Antonio Vivaldi |

U-Antonio Vivaldi

Omunye wabameleli abakhulu benkathi ye-Baroque, u-A. Vivaldi wangena emlandweni wesiko lomculo njengomqambi wohlobo lwekhonsathi yezinsimbi, umsunguli womculo we-orchestral. Ubuntwana bukaVivaldi buxhumene neVenice, lapho uyise asebenza khona njenge-violinist eCathedral of St. Mark. Umndeni wawunezingane ezingu-6, u-Antonio owayeyizibulo kuzo. Cishe ayikho imininingwane mayelana neminyaka yobuntwana yomqambi. Kuyaziwa kuphela ukuthi wafundela ukudlala i-violin ne-harpsichord.

Ngo-September 18, 1693, uVivaldi wanikezwa indela, futhi ngo-March 23, 1703, wagcotshwa njengompristi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le nsizwa yaqhubeka nokuhlala ekhaya (mhlawumbe ngenxa yokugula okunzima), okwamnika ithuba lokungashiyi izifundo zomculo. Ngombala wezinwele zakhe, uVivaldi waqanjwa ngokuthi “indela ebomvu.” Kucatshangwa ukuthi kakade kule minyaka wayengashisekeli kakhulu ngemisebenzi yakhe njengomfundisi. Imithombo eminingi ilandisa indaba (mhlawumbe engathembeki, kodwa evezwayo) mayelana nokuthi ngolunye usuku phakathi nenkonzo, "i-monk enezinwele ezibomvu" yashesha yashiya i-altare ukuze ibhale phansi isihloko se-fugue, esivele sivele sivele kuye. Kunoma yikuphi, ubudlelwane bukaVivaldi nemibuthano yabefundisi baqhubeka nokushisa, futhi ngokushesha yena, ekhuluma ngempilo yakhe ebuthaka, wenqaba obala ukugubha inqwaba.

Ngo-September 1703, uVivaldi waqala ukusebenza njengothisha (maestro di violino) endaweni yezintandane yaseVenetian "Pio Ospedale delia Pieta". Imisebenzi yakhe yayihlanganisa ukufunda ukudlala i-violin ne-viola d'amore, kanye nokwengamela ukulondolozwa kwezinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo nokuthenga ama-violin amasha. “Izinkonzo” ezazise-“Pieta” (zingabizwa ngokufanelekile ngokuthi amakhonsathi) zaziphakathi kokunakwa komphakathi waseVenetian okhanyiselwe. Ngenxa yezizathu zomnotho, ngo-1709 uVivaldi waxoshwa, kodwa ngo-1711-16. wabuyiselwa esikhundleni esifanayo, futhi kusukela ngo-May 1716 wayesevele engumphathi wekhonsathi we-orchestra yasePieta.

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuqokwa okusha, uVivaldi akazange azimise njengomfundisi kuphela, kodwa futhi njengomqambi (ikakhulukazi umbhali womculo ongcwele). Ngokuhambisana nomsebenzi wakhe ePieta, uVivaldi ufuna amathuba okushicilela izincwadi zakhe zezwe. 12 trio sonatas op. Eyodwa yanyatheliswa ngo-1; ngo-1706 iqoqo elidume kakhulu lamakhonsathi e-violin "Harmonic Inspiration" op. 1711; ngo-3 - elinye iqoqo elibizwa ngokuthi "Extravagance" op. 1714. Amakhonsathi evayolini kaVivaldi asheshe aziwa kabanzi eNtshonalanga Yurophu ikakhulukazi eJalimane. Isithakazelo esikhulu kubo saboniswa u-I. Quantz, I. Mattheson, the Great JS Bach “wokuzijabulisa nokufundisa” wahlela mathupha amakhonsathi angu-4 evayolini kaVivaldi e-clavier ne-organ. Eminyakeni efanayo, uVivaldi wabhala i-opera yakhe yokuqala ethi Otto (9), Orlando (1713), Nero (1714). Ngo-1715-1718. uhlala e-Mantua, lapho ikakhulukazi ebhala khona ama-opera esizini ye-carnival, kanye nezingoma ezidlalwa izinsimbi zenkantolo yaseMantua.

Ngo-1725, enye yezingoma zomqambi ezaziwa kakhulu yaphuma ekuphrintiwe, iphethe isihlokwana esithi “The Experience of Harmony and Invention” (ikhasi lesi-8). Njengangaphambili, iqoqo lenziwe ngamakhonsathi e-violin (angu-12 awo lapha). Amakhonsathi angu-4 okuqala ale opus aqanjwe umqambi, ngokulandelana, "Spring", "Summer", "Autumn" kanye "nobusika". Ekuzijwayezeni ukwenza kwesimanjemanje, zivame ukuhlanganiswa emjikelezweni othi “Izinkathi” (asikho isihloko esinjalo koqobo). Ngokusobala, uVivaldi akazange aneliseke ngeholo lokunyatheliswa kwamakhonsathi akhe, futhi ngo-1733 watshela umhambi othile oyiNgisi u-E. Holdsworth ngenhloso yakhe yokushiya ezinye izincwadi, njengoba, ngokungafani nemibhalo yesandla enyathelisiwe, amakhophi abhalwe ngesandla ayemba eqolo. Eqinisweni, kusukela lapho, awekho ama-opses amasha kaVivaldi avele avela.

