U-Moisey (Mechislav) Samuilovich Weinberg (Moisey Weinberg) |

UMoisey Weinberg

Igama lika-M. Weinberg laziwa kabanzi emhlabeni womculo. D. Shostakovich wambiza omunye wabaqambi abavelele besikhathi sethu. Iciko elinekhono elihle neloqobo, ubuhlakani obujulile, u-Weinberg ushaya ngezintshisekelo ezihlukahlukene zobuciko. Namuhla, ifa lakhe ama-symphonies angu-19, ama-symphoniettes angu-2, ama-symphonies angu-2, ama-opera angu-7, ama-operetta angu-4, ama-ballet angu-3, ​​ama-quartet ezintambo ezingu-17, i-quintet, amakhonsathi angu-5 wezinsimbi kanye nama-sonata amaningi, umculo wamafilimu amaningi namathoni opopayi ... izinkondlo u-Shakespeare kanye no-F. Schiller, M. Lermontov kanye no-F. Tyutchev, A. Fet kanye no-A. Blok banikeza umbono womhlaba wezingoma zegumbi lomqambi. U-Weinberg ukhangwa izinkondlo zezimbongi zaseSoviet - A. Tvardovsky, S. Galkin, L. Kvitko. Ukujula kokuqonda izinkondlo kwabonakala ngokugcwele ekufundweni komculo kwezinkondlo zomqambi wangaleso sikhathi kanye nowakubo u-Y. Tuwim, imibhalo yakhe eyakha isisekelo se-Eighth ("Izimbali ZasePoland"), Yesishiyagalolunye ("Imigqa Esindayo"). ama-symphonies, i-cantata Piotr Plaksin, imijikelezo yezwi. Ithalente lomqambi linezinto eziningi - emisebenzini yakhe likhuphukela eziqongweni zenhlekelele futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo lidala amasudi ekhonsathi ahlakaniphile, agcwele amahlaya nomusa, i-opera yamahlaya ethi "Love d'Artagnan" kanye ne-ballet "I-Golden Key". Amaqhawe ama-symphonies akhe ayisazi sefilosofi, umculi wezingoma ohlakaniphile futhi omnene, umculi, obonisa isiphetho nenjongo yobuciko, ephikisana ngokufutheka ngokumelene ne-misanthropy kanye nokwesabeka kwe-fascism ye-tribunes.

Ezobuciko bakhe, u-Weinberg wakwazi ukuthola isitayela esikhethekile, esingenakuqhathaniswa, ngenkathi ethatha izifiso zesici somculo wesimanje (phendukela ku-chambernization, neoclassicism, ukusesha emkhakheni we-genre synthesis). Ngamunye wemisebenzi yakhe ijulile futhi ingathí sina, iphefumulelwe izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zekhulu leminyaka, imicabango yomculi omkhulu nesakhamuzi. U-Weinberg wazalelwa eWarsaw kumqambi weshashalazi ongumJuda nomshayi wevayolini. Umfana waqala ukutadisha umculo eneminyaka engu-10, futhi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva wenza i-debut yakhe njengomdlali wepiyano-ehambisana nemidlalo yaseshashalazini kayise. Lapho eneminyaka engu-12 uMieczysław ungumfundi eWarsaw Conservatory. Iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili yokufunda (u-Weinberg wathweswa iziqu e-conservatory ngo-1939, ngaphambi nje kokugqashuka kwempi), wakwazi ngobuhlakani amakhono omdlali wopiyano (okulandelayo, umqambi wayezokwenza izingoma zakhe eziningi ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene yena okokuqala ngqa) . Ngalesi sikhathi, iziqondiso zobuciko zomqambi wesikhathi esizayo ziqala ukunqunywa. Ngezindlela eziningi, lokhu kwaqhutshwa impilo yamasiko yaseWarsaw, ikakhulukazi imisebenzi ye-Philharmonic Society, eyakhuthaza ngenkuthalo ama-classics aseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu kwenziwa abaculi abavelele abafana no-A. Rubinstein, S. Rachmaninov, P. Casals, F. Kreisler, O. Klemperer, B. Walter.

Impi yashintsha kakhulu futhi kabuhlungu impilo yomqambi. Umndeni wonke uyafa, yena ngokwakhe, phakathi kwababaleki, uphoqeleka ukuba ahambe ePoland. ISoviet Union iba ikhaya lesibili le-Weinberg. Wahlala eMinsk, wangena e-conservatory emnyangweni wokuqamba ekilasini lika-V. Zolotarev, aliphothula ngo-1941. Imiphumela yokudala yale minyaka yi-Symphonic Poem, i-Quartet Yesibili, izingcezu zepiyano. Kodwa izenzakalo zezempi ezesabekayo ziphinde zingene empilweni yomculi - uba ngufakazi wokubhujiswa okubi kwezwe lamaSoviet. U-Weinberg uthuthelwe e-Tashkent, uyosebenza e-Opera ne-Ballet Theatre. Lapha ubhala i-First Symphony, eyayimiselwe ukudlala indima ekhethekile ekugcineni komqambi. Ngo-1943, Weinberg wathumela amaphuzu Shostakovich, enethemba lokuthola umbono wakhe. Impendulo yaba ucingo lukahulumeni olwaluhlelwe uDmitry Dmitrievich oluya eMoscow. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, u-Weinberg ubelokhu ehlala futhi esebenza eMoscow, kusukela ngalowo nyaka laba baculi ababili bahlotshaniswa nobungane obuqinile, obuqotho. Weinberg wabonisa Shostakovich zonke izingoma zakhe. Izinga nokujula kwemiqondo, kukhanga izindikimba zokuzwakala komphakathi okubanzi, ukuqonda kwefilosofi kwezindikimba zaphakade zobuciko ezinjengokuphila nokufa, ubuhle, uthando - lezi zimfanelo zomculo kaShostakovich ziphenduke zafana neziqondiso zokudala zika-Weinberg futhi zathola eyokuqala. ukuqaliswa emisebenzini yakhe.

