakazi bokunambitheka nekhono lomdali. Ekuqaleni, i-curl kunalokho ifana nonyawo wesifazane esicathulweni, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukufana kwaba kancane kancane - kuphela "isithende" siyabonakala, "uzwane" ushintshile ngaphandle kokuqashelwa. Ezinye izingcweti zashintsha i-curl zabaza, njenge-viol, nekhanda lebhubesi elibaziweyo, isibonelo, njengoba kwenza uGiovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632). Ochwepheshe bekhulu le-XIX, benweba ibhodi le-violin yasendulo, bafuna ukulondoloza ikhanda kanye ne-curl "njengesitifiketi sokuzalwa" esinelungelo.

Izintambo, ukushuna kanye nokusetha i-violin

Izintambo zigijima zisuka entanyeni, zidlule ebhulohweni, ngaphezu kwentamo, futhi zidlule inadi ziye ezikhonkwaneni, eziboshwe ekhanda. Ukwakhiwa Kwentambo:

• 1 - Mi ye-octave yesibili. Iyunithi yezinhlamvu inokwakheka okufanayo, i-sonorous brilliant timbre .
• Okwesibili - La ye-octave yokuqala. Iyunithi yezinhlamvu enomgogodla nomluko, kwesinye isikhathi i-homogeneous ekwakhiweni (“Thomastik”), i-matte timbre ethambile.
• Okwesithathu - D ye-octave yokuqala. Intambo enomgogodla nomluko, ithoni ye-matte ethambile.
• 4 - Salt ye-octave encane. Intambo enomgogodla nomluko, i-timbre eqinile newugqinsi.

Isetha ivayolini

I-A intambo ishunwa ngemfoloko yokushuna engu-A or upiyano . Izintambo ezisele zishunwa ngendlebe ngengxenye yesihlanu emsulwa : the Mi futhi Re izintambo ezivela ku La umucu, i Sol intambo evela ku Re umucu .

Ukwakhiwa kwevayolini:

I-curl bekulokhu kusebenza njengokuthile okunjengophawu lwenkampani - ubufakazi bokunambitheka nekhono lomdali. Ekuqaleni, i-curl yayifana nonyawo wesifazane esicathulweni, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukufana kwancipha.

Abanye ochwepheshe bashintsha i-curl ngomfanekiso, njenge-viola enekhanda lengonyama, isibonelo, njengoba kwenza u-Giovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632).

Izikhonkwane zokulungisa or izikhonkwane Mechanics izingxenye ze-violin, ezifakwe ukuze ziqinise izintambo futhi zishune ivayolini.

I-Fretboard – ingxenye yokhuni enwetshiwe, lapho izintambo zicindezelwa khona lapho udlala ukushintsha inothi.

Inadi iyimininingwane yezinsimbi zochungechunge ezikhawulela ingxenye ekhalayo yeyunithi yezinhlamvu futhi iphakamise intambo ngaphezu kwe-fretboard ibe ubude obudingekayo. Ukuvimbela izintambo ukuthi zingaguquki, i-nati inemifula ehambisana nobukhulu bezintambo.

Igobolondo ingxenye eseceleni yomzimba (egobile noma eyinhlanganisela) yomculo. amathuluzi.

I-Resonator F - izimbobo ngendlela yezinhlamvu zesiLatini "f", ezisebenzela ukukhulisa umsindo.

Umlando wevayolini

Abanduleli bevayolini kwakuyi-rebab yesi-Arabhu, i-kazakh kobyz, i-fidel yaseSpain, i-crotta yaseBrithani, ukuhlanganiswa kwayo okwakha i-viola. Ngakho igama lesiNtaliyane levayolin ivayolini , kanye neSlavonic insimbi enezintambo ezine ye-jig ye-oda lesihlanu (yingakho igama lesiJalimane levayolini - ivayolini ).

Umzabalazo phakathi kwe-viola ye-aristocratic kanye ne-violin yabantu, eyathatha amakhulu eminyaka, yaphela ngokunqoba kwakamuva. Njengensimbi yomculo wesintu, ivayolin yasakazeka ikakhulukazi eBelarus, ePoland, e-Ukraine, eRomania, e-Istria naseDalmatia. Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, iye yanda phakathi kwamaTatar ^[3] . Kusukela ngekhulu lama-20, kuye kwatholakala empilweni yomculo ye-Bashkirs ^[4] .