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-20s - 30s. evame ukubizwa ngokuthi “iminyaka yokuhamba” (okukhethwa eVienna nasePrague). Ngo-August 1735, uVivaldi wabuyela esikhundleni sokuba umphathi weqembu le-orchestra yasePieta, kodwa ikomiti elibusayo alizange liwuthande uthando lwakhe lokuhamba, futhi ngo-1738 umqambi waxoshwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Vivaldi waqhubeka nokusebenza kanzima ohlotsheni lwe-opera (omunye wama-freettists akhe kwakunguC. Goldoni odumile), kuyilapho ekhetha ukuhlanganyela ngokwakhe ekukhiqizeni. Kodwa-ke, imidlalo ye-opera kaVivaldi ayizange iphumelele ikakhulukazi, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuba umqambi encishwe ithuba lokuba umqondisi wemidlalo yakhe yaseshashalazini yaseFerrara ngenxa yokuvinjelwa kukakhadinali ukungena edolobheni (umqambi usolwa ngokuthandana naye. U-Anna Giraud, umfundi wakhe wangaphambili, futhi wenqaba "indela enezinwele ezibomvu" ukugubha inqwaba). Ngenxa yalokho, umdlalo wokuqala we-opera eFerrara wehlulekile.

Ngo-1740, ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, uVivaldi wahamba ohambweni lwakhe lokugcina lokuya eVienna. Izizathu zokushiya kwakhe isigubhukane azicaci. Washonela endlini yomfelokazi womhlali waseViennese ogama lakhe linguWaller futhi wangcwatshwa ngobunxila. Ngokushesha ngemva kokufa kwakhe, igama lenkosi evelele lakhohlwa. Cishe eminyakeni engama-200 kamuva, kuma-20s. Ikhulu lama-300 isazi somculo sase-Italy u-A. Gentili sathola iqoqo eliyingqayizivele lemibhalo yesandla yomqambi (amakhonsathi angu-19, ama-opera ka-1947, izingoma zomculo ezingokomoya nezezwe). Kusukela kulesi sikhathi kuqala ukuvuselelwa kwangempela kwenkazimulo yangaphambili yeVivaldi. Ngo-700, indlu yokushicilela umculo yaseRicordi yaqala ukushicilela imisebenzi ephelele yomqambi, futhi inkampani ye-Philips isanda kuqala ukusebenzisa uhlelo olukhulu ngokulinganayo - ukushicilelwa "konke" i-Vivaldi erekhodiwe. Ezweni lakithi, uVivaldi ungomunye wabaqambi abadlalwa kakhulu nabathandwa kakhulu. Ifa lokudala le-Vivaldi likhulu. Ngokwekhathalogi ye-thematic-systematic egunyaziwe ka-Peter Ryom (igama lamazwe ngamazwe - RV), ihlanganisa izihloko ezingaphezu kuka-500. Indawo eyinhloko emsebenzini kaVivaldi yayibanjwe ikhonsathi yezinsimbi (inani elingama-230 eligciniwe). Insimbi yomculo eyintandokazi yomqambi kwakuyi-violin (amakhonsathi angaba ngu-60). Ngaphezu kwalokho, wabhala amakhonsathi ama-violin amabili, amathathu nane ane-orchestra ne-basso aqhubeke, amakhonsathi e-viola d'amour, i-cello, i-mandolin, imitshingo yobude ne-transverse, i-oboe, i-bassoon. Amakhonsathi angaphezu kuka-40 we-orchestra yezintambo ne-basso ayaqhubeka, ama-sonata wezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ayaziwa. Ema-opera angaphezu kuka-XNUMX (ukubhalwa kwe-Vivaldi maqondana nawo asungulwe ngokuqiniseka), isigamu kuphela sawo asindile. Okungathandwa kakhulu (kodwa okuthakazelisa kancane) yizingoma zakhe eziningi zezwi - ama-cantatas, ama-oratorios, asebenza emibhalweni engokomoya (amahubo, ama-litanies, "Gloria", njll.).

Izingoma eziningi zezinsimbi zika-Vivaldi zinemibhalo engezansi ehleliwe. Abanye babo babhekisela kumdlali wokuqala (Carbonelli Concerto, RV 366), abanye emkhosini lapho lokhu noma lokho kuhlanganiswa kwenziwa okokuqala (Ngomkhosi kaSt. Lorenzo, RV 286). Inqwaba yemibhalo engezansi ikhomba emininingwaneni engajwayelekile yendlela yokwenza (ekhonsathini ebizwa ngokuthi “L'ottavina”, RV 763, wonke amavayolini ayedwa kufanele adlalwe ku-octave ephezulu). Izihloko ezijwayeleke kakhulu ezibonisa isimo esikhona yilezi “Zokuphumula”, “Ukukhathazeka”, “Ukusola” noma “Ukugqugquzelwa Okuvumelanayo”, “Zither” (ezimbili zokugcina zingamagama amaqoqo wamakhonsathi evayolini). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngisho nakuleyo misebenzi, izihloko zazo zibonakala zibonisa izikhathi ezingokomfanekiso zangaphandle ("Storm at Sea", "Goldfinch", "Hunting", njll.), into eyinhloko yomqambi ihlale idlulisa umsindo wezwi elivamile. isimo sengqondo. Isikolo se-The Four Seasons sihlinzekwa ngohlelo olunemininingwane eminingi. Kakade phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, u-Vivaldi waduma njengesazi esivelele se-orchestra, umsunguli wemiphumela eminingi enemibala, wenza okuningi ukuthuthukisa indlela yokudlala i-violin.