Itimu eyinhloko yobuciko buka-Weinberg yimpi, ukufa nokubhujiswa njengezimpawu zobubi. Impilo ngokwayo, ukusonteka okudabukisayo kwesiphetho kwaphoqelela umqambi ukuba abhale ngezenzakalo ezimbi zempi edlule, ukuze aphendukele “enkumbulweni, futhi ngenxa yalokho kunembeza womunye nomunye wethu.” Kudlule ukwazi nomphefumulo weqhawe eliculayo (ngemuva, ngokungangabazeki, kumi umbhali ngokwakhe - indoda yokuphana okumangalisayo okungokomoya, ubumnene, isizotha semvelo), izehlakalo ezibuhlungu zathola incazelo ekhethekile, ye-lyric-philosophical. Futhi lokhu ukuhluka komuntu ngamunye kwawo wonke umculo womqambi.

Indikimba yempi yafakwa ngokucace kakhulu kuma-symphonies e-Third (1949), Eyesithupha (1962), Eyesishiyagalombili (1964), Yesishiyagalolunye (1967), ku-symphonic trilogy Crossing the Threshold of War (yeshumi nesikhombisa - 1984, eyeshumi nesishiyagalombili - 1984, Okweshumi nesishiyagalolunye - 1985); ku-cantata "Idayari Yothando", enikezelwe inkumbulo yezingane ezashona e-Auschwitz (1965); ku-Requiem (1965); ku-opera ethi The Passenger (1968), Madonna and the Soldier (1970), kumaquartets amaningana. “Umculo ubhalwe ngegazi lenhliziyo. Kuyakhanya futhi kungokomfanekiso, akukho nowodwa "ongenalutho", inothi elingenandaba kuwo. Yonke into ibonwa futhi iqondwa ngumqambi, yonke into ichazwa ngeqiniso, ngentshiseko. Ngikubona njengehubo kumuntu, ihubo lobumbano lwamazwe ngamazwe labantu ngokumelene nobubi obubi kakhulu emhlabeni - i-fascism," lawa mazwi kaShostakovich, ebhekisela ku-opera "Passenger", angabhekwa ngokufanelekile kuwo wonke umsebenzi ka-Weinberg. , zembula ngokunembile ingqikithi yezingoma zakhe eziningi. .

Intambo ekhethekile emsebenzini ka-Weinberg iyindikimba yobuntwana. Ihlanganiswe ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo, isibe uphawu lokuhlanzeka kokuziphatha, iqiniso nobuhle, ukwenziwa samuntu kobuntu, isici sawo wonke umculo womqambi. Itimu yobuciko ixhunywe nayo njengomthwali womqondo wokuphakade kwesiko lendawo yonke kanye nezindinganiso zokuziphatha, ezibalulekile kumbhali. Isakhiwo esingokomfanekiso nesithinta imizwa somculo ka-Weinberg sibonakale ezicini ezithile zomculo, idrama ye-timbre, nokubhala kwe-orchestra. Isitayela somculo sikhule phezu kwezingoma ezihlotshaniswa nenganekwane. Intshisekelo kusichazamazwi sezwi lezingoma zesiSlavic nezamaJuda, esabonakala kakhulu ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-40-50s. (Ngalesi sikhathi, u-Weinberg wabhala amasudi e-symphonic: "I-Rhapsody on Moldavian Themes", "Polish Melodies", "Rhapsody on Slavic Themes", "Moldavian Rhapsody for Violin and Orchestra"), yathinta ukuqanjwa komculo kwazo zonke izingoma ezalandela. Imvelaphi kazwelonke yokudala, ikakhulukazi yamaJuda nesiPolish, inqume i-timbre palette yemisebenzi. Ngokwedrama, izingqikithi ezibaluleke kakhulu - abathwali bomqondo oyinhloko womsebenzi - ziphathiswe izinsimbi ezithandwayo - amaviyolini noma imitshingo nama-clarinets. Ukubhalwa kwe-orchestra ka-Weinberg kubonakala ngomugqa ocacile ohlanganiswe nokusondelana. Eyesibili (1945), eyesikhombisa (1964), eyeshumi (1968), ama-symphonies, i-Second Symphonietta (1960), ama-symphonies amabili ekamelo (1986, 1987) abhalelwa ukwakheka kwegumbi.

Ama-80s amakwe ngokudalwa kwenani lemisebenzi ebalulekile, efakazela ukuqhakaza okugcwele kwethalente elinamandla lomqambi. Kungumfanekiso ukuthi umsebenzi wokugcina ka-Weinberg oqediwe, i-opera ethi The Idiot esekelwe enovelini ka-F. Dostoevsky, ukhangayo eqanjweni elinomsebenzi walo omkhulu (“obonisa umuntu omuhle, othola ukufaneleka”) ohambisana ngokuphelele nawo. umqondo wawo wonke umsebenzi womqambi. Ngayinye yemisebenzi yakhe emisha ingenye isikhalo esithakazelisayo kubantu, ngemuva komqondo ngamunye womculo kuhlale kukhona "umuzwa, ukucabanga, ukuphefumula, ukuhlupheka".

O. Dashevskaya