Maphakathi nekhulu le-16 , umklamo wesimanje wevayolini wathuthukiswa enyakatho ye-Italy. Ilungelo lokubhekwa njengomsunguli wevayolini “yezicukuthwane” zohlobo lwesimanje liphikiswa nguGasparo da Salo (d. 1609) wasedolobheni laseBresci no-Andrea Amati. ^[ku] (d. 1577) - umsunguli wesikole saseCremonese ^[5] . Ama-violin e-Cremonese Amati, agcinwe kusukela ngekhulu le-17, ahlukaniswa ngokuma kwawo okuhle kakhulu nezinto ezinhle kakhulu. I-Lombardy yayidume ngokukhiqizwa kwevayolini ngekhulu le-18; amaviolin akhiqizwa iStradivari kanye neGuarneri aziswa kakhulu . ^[6]Amaviyolini enziwa abenzi beviolin.

"Umuthi womndeni" wemvelaphi ye-violin yesimanje.

Ivayolini ibiyinsimbi eyedwa kusukela ngekhulu le-17. Imisebenzi yokuqala ye-violin ibhekwa: "Romanesca per violino solo e basso" ka-Biagio Marini (1620) kanye ne-"Capriccio stravagante" kaCarlo Farina owayephila ngesikhathi sakhe. U-Arcangelo Corelli uthathwa njengomsunguli wokudlala ivayolini yobuciko; bese ulandela u-Torelli noTartini, kanye no-Locatelli (umfundi kaCorelli owathuthukisa indlela ye-bravura yokudlala i-violin), umfundi wakhe uMagdalena Laura Sirmen (Lombardini), uNicola Matthijs, owakha isikole se-violin e-Great Britain, u-Giovanni Antonio Piani.

Izesekeli kanye nezinsiza

Badlala i-violin ngomnsalo, osekelwe phezu kwenduku yokhuni, edlula ohlangothini olulodwa ekhanda, ngakolunye ibhulokhi linamathiselwe. Izinwele ze-ponytail zidonswa phakathi kwekhanda nebhulokhi. Izinwele zinezikali ze-keratin, phakathi kwazo, lapho, lapho zixutshwa, i-rosin ifakwe (i-impregnated), ivumela izinwele ukuba zibambelele entanjeni futhi zikhiqize umsindo.

Kukhona ezinye izesekeli, ezingaphoqelekile kangako:

• I-chinrest yakhelwe ukwenza kube lula ukucindezela i-violin ngesilevu. Izikhundla ezilandelanayo, eziphakathi nendawo zikhethwa kusukela kuzintandokazi ze-ergonomic zomdlali we-violinist.
• Ibhuloho lenzelwe ukuthi kube lula ukubeka i-violin ku-collarbone. Igibele emphemeni ongezansi. Kuyipuleti, eliqondile noma eligobile, eliqinile noma elimbozwe ngento ethambile, ukhuni, insimbi noma ipulasitiki, elinezixhumi nhlangothi zombili.
• Imishini yokulanda iyadingeka ukuze kuguqule ukudlidliza kwemishini kwevayolini kube ekagesi (yokurekhoda, ukukhulisa noma ukuguqula umsindo wevayolini usebenzisa amadivaysi akhethekile). Uma umsindo we-violin ukhiwa ngenxa yezakhiwo ze-acoustic zezakhi zomzimba wayo, i-violin i-acoustic, uma umsindo ukhiwa izingxenye ze-electronic kanye ne-electromechanical, i-violin kagesi, uma umsindo ukhiwa yizo zombili izingxenye. ngezinga eliqhathanisekayo, ivayolini ihlukaniswa njenge-semi-acoustic.
• Isimungulu "ikama" elincane lokhuni noma lerabha elinamazinyo amabili noma amathathu ane-longitudinal slot. Ifakwa phezulu kwesitendi futhi inciphise ukudlidliza kwayo, ukuze umsindo uphazamiseke, “socky”. Isikhathi esiningi isimungulu sisetshenziswa emculweni we-orchestra nowokuhlanganiswa.
• "I-Jammer" - injoloba esindayo noma isimungulu sensimbi esisetshenziselwa umsebenzi wesikole, kanye namakilasi ezindaweni ezingawubekezeleli umsindo. Uma usebenzisa i-jammer, ithuluzi liyayeka ukuzwakala futhi likhipha amathoni ephimbo ahlukeka kalula, anele ukubona nokulawulwa ngumdlali.
• Umshini wokubhala  - idivayisi yensimbi ehlanganisa isikulufu esifakwe emgodini wentamo, kanye ne-lever enehhuku ekhonza ukubopha intambo, etholakala ngakolunye uhlangothi. Umshini uvumela ukushuna okucolisekileyo, okubaluleke kakhulu ezintanjeni ze-mono-metallic ezinokwelula okuphansi. Ngosayizi ngamunye we-violin, usayizi othile womshini uhloselwe, kukhona nendawo yonke. Ngokuvamile ziza ngomnyama, igolide, i-nickel noma i-chrome, noma inhlanganisela yokuqeda. Amamodeli atholakala ngokukhethekile kuzintambo zamathumbu, ochungechungeni luka-E. Insimbi ingase ingabi nayo nhlobo imishini: kulokhu, izintambo zifakwe emigodini yentamo. Ukufakwa kwemishini engekho kuzo zonke izintambo kungenzeka. Ngokuvamile kuleli cala, umshini ubekwe entanjeni yokuqala.
• Enye i-accessory ye-violin yi-trunk noma i-wardrobe trunk lapho insimbi, umnsalo nezinye izesekeli ezengeziwe zigcinwa futhi zithwalwe.

Indlela yokudlala i-violin

Izintambo zicindezelwa ngeminwe emine yesandla sobunxele ku-fretboard (isithupha asifakiwe). Izintambo ziholwa ngomnsalo esandleni sokudla somdlali.

Ukucindezela umunwe ku-fretboard kwenza intambo ibe mfishane, ngaleyo ndlela iphakamise ukuphakama kwentambo. Izintambo ezingacindezelwe ngomunwe zibizwa ngokuthi izintambo ezivulekile futhi zichazwa ngoziro.

Ivayolini ingxenye ibhalwe ku-treble clef.

Ububanzi be-violin isuka kusawoti we-octave encane kuya ku-octave yesine. Imisindo ephakeme inzima.

Kusukela ekucindezelweni kancane kwentambo ezindaweni ezithile, ama-harmonics zitholwa . Eminye imisindo ye-harmonic idlula ibanga le-violin eliboniswe ngenhla.

Ukusetshenziswa kweminwe yesandla sokunxele kubizwa ukuphoqa . Umunwe wokukhomba wesandla ubizwa ngokuthi owokuqala, umunwe ophakathi ngowesibili, umunwe wendandatho ungowesithathu, kanti umunwe omncane ungowesine. Isikhundla wumunwe weminwe emine encikene ehlukaniswe ithoni eyodwa noma isemitone. Iyunithi yezinhlamvu ngayinye ingaba nezindawo eziyisikhombisa noma ngaphezulu. Lapho isikhundla siphakeme, kuba nzima nakakhulu. Kuyunithi yezinhlamvu ngayinye, ngaphandle kwengxenye yesihlanu, akhuphukela kuphela endaweni yesihlanu ehlanganisiwe; kodwa ngochungechunge lwesihlanu noma lokuqala, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kwesibili, izikhundla eziphakeme zisetshenziswa - kusukela kwesithupha kuya kweshumi nambili.

Izindlela zokugqoka umnsalo abe nomthelela omkhulu kumlingiswa, amandla, i-timbre yomsindo, kanye nasemishwaneni yemisho.

Kuvayolini, ungakwazi ngokujwayelekile ukuthatha amanothi amabili ngesikhathi esisodwa ezintanjeni ezincikene ( izintambo ezimbili ), ezimweni ezingavamile - ezintathu (kudingeka ukucindezela komnsalo oqinile), futhi hhayi ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa ngokushesha okukhulu - ezintathu ( izintambo ezintathu ) kanye nezine. Izinhlanganisela ezinjalo, ikakhulukazi i-harmonic, kulula ukwenza ngezintambo ezingenalutho futhi zinzima kakhulu ngaphandle kwazo, futhi ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa emisebenzini yodwa.