S. Lebedev

Imisebenzi emangalisayo ka-A. Vivaldi ingeyodumo olukhulu, emhlabeni wonke. Ama-ensembles anamuhla adumile anikela ubusuku emsebenzini wakhe (i-Moscow Chamber Orchestra eqhutshwa ngu-R. Barshai, i-Roman Virtuosos, njll.) futhi, mhlawumbe, ngemva kuka-Bach no-Handel, u-Vivaldi uthandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabaqambi benkathi yomculo we-baroque. Namuhla kubonakala sengathi ithole impilo yesibili.

Wajabulela ukuthandwa okubanzi ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, wayengumqambi wekhonsathi yezinsimbi ezicula yedwa. Ukuthuthukiswa kwalolu hlobo kuwo wonke amazwe phakathi nesikhathi sonke se-preclassical kuhlotshaniswa nomsebenzi we-Vivaldi. Amakhonsathi kaVivaldi abe yimodeli kaBach, Locatelli, Tartini, Leclerc, Benda nabanye. U-Bach uhlele amakhonsathi e-violin angu-6 ka-Vivaldi e-clavier, wenza amakhonsathi omculo kwa-2 futhi waphinda wenza eyodwa yama-clavier angu-4.

“Ngesikhathi u-Bach ese-Weimar, wonke umhlaba womculo wawuncoma umsuka wamakhonsathi akamuva (okungukuthi, Vivaldi. – LR). U-Bach wabhala amakhonsathi e-Vivaldi ukuze angawenzi afinyeleleke emphakathini jikelele, futhi angafundi kuwo, kodwa kuphela ngoba kwamjabulisa. Ngokungangabazeki, wazuza kuVivaldi. Wafunda kuye ukucaca nokuvumelana kokwakha. indlela ephelele ye-violin esekelwe kumculo omnandi. ”…

Kodwa-ke, njengoba idume kakhulu engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX, iVivaldi kamuva yacishe yalibaleka. “Lapho ngemva kokufa kukaCorelli,” kubhala uPencherl, “inkumbulo yakhe yaqina futhi yahlotshiswa ngokwengeziwe phakathi neminyaka edlule, uVivaldi, owayecishe adume kangako phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, wanyamalala ngokoqobo ngemva kweminyaka embalwa embalwa ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo nangokomoya. . Indalo yakhe ishiya izinhlelo, ngisho nezici zokubukeka kwakhe ziyasulwa enkumbulweni. Mayelana nendawo nosuku ashona ngalo, kwakukhona ukuqagela kuphela. Isikhathi eside, izichazamazwi ziphinda imininingwane encane ngaye, egcwele izindawo ezijwayelekile futhi egcwele amaphutha ..».

Kuze kube muva nje, u-Vivaldi wayenesithakazelo kuzazi-mlando kuphela. Ezikoleni zomculo, ezigabeni zokuqala zemfundo, 1-2 amakhonsathi akhe afundwa. Maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ukunaka umsebenzi wakhe kwakhula ngokushesha, futhi kwanda isithakazelo emaqinisweni omlando wakhe. Nokho kuncane kakhulu esikwaziyo ngaye.

Imibono ngefa lakhe, iningi lalo elahlala lingabonakali, yayingalungile ngokuphelele. Kuphela ngo-1927-1930, umqambi nomcwaningi waseTurin u-Alberto Gentili wakwazi ukuthola ama-autographs angaba ngu-300 (!) Vivaldi, okwakuyimpahla yomndeni wakwaDurazzo futhi agcinwe endlini yabo yaseGenoese. Phakathi kwale mibhalo yesandla kukhona ama-opera angu-19, i-oratorio kanye nemiqulu eminingana yesonto nemisebenzi yezinsimbi kaVivaldi. Leli qoqo lasungulwa nguPrince Giacomo Durazzo, i-philanthropist, kusukela ngo-1764, isithunywa sase-Austrian eVenice, lapho, ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yezombangazwe, wayehlanganyela ekuqoqeni amasampula obuciko.