I-orchestra evame kakhulu tremolo inqubo ukushintshanisa ngokushesha kwemisindo emibili noma ukuphindaphindwa komsindo ofanayo, okudala umphumela wokuthuthumela, ukuthuthumela, ukucwayiza.

The ubuchwepheshe be i-col legno, okusho ukushaya intambo ngomphini womnsalo, kubangela ukungqongqoza, umsindo obulalayo, obuye usetshenziswe ngempumelelo enkulu abaqambi emculweni we-symphonic.

Ngaphezu kokudlala ngomnsalo, basebenzisa ukuthinta izintambo ngomunye weminwe yesandla sokudla - ipizzicato (i-pizzicato).

Ukwenza buthaka noma ukuvala umsindo, basebenzisa isimungulu – insimbi, irabha, irabha, ithambo noma ipuleti lokhuni elinezinsika engxenyeni engezansi yezintambo, exhunywe phezulu kwesitendi noma isigcwagcwa.

Ivayolini kulula ukuyidlala kulabo khiye abavumela ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezintambo ezingenalutho. Amavesi afaneleka kakhulu yilawo akhiwe ngezikali noma izingxenye zawo, kanye nama-arpeggios okhiye bemvelo.

Kunzima ukuba i-violinist lapho usukhulile (kodwa kungenzeka!), Njengoba ukuzwela kweminwe kanye nenkumbulo yemisipha kubaluleke kakhulu kulaba baculi. Ukuzwela kweminwe yomuntu omdala kuncane kakhulu kunomuntu osemusha, futhi inkumbulo yemisipha ithatha isikhathi eside ukuthuthukisa. Kungcono ukufunda ukudlala ivayolini kusukela uneminyaka emihlanu, eyisithupha, eyisikhombisa, mhlawumbe ngisho nasebudaleni obuncane.

10 Abadlali bevayolini abadumile

• U-Arcangelo Corelli
• U-Antonio Vivaldi
• UGiuseppe Tartini
• UJean-Marie Leclerc
• UGiovanni Batista Viotti
• Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin
• Niccolo Paganini
• Ludwig Spohr
• UCharles-Auguste Bériot
• U-Henri Vietain

Ukuqopha nokusebenza

notation

Ingxenye ye-violin ibhalwe ku-treble clef. Ibanga elijwayelekile le-violin lisuka kusawoti we-octave encane ukuya ku-octave yesine. Imisindo ephakeme kunzima ukuyenza futhi isetshenziswa, njengomthetho, kuphela ezincwadini ze-solo virtuoso, kodwa hhayi ezingxenyeni ze-orchestra.

Ukuma kwesandla

Izintambo zicindezelwa ngeminwe emine yesandla sobunxele ku-fretboard (isithupha asifakiwe). Izintambo ziholwa ngomnsalo esandleni sokudla somdlali.

Ngokucindezela ngomunwe, ubude bendawo ye-oscillating yentambo buyancipha, ngenxa yokuthi imvamisa iyanda, okungukuthi, umsindo ophakeme utholakala. Kubizwa izintambo ezingacindezelwe ngomunwe evulekile izintambo futhi zikhonjiswa ngoziro lapho kukhombisa umunwe.

Kusukela ekuthinteni intambo cishe ngaphandle kokucindezela ezindaweni zokuhlukaniswa okuningi, ama-harmonics ayatholakala. Ama-harmonics amaningi akude kakhulu nebanga elijwayelekile le-violin ngephimbo.