Ngokwentando kaVivaldi, azikho ngaphansi kokushicilelwa, kodwa uGentili waqinisekisa ukudluliselwa kwawo eMtatsheni Wezincwadi Kazwelonke futhi ngalokho wawenza obala. Usosayensi wase-Austrian u-Walter Kollender waqala ukuzifunda, ephikisana ngokuthi u-Vivaldi wayesemashumini ambalwa eminyaka ngaphambi kokuthuthukiswa komculo waseYurophu ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla nezindlela zobuchwepheshe zokudlala i-violin.

Ngokusho kwedatha yakamuva, kuyaziwa ukuthi uVivaldi wabhala ama-opera angu-39, ama-cantatas angu-23, ama-symphonies angu-23, izingoma eziningi zesonto, i-43 i-arias, i-sonatas engu-73 (i-trio ne-solo), i-concerti grossi engu-40; Amakhonsathi e-solo angama-447 ezinsimbi zomculo ezihlukahlukene: 221 e-violin, 20 e-cello, 6 eyeviol damour, 16 emtshingo, 11 e-oboe, 38 e-bassoon, amakhonsathi e-mandolin, uphondo, icilongo kanye nezingoma ezixubile: ukhuni olunevayolini, 2 -x amaviyolini namalutha, imitshingo emi-2, i-oboe, uphondo lwesiNgisi, amacilongo ama-2, ivayolini, ama-viola angu-2, ama-bow quartet, ama-cembalo angu-2, njll.

Usuku lwangempela lokuzalwa lukaVivaldi alwaziwa. U-Pencherle unikeza kuphela usuku olulinganisiwe - ngaphambi kuka-1678. Uyise u-Giovanni Battista Vivaldi wayengumdlali wevayolini endlini yesonto yase-St. Mark e-Venice, futhi engumdlali wezinga lokuqala. Kungenzeka ukuthi indodana yathola imfundo yevayolini kuyise, ngenkathi ifundela ukwakheka noGiovanni Legrenzi, owayephethe isikole sevayolini saseVenetian engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX, wayengumqambi ovelele, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni womculo wezinsimbi. Ngokusobala kuye u-Vivaldi wazuza njengefa uthando lokuzama izingoma zezinsimbi.

Esemncane, u-Vivaldi wangena endlini yesonto efanayo lapho uyise ayesebenza khona njengomholi, futhi kamuva wamfaka esikhundleni sakhe kulesi sikhundla.

Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi womculo oqeqeshiwe washeshe wanezelwa owokomoya - uVivaldi waba umpristi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-September 18, 1693. Kwaze kwaba ngu-1696, wayesesikhundleni somoya esincane, futhi wathola amalungelo aphelele obupristi ngo-March 23, 1703. impilo yakhe.

Ngemva kokuthola ubupristi, uVivaldi akazange ayeke izifundo zakhe zomculo. Ngokuvamile, wayehlanganyela enkonzweni yesonto isikhathi esifushane - unyaka owodwa kuphela, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wenqatshelwa ukukhonza uquqaba. Ababhali bomlando wokuphila komuntu banikeza incazelo ehlekisayo ngaleliqiniso: “Ngesinye isikhathi uVivaldi ekhonza iMisa, futhi kungazelelwe kwafika isihloko se-fugue engqondweni yakhe; eshiya i-altare, uya endlini yongcwele ukuze abhale phansi lesi sihloko, bese ebuyela e-altare. Kwalandela isijeziso, kodwa iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki, eyayimbheka njengomculi, okungukuthi, njengokungathi uyahlanya, yamane yazibekela ukumenqabela ukuqhubeka nokukhonza imisa.

UVivaldi wawaphika amacala anjalo futhi wachaza ukuvinjelwa kwezinkonzo zesonto ngesimo sakhe esibuhlungu. Ngo-1737, lapho esezofika eFerrara ezodlala elinye lama-opera akhe, inxusa likapapa uRuffo wamenqabela ukuba angene edolobheni, ebeka, phakathi kwezinye izizathu, ukuthi akazange alikhonze iMisa. Khona-ke uVivaldi wathumela incwadi (November). 16, 1737) kumphathi wakhe, uMarquis Guido Bentivoglio: “Sekuyiminyaka engu-25 manje ngingalisebenzisi iMisa futhi angisoze ngalikhonza esikhathini esizayo, kodwa hhayi ngokuvinjelwa, njengoba kungase kubikwe emseni wenu, kodwa ngenxa yomusa wami. isinqumo sami, esibangelwa ukugula obekulokhu kungicindezela kusukela ngosuku engazalwa ngalo. Lapho ngigcotshwa njengompristi, ngagubha iMisa unyaka noma kancane, ngabe sengiyeka, ngaphoqeleka ukuba ngiphume e-altare izikhathi ezintathu, ngingaliqedi ngenxa yokugula. Ngenxa yalokho, cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi ngihlala ekhaya futhi ngihamba ngekalishi noma nge-gondola kuphela, ngoba angikwazi ukuhamba ngenxa yesifo sesifuba, noma kunalokho ukucinana kwesifuba. Akukho nesisodwa isicukuthwane esingibizela emzini waso, ngisho inkosana yethu, ngoba wonke umuntu uyazi ngokugula kwami. Ngemva kokudla, ngiyakwazi ukuhamba ngezinyawo, kodwa ngingalokothi ngihambe ngezinyawo. Yingakho ngingalithumeli iMisa.” Le ncwadi inelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi ngoba iqukethe imininingwane yansuku zonke yempilo kaVivaldi, eqhubeka ngendlela evaliwe ngaphakathi kwemingcele yendlu yakhe.