Ukuhlelwa kweminwe yesandla sobunxele ku-fretboard kubizwa ukuphoqa . Umunwe wokukhomba wesandla ubizwa ngokuthi owokuqala, umunwe ophakathi ngowesibili, umunwe wendandatho ungowesithathu, kanti umunwe omncane ungowesine. Isikhundla wumunwe weminwe emine encikene ehlukaniswe ithoni eyodwa noma isemitone. Iyunithi yezinhlamvu ngayinye ingaba nezindawo eziyisikhombisa noma ngaphezulu. Uma indawo iphezulu, kuba nzima kakhulu ukudlala ngokuhlanzekile kuyo. Kuyunithi yezinhlamvu ngayinye, ngaphandle kweyesihlanu (iyunithi yezinhlamvu yokuqala), akhuphukela endaweni yesihlanu kuphela; kodwa ocingweni lokuqala, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kowesibili, basebenzisa izikhundla eziphakeme - kuze kufike kweshumi nambili.

Kunezindlela okungenani ezintathu zokubamba umnsalo ^[7] :

• Indlela endala (“isiJalimane”). , lapho umunwe wenkomba uthinta induku yomnsalo ngengaphezulu layo eliphansi, cishe ngokumelene nokugoqa phakathi kwe-nail phalanx naphakathi; iminwe ivalwe ngokuqinile; isithupha sibhekene nendawo ephakathi; izinwele zomnsalo zigundiwe ngokulingene.
• Indlela entsha ("Franco-Belgian") , lapho umunwe wenkomba uthinta umoba nge-engeli ekupheleni kwe-phalanx yawo ephakathi; kukhona igebe elikhulu phakathi kwenkomba neminwe ephakathi; isithupha sibhekene nendawo ephakathi; izinwele zomnsalo eziqinile ngokuqinile; indawo ethambekele kamoba.
• Indlela entsha kunazo zonke (“isiRashiya”). , lapho umunwe wenkomba uthinta umoba kusukela ohlangothini ngokugoqa phakathi kwe-phalanx ephakathi ne-metacarpal; ukumboza ngokujulile umoba phakathi kwe-nail phalanx futhi wenze i-angle ebukhali nayo, kubonakala sengathi iqondisa ukuziphatha komnsalo; kukhona igebe elikhulu phakathi kwenkomba neminwe ephakathi; isithupha sibhekene nendawo ephakathi; izinwele zomnsalo ezinwetshiwe ngokukhululekile; indawo eqondile (engathambeki) yomoba. Le ndlela yokubamba umnsalo ifaneleka kakhulu ekuzuzeni imiphumela yomsindo engcono kakhulu ngokusetshenziswa okuncane kwamandla.

Ukubamba umnsalo kunethonya elikhulu kumlingisi, amandla, i-timbre yomsindo, futhi ngokujwayelekile emabinzeni. Ku-violin, ungakwazi ukuthatha amanothi amabili ngesikhathi esisodwa ezintanjeni ezingomakhelwane ( amanothi amabili ), ezimweni ezingavamile - ezintathu (kudingeka ukucindezela komnsalo oqinile), futhi hhayi ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa ngokushesha okukhulu - ezintathu ( amanothi amathathu ) kanye nezine. Izinhlanganisela ezinjalo, ikakhulukazi i-harmonic, kulula ukwenza ezintanjeni ezivulekile, futhi ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa emisebenzini yodwa.

Indawo yesandla sokunxele

• "Izintambo ezivuliwe" - iminwe yesandla sobunxele ayizibambi izintambo, okungukuthi, i-violin ikhipha amanothi amane ahlukaniswe ngokwesihlanu: g, d ¹ , a ¹ , futhi ² (usawoti we-octave encane, re, la we-octave yokuqala, mi we-octave yesibili).
• Indawo yokuqala - iminwe yesandla sobunxele, ngaphandle kwesithupha, ingabamba intambo ezindaweni ezine, ihlukaniswe enye nenye futhi kusukela entanjeni evulekile ithoni ye-diatonic. Kanye nezintambo ezivulekile, zakha uhla lwamathani angama-20 lwemisindo ukusuka kunothi elithi Sol le-octave encane ukuya ku-C we-octave yesibili.