Ephoqelekile ukuba ashiye umsebenzi wakhe wesonto, ngo-September 1703 uVivaldi wangena kwenye ye-conservatories yaseVenetian, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Musical Seminary ye-Hospice House of Piety, esikhundleni se-"violin maestro", enokuqukethwe kwama-ducat angu-60 ngonyaka. Ngalezo zinsuku, amakhaya ezintandane (izibhedlela) emasontweni ayebizwa ngokuthi ama-conservatories. EVenice kwakukhona ezine zamantombazane, eNaples zine zabafana.

Umhambi odumile waseFrance u-de Brosse ushiye le ncazelo elandelayo yezindawo zokugcinwa kwezilwane zaseVenetian: “Umculo wezibhedlela muhle lapha. Bane, futhi bagcwele amantombazane angaphandle, kanye nezintandane noma labo abangakwazi ukukhulisa abazali babo. Bakhuliswa ngezindleko zombuso futhi bafundiswa kakhulu umculo. Bacula njengezingelosi, badlala ivayolini, umtshingo, i-organ, i-oboe, i-cello, i-bassoon, ngegama nje, ayikho insimbi enzima kangaka engabesabisa. Amantombazane angama-40 abamba iqhaza ekhonsathini ngayinye. Ngiyafunga kuwe, akukho okukhangayo njengokubona indelakazi esencane futhi enhle, egqoke izingubo ezimhlophe, enezimbali zamahalananda ezindlebeni zayo, eshaya isikhathi ngomusa wonke nangokunemba.

Wabhala ngentshiseko ngomculo wama-conservatories (ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwe-Mendicanti - isonto le-mendicant) J.-J. URousseau: “NgamaSonto emasontweni alawa ma-Scuoles amane, phakathi ne-Vespers, eneqembu labahlabeleli eliphelele ne-orchestra, izingoma eziqanjwe abaqambi abakhulu base-Italy, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwabo siqu, zidlalwa amantombazane amancane kuphela, amadala kunawo wonke. akakabi neminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala. Basezitobhini ngemuva kwezinsimbi. Mina noma uCarrio asikaze siphuthelwe lawa maVespers e-Mendicanti. Kodwa ngaphelelwa ithemba ngalezi zinsimbi eziqalekisiwe, ezazikhipha imisindo kuphela futhi zifihle ubuso bezingelosi zobuhle ezifanele le misindo. Ngisanda kukhuluma ngayo. Ngake ngasho into efanayo kuMnu. de Blond.

U-De Blon, obeyingxenye yabaphathi be-conservatory, wethula uRousseau kubaculi. “Woza, Sophia,” wayesabeka. “Woza, Kattina,” wayegwegwe iso elilodwa. “Woza, Bettina,” ubuso bakhe babukhutshazwe ingxibongo. Nokho, “ububi abukubali ngaphandle ukukhanga, futhi babenabo,” kunezela uRousseau.

Engena e-Conservatory of Piety, uVivaldi wathola ithuba lokusebenza ne-orchestra egcwele (ngethusi ne-ogani) eyayitholakala lapho, eyayibhekwa njengengcono kakhulu eVenice.

Mayelana neVenice, impilo yayo yomculo neyeshashalazi kanye nezindawo zokugcinwa kwezilwane kungahlulelwa ngemigqa elandelayo esuka enhliziyweni kaRomain Rolland: “IVenice ngaleso sikhathi yayiyinhloko-dolobha yomculo yase-Italy. Lapho, phakathi nomkhosi, njalo kusihlwa kwakudlalwa ezindlini ze-opera eziyisikhombisa. Njalo kusihlwa i-Academy of Music yayihlangana, okungukuthi, kwakukhona umhlangano womculo, ngezinye izikhathi kwakunemihlangano emibili noma emithathu enjalo kusihlwa. Imikhosi yomculo yayiba khona emasontweni nsuku zonke, amakhonsathi athatha amahora ambalwa ngokuhlanganyela kwama-orchestra amaningana, izitho zomculo eziningana kanye namakhwaya amaningana ahambisanayo. NgeMigqibelo nangeSonto, ama vespers adumile ayesetshenziswa ezibhedlela, lezo zindawo zokugcinwa kwezilwane zabesifazane, lapho izintandane, amantombazane athola izingane, noma amantombazane anamazwi amnandi ayefundiswa umculo; banikeza amakhonsathi e-orchestra nezwi, okwahlanya yonke iVenice ..».

Ekupheleni konyaka wokuqala wenkonzo yakhe, uVivaldi wathola isihloko esithi "maestro of the choir", ukukhushulwa kwakhe okuqhubekayo akwaziwa, kuqinisekile ukuthi wakhonza njengomfundisi we-violin nokucula, futhi, ngezikhathi ezithile, njengomholi we-orchestra nomqambi.

Ngo-1713 wathola ikhefu futhi, ngokusho kwenani lababhali bokuphila kwakhe, waya eDarmstadt, lapho asebenza khona iminyaka emithathu endlini yesonto yoMbusi waseDarmstadt. Nokho, uPencherl uthi uVivaldi akazange aye eJalimane, kodwa wasebenza eMantua, endlini yesonto likaDuke, hhayi ngo-1713, kodwa kusukela ngo-1720 kuya ku-1723. UPencherl uyakufakazela lokhu ngokubhekisela encwadini evela kuVivaldi, owabhala: “EMantua Ngangisenkonzweni yeNkosana yaseDarmstadt eqotho iminyaka emithathu,” futhi inquma isikhathi sokuhlala kwakhe lapho ngokuthi isihloko se-maestro yesonto likaDuke sivela emakhasini ezihloko zezincwadi zikaVivaldi eziphrintiwe kuphela ngemva kuka-1720 unyaka.

Kusukela ngo-1713 kuya ku-1718, uVivaldi wayehlala eVenice cishe ngokuqhubekayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-opera akhe ayedlalwa cishe njalo ngonyaka, owokuqala ngo-1713.

Ngo-1717, udumo lukaVivaldi lwase lukhule ngendlela engavamile. Umdlali wevayolini odumile waseJalimane uJohann Georg Pisendel uyafika ezofunda naye. Ngokuvamile, uVivaldi wafundisa ikakhulukazi abadlali be-orchestra ye-Conservatory, hhayi nje abadlali bezinsimbi kuphela, kodwa nabahlabeleli.

Kwanele ukusho ukuthi wayenguthisha wabaculi be-opera abakhulu njengo-Anna Giraud noFaustina Bodoni. “Walungiselela umculi ogama lakhe linguFaustina, amphoqa ukuba alingise ngezwi lakhe konke okwakungenziwa ngesikhathi sakhe ku-violin, umtshingo, i-oboe.”

U-Vivaldi waba nobungane kakhulu noPisendel. UPencherl ucaphuna indaba elandelayo ka-I. Giller. Ngolunye usuku uPisendel wayehamba eduze kweSitembu saseSt. esinesihloko esithi "Redhead". Kuthe kusenjalo waphazamisa ingxoxo wathula wathi akabuyele ekhaya ngokushesha. Lapho esesekhaya, wachaza isizathu sokubuya kwakhe kungazelelwe: isikhathi eside, imibuthano emine yalandela futhi yabuka uPisendel osemusha. U-Vivaldi wabuza ukuthi umfundi wakhe wayewasho amagama anenhlamba noma kuphi, futhi wathi angaphumi endlini kuze kube yilapho esezilungisele yena le ndaba. UVivaldi wabona umshushisi futhi wathola ukuthi uPisendel wayenephutha njengomuntu othile osolisayo ayefana naye.

Kusukela ngo-1718 kuya ku-1722, uVivaldi akafakwanga ohlwini lwemibhalo ye-Conservatory of Piety, eqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ahambe aye eMantua. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngezikhathi ezithile wabonakala edolobheni lakubo, lapho ama-opera akhe aqhubeka edlalwa khona. Wabuyela Conservatory ngo-1723, kodwa kakade njengoba umqambi odumile. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezintsha, wayephoqelekile ukuthi abhale amakhonsathi angu-2 ngenyanga, ngomvuzo we-sequin ngekhonsathi ngayinye, futhi enze izivivinyo ezingu-3-4 kubo. Ekufezeni le misebenzi, uVivaldi wayihlanganisa nohambo olude nolukude. UVivaldi wabhala ngo-14: “Sekuyiminyaka engu-1737 ngihamba no-Anna Giraud emadolobheni amaningi aseYurophu. Ngachitha izinkathi ezintathu ze-carnival eRome ngenxa ye-opera. Ngamenyelwa eVienna.” ERoma, ungumqambi othandwa kakhulu, isitayela sakhe sokusebenza silingisa wonke umuntu. E-Venice ngo-1726 wenza njengomqhubi we-orchestra e-Theater of St. Angelo, ngokusobala ngo-1728, uya eVienna. Bese kulandela iminyaka emithathu, ingenalwazi. Futhi, ezinye izethulo mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwama-opera akhe eVenice, Florence, Verona, Ancona zisikhanyisela ngezimo zokuphila kwakhe. Ngokuhambisanayo, kusukela ngo-1735 kuya ku-1740, waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe e-Conservatory of Piety.

Usuku oluqondile lokushona kukaVivaldi alwaziwa. Imithombo eminingi ibonisa i-1743.

Izithombe ezinhlanu zomqambi omkhulu zisekhona. Eyakuqala nethembekile kakhulu, ngokusobala, eka-P. Ghezzi futhi ibhekisela ku-1723. "I-pop enezinwele ezibomvu" iboniswa ijule esifubeni kuphrofayela. Isiphongo sitshekile kancane, izinwele ezinde zigoqekile, isilevu sikhomba, ukubukeka okujabulisayo kugcwele intando kanye nelukuluku.