Isikhundla sokuqala

Isithupha siqondiswe kumdlali, sakha "ishalofu" lapho intamo ye-violin ilele - yenza umsebenzi osekelayo kuphela. Eminye iminwe yesandla sobunxele itholakala phezulu, icindezela izintambo ngaphandle kokubamba intamo. Isandla sobunxele sinesamba sezindawo “eziyisisekelo” eziyisikhombisa, ezisekelwe kulokhu okulandelayo:

• Iminwe itholakala endaweni ehambelana nezikhiye ezimhlophe zepiyano;
• Iminwe ayinyakazi entanyeni;
• Ibanga phakathi kweminwe eseduze entanjeni efanayo ithoni noma i-semitone;
• Ibanga phakathi komunwe wesine entanjeni enkulu kanye nomunwe wokuqala (abasebenzi abakhulu) entanjeni encane ithoni eyodwa.

Ngokuqondile, indawo yokuqala ibonakala kanje:

Amaqhinga ayisisekelo:

• I-Détaché - inothi ngalinye lidlalwa ukunyakaza okuhlukile komnsalo, ngokushintsha isiqondiso sayo;
• I-Martelé - i-stroke eyenziwa yi-push of the bow, lapho ubude bomsindo ngokwawo bufushane kakhulu kunenkathi yokubola ye-sonority;
• I-Staccato phansi naphezulu ngomnsalo - ukunyakaza komnsalo ngokumisa;
• I-Staccato volant wuhlobo lwe-staccato. Uma udlala, umnsalo uyagxuma, ugqashuke ezintambo;
• I-Spiccato - i-stroke e-jerky ne-rebounding, i-staccato enesisindo ngokunyakaza kwehlombe okwengeziwe;
• I-Sautillé - ukuthinta okuphindaphindayo, okukhanyiswe futhi kusheshiswe yi-Spiccato;
• I-Ricochet-saltato - i-stroke eyenziwa ngokushaya izinwele zomnsalo ophakanyisiwe ngentambo, njengomthetho, wenziwa iqembu eliqhubekayo;
• I-Tremolo – ukuphindaphinda okuningi okusheshayo komsindo owodwa noma ukushintshanisa ngokushesha kwemisindo emibili engasondelene, ongwaqa ababili ( izikhawu , amaculo ), umsindo owodwa nongwaqa.
• I-Legato - ukusebenza okuxhunyiwe kwemisindo, lapho kukhona ukuguqulwa okushelelayo kusuka komunye umsindo kuya komunye, akukho khefu phakathi kwemisindo.
• Col legno – ukushaya intambo ngomnsalo womnsalo. Ibangela ukushaywa, umsindo ofile, nawo osetshenziswa ngempumelelo enkulu ngabaqambi bomculo we-symphonic.

Ngaphezu kokudlala ngomnsalo, basebenzisa ukuthinta izintambo ngomunye weminwe yesandla sokudla ( pizzicato ). Kukhona ne-pizzicato ngesandla sobunxele, esetshenziswa kakhulu ezincwadini ezizimele.

Kukhona futhi indlela ekhethekile yokuhlukanisa i-overtone kusukela ekubunjweni kwe-timbre yentambo ezwakalayo - i-harmonica. I-harmonics yemvelo yenziwa ngokuthinta intambo ezindaweni zokuhlukaniswa okuningi kobude bayo - ngo-2 (i-pitch yentambo iphakama nge-octave), ngo-3, ngo-4 (ama-octave amabili), njll. ngendlela efanayo, hlukanisa lowo ocindezelwe ngezansi ngomunwe wokuqala ngendlela evamile. Ngokuya ngokulungiselelwa komunwe woku-1 nowesine wesandla sobunxele, ama-flageolets angaba ngowesine, wesihlanu.

Umehluko

I-violin ihlukaniswe yaba yi-classical kanye ne-folk (kuye ngokuthi abantu kanye namasiko abo amasiko nomculo kanye nezintandokazi zabo). Ama-violin angakudala nawesintu ahluke kancane komunye nomunye futhi awazona izinsimbi zomculo ezingaziwa. Umehluko phakathi kwevayolini yakudala kanye nevayolini yesintu mhlawumbe usemkhakheni wokusetshenziswa kuphela (wezemfundo kanye nomlando wezinganekwane) kanye nasezinqumweni zabo zamasiko namasiko.