UVivaldi wayegula kakhulu. Encwadini eya kuMarquis Guido Bentivoglio (November 16, 1737), ubhala ukuthi uphoqeleka ukuba enze uhambo lwakhe luhambisane nabantu abangu-4-5 - futhi konke ngenxa yesimo esibuhlungu. Nokho, ukugula akuzange kumvimbe ekubeni ashiseke kakhulu. Usohambweni olungapheli, uqondisa imidlalo ye-opera, uxoxa ngezindima nabahlabeleli, ulwa nokufisa kwabo, uqhuba izincwadi eziningi, uqhuba ama-orchestra futhi ukwazi ukubhala inani elimangalisayo lemisebenzi. Usebenza kakhulu futhi uyakwazi ukuhlela izindaba zakhe. UDe Brosse uthi ngokuxakayo: “UVivaldi waba omunye wabangane bami abakhulu ukuze angidayisele amakhonsathi akhe abizayo.” Ukhothama phambi kwabanamandla baleli zwe, ekhetha ngokuhlakanipha abasekeli, abanokholo ngokungcwele, nakuba engathambekele nakancane ekuzincisheni izinjabulo zezwe. Njengoba umpristi ongumKatolika, futhi, ngokwemithetho yale nkolo, encishwa ithuba lokushada, iminyaka eminingi wayethandana nomfundi wakhe, umculi u-Anna Giraud. Ukuba seduze kwabo kwabangela uVivaldi inkinga enkulu. Ngakho, isikhulu sikapapa eFerrara ngo-1737 wenqaba uVivaldi ukungena edolobheni, hhayi nje ngoba wayenqatshelwe ukuya ezinkonzweni zesonto, kodwa ikakhulukazi ngenxa yalokhu kusondelana okunecala. Umbhali wemidlalo yase-Italy odumile uCarlo Goldoni wabhala ukuthi uGiraud wayemubi, kodwa ekhangayo - wayenokhalo oluncane, amehlo amahle nezinwele, umlomo othakazelisayo, enezwi elibuthakathaka kanye nethalenta lesiteji elingangabazeki.

Incazelo engcono kakhulu yobuntu bukaVivaldi itholakala ku-Golden's Memoirs.

Ngolunye usuku, uGoldoni wacelwa ukuba enze izinguquko embhalweni we-opera Griselda ngomculo kaVivaldi, owawudlalwa eVenice. Ngale njongo, waya endlini kaVivaldi. Umqambi wamamukela ephethe incwadi yomthandazo ezandleni zakhe, ekamelweni eligcwele amanothi. Wamangala kakhulu ukuthi esikhundleni sikaLalli, u-Librettist omdala, izinguquko kufanele zenziwe nguGodoni.

“- Ngazi kahle, mnumzane wami othandekayo, ukuthi unekhono lobunkondlo; Ngabona i-Belisarius yakho, engangiyithanda kakhulu, kodwa lokhu kuhluke kakhulu: ungakha inhlekelele, inkondlo evelele, uma uthanda, futhi ungabhekana ne-quatrain ukuze usethe umculo. Nginike injabulo yokwazi umdlalo wakho. “Ngiyacela, ngokujabula. Ngiyibeke kuphi iGriselda? Ubelapha. Deus, ku-adjutorium meum intende, Domine, Domine, Domine. (Nkulunkulu, yehlela kimi! Nkosi, Nkosi, Nkosi). Wayekhona nje. Domine adjuvandum (Nkosi, siza). Ah, nansi, bheka, mnumzane, lesi sigameko phakathi kukaGualtiere noGriselda, yisigameko esithakazelisa kakhulu, esithinta inhliziyo. Umlobi waphetha nge-aria edabukisayo, kodwa u-signorina Giraud akathandi izingoma ezibuhlungu, angathanda into ecacile, ejabulisayo, i-aria eveza uthando ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, isibonelo, amagama aphazanyiswa ukububula, ngesenzo, ukunyakaza. Angazi noma uyangizwa yini? "Yebo, mnumzane, sengivele ngaqonda, ngaphandle kwalokho, ngase ngivele nginelungelo lokuzwa uSignorina Giraud, futhi ngiyazi ukuthi izwi lakhe alinamandla. "Mnumzane, uthuka kanjani umfundi wami?" Konke kuyatholakala kuye, ucula yonke into. “Yebo, mnumzane, uqinisile; nginike incwadi ngiye emsebenzini. “Cha, mnumzane, angikwazi, ngiyamdinga, ngikhathazeke kakhulu. “Hhayi-ke, mnumzane, uma umatasatasa, nginike umzuzu owodwa futhi ngizokwanelisa ngokushesha.” - Ngokushesha? “Yebo, mnumzane, masinyane. U-Abbot, ehleka kancane, enginika umdlalo, iphepha kanye nenki, aphinde athathe incwadi yokuthandaza futhi, ahambe, afunde amahubo namahubo akhe. Ngafunda isigameko esasivele saziwa kimi, ngakhumbula izifiso zomculi, futhi esikhathini esingaphansi kwekota yehora ngadweba i-aria yamavesi angu-8 ephepheni, ahlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili. Ngishayela umuntu wami ongokomoya ngimbonise umsebenzi. U-Vivaldi uyafunda, ibunzi lakhe libushelelezi, aphinde afunde, akhulume izibabazo zenjabulo, aphonse i-breviary yakhe phansi futhi abize uSignorina Giraud. Uyavela; kahle, uthi, nangu umuntu ongavamile, nansi imbongi enhle kakhulu: funda le aria; umsayini wakwenza ngaphandle kokusukuma endaweni yakhe engxenyeni yesine yehora; bese ephendukela kimi: ah, mnumzane, ngixolele. “Futhi uyangigona, efunga ukuthi kusukela manje kuqhubeke ngizoba ngedwa imbongi yakhe.”