Imisebenzi ye-violin njengensimbi eyedwa emaqenjini omculo

Isikhathi se-Baroque yisikhathi sokusa kwe-violin njengensimbi yobuchwepheshe. Ngenxa yokusondelana komsindo ezwini lomuntu kanye nekhono lokukhiqiza ithonya elinamandla elingokomzwelo kubalaleli, i-violin yaba insimbi ehamba phambili. Umsindo wevayolini wawubekwe phezulu kunezinye izinsimbi, okwenze yaba ithuluzi elifaneleka kakhulu lokudlala umugqa womculo. Lapho edlala i-violin, umculi we-virtuoso uyakwazi ukwenza izingcezu zemisebenzi esheshayo nezinzima ( iziqephu ).

Ama-violin nawo akha ingxenye ebalulekile ye-orchestra, lapho abaculi bahlukaniswa khona babe amaqembu amabili, aziwa ngokuthi i-violin yokuqala neyesibili. Ngokuvamile, umugqa womculo unikezelwa kumavayolini okuqala, kuyilapho iqembu lesibili lenza umsebenzi ohambisanayo noma wokulingisa.

Ngezinye izikhathi ingoma ayiphathiswanga lonke iqembu lama-violin, kodwa i-violin eyedwa. Bese kuba umshayi wevayolini wokuqala, umphelezeli, edlala lo mculo. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuyadingeka ukunikeza umculo umbala okhethekile, obucayi futhi obuthakathaka. Ivayolini eyedwa ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nesithombe samagama.

Iquartet yeyunithi yezinhlamvu ngendlela yayo yasekuqaleni iqukethe amavayolini amabili (abaculi abadlala ingxenye yokuqala neyesibili yevayolini), i-viola ne-cello. Njenge-orchestra, ngokuvamile i-violin yokuqala idlala indima eholayo, kodwa ngokuvamile, insimbi ngayinye ingaba nezikhathi zodwa.

Ukudlala i-violin kungenye yezinto eziqokwe kakhulu ohlelweni lokuncintisana lwentsha ye-Delphic Plays yaseRussia.

Imithombo

• I-Violin // I-Encyclopedic Dictionary ye-Brockhaus ne-Efron : emiqulu engu-86 (imiqulu engu-82 kanye ne-4 eyengeziwe). – St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• K. Inyama, The I-Art of Violin Playing (vol. 1)  - Umculo, M., 1964.
• K. Inyama, I-Art of Violin Playing (vol. 2)  - I-Classics-XXI, M., 2007.
• L. Auer, Ivayolini Edlala Njengoba Ngiyifundisa (1920); ngesiRashiya per. - Isikole sami sokudlala ivayolini , L., 1933;
• V. Mazel, Umdlali wevayolini nezandla zakhe (kwesokudla)  – Umqambi, St. Petersburg, 2006.
• V. Mazel, Umdlali wevayolini nezandla zakhe (kwesokunxele)  – Umqambi, St. Petersburg, 2008.
• A. Tsitsikyan "Armenian bow art", Yerevan, 2004.
• Banini AA Umculo wezinsimbi waseRussia wendabuko yendabuko . Moscow, 1997.

I-FAQ mayelana ne-Violin

I-violin iwuthinta kanjani umzimba womuntu?

Ivayolini inika umuntu umcabango onamandla kanye nokuguquguquka kwengqondo, ikhulisa ikhono lokuqonda ngokudala, futhi ithuthukise intuition. Lokhu akuyona imfihlakalo, leli qiniso lichazwa ngokwesayensi.

Kungani kunzima kangaka ukudlala ivayolini?

Ivayolini ayinawo ama-frets, njengamanye amathuluzi ezintambo, ngakho ukuzethemba okunjalo kuzoshabalala. Isandla sobunxele kuzodingeka sisebenze, sithembele kumculi ngokwakhe. I-violin ayikubekezeleli ukusheshisa, ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokusebenza kokuqala komsebenzi womculo, kungadlula isikhathi esiningi.

Yimalini ngokwesilinganiso ibiza ivayolini?

Amanani ayahluka kusuka ku-70 USD kuya ku-15000 USD. Ibiza malini ivayolini yabaqalayo ukungoni izindlebe zakho nokufunda ngokujwayelekile? Okokuqala, hlola isabelomali sakho. Uma ungakwazi kalula ukuthenga ithuluzi ngentengo engu-500$.