UPencherl uphetha umsebenzi onikezelwe kuVivaldi ngala mazwi alandelayo: "Yile ndlela uVivaldi aboniswa ngayo kithi lapho sihlanganisa lonke ulwazi lomuntu siqu ngaye: oludalwe ngokungafani, olubuthakathaka, olugulayo, nokho luphila njengesibhamu, lulungele ukucasuka futhi ngokushesha ehlise umoya, asuke ebuzeni bezwe aye ekukhulekeleni okuyizinkolelo-ze, anenkani futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ahlalise lapho kudingekile, i-mystic, kodwa elungele ukwehla emhlabeni uma kuziwa ezithakazelweni zakhe, futhi hhayi neze isiwula ekuhleleni izindaba zakhe.

Futhi konke kufanelana kanjani nomculo wakhe! Kuyo, ama-sublime pathos wesitayela sesonto ahlanganiswe nokushisekela okungapheli kokuphila, okuphakeme kuhlanganiswe nokuphila kwansuku zonke, okungabonakali ngekhonkrithi. Emakhonsathini akhe, ama- fugues anokhahlo, ama-adagio okulila ahambisana nawo, izingoma zabantu abavamile, izosha ezisuka enhliziyweni nomsindo womdanso ojabulisayo. Ubhala imisebenzi yohlelo - umjikelezo odumile othi "Izinkathi" futhi unikeze ikhonsathi ngayinye ngezigaba ze-bucolic ezingenangqondo ze-abbot:

Intwasahlobo isifikile, imemezela ngokuzithoba. Umdanso wakhe oyindilinga ojabulisayo, nengoma yasezintabeni izwakala. Nomfudlana uyabubula ngakuye. Umoya we-Zephyr uphulula yonke imvelo.

Kodwa ngokuphazima kweso kwaba mnyama, kwakhanya umbani, Intwasahlobo ibika – ukuduma kwezulu kwakhukhula ezintabeni Kwathula kwathi cwaka; nengoma yelaki, Zihlakazekile koluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, zigijimela ezigodini.

Lapho ukhaphethi wezimbali zasesigodini umboze, Lapho kuqhaqhazela isihlahla namaqabunga kuheleza umoya, Nenja ezinyaweni zayo, umalusi uyaphupha.

Futhi futhi u-Pan angalalela umtshingo womlingo Ngokuzwakala kwakhe, ama-nymphs ayadansa futhi, Ukwamukela uMthakathi-intwasahlobo.

Ehlobo, i-Vivaldi yenza igwababa i-cuckoo, ijuba likhale, i-goldfinch itshiyoze; “Ekwindla” ikhonsathi iqala ngengoma yezakhamuzi ezibuya emasimini. Futhi udala izithombe zezinkondlo zemvelo kwamanye amakhonsathi ohlelo, njenge "Storm at Sea", "Night", "Pastoral". Ubuye abe namakhonsathi abonisa isimo sengqondo: "Ukusola", "Ukuphumula", "Ukukhathazeka". Amakhonsathi akhe amabili anendikimba ethi "Ebusuku" angabhekwa njengama-nocturnes okuqala e-symphonic emculweni womhlaba.

Imibhalo yakhe iyamangalisa ngokucebile kwemicabango. Njengoba ephethe i-orchestra, uVivaldi uhlale ezama. Izinsimbi zomculo ezingomeni zakhe zingaba yi-ascetic kakhulu noma i-frivolously virtuosic. I-Motoity kwamanye amakhonsathi ivula indlela yokubhala izingoma ezikhululekile, okumnandi kwamanye. Imiphumela emibalabala, ukudlala kwetimbres, njengendawo emaphakathi ye-Concerto yamaviyolini amathathu anomsindo we-pizzicato ekhangayo, cishe "yi-impressionistic".

U-Vivaldi udale ngesivinini esimangalisayo: “Ukulungele ukubheja ukuthi angakwazi ukuqamba ikhonsathi enazo zonke izingxenye zakhe ngokushesha kunokuba umbhali angayibhala kabusha,” kubhala u-de Brosse. Mhlawumbe kulapho kuvela khona ukuzenzela kanye nokusha komculo kaVivaldi, osekuphele iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ejabulisa abalaleli.

L. Raaben, 1967