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UHenryk Wieniawski

Venyavsky. U-Capriccio Waltz (Jascha Heifetz) →

Lona ngumuntu onobusathane, uvamise ukwenza lokho okungenakwenzeka, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, uyakufeza. G. Berlioz

I-Romanticism yabangela inqwaba yezingoma zamakhonsathi ezakhiwe ama-virtuoso adumile. Cishe zonke sezikhohliwe, futhi izibonelo zobuciko kuphela ezisele esiteji sekhonsathi. Phakathi kwazo kukhona imisebenzi kaG. Wieniawski. Amakhonsathi akhe, ama-mazurkas, amapholona, ​​izingcezu zekhonsathi zifakiwe ku-repertoire yawo wonke ama-violinist, adumile esiteji ngenxa yokufaneleka kwawo kobuciko okungangabazeki, isitayela sezwe esikhanyayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlakaniphile kwamakhono e-virtuoso yensimbi.

Isisekelo somsebenzi we-violinist wasePoland ngumculo wesintu, owawubona kusukela ebuntwaneni. Ekusetshenzisweni kobuciko, wakufunda ngemisebenzi kaF. Chopin, S. Moniuszko, K. Lipinski, isiphetho sakhe esibhekene naye. Ukufunda no-S. Servachinsky, kwase kuba seParis no-JL Massard, futhi ehlanganiswe no-I. Collet kwanikeza u-Wieniawski ukuqeqeshwa okuhle kochwepheshe. Kakade lapho eneminyaka engu-11 ubudala, wayeqamba Ukuhlukahluka endikimbeni ye-mazurka, futhi lapho eneminyaka engu-13, imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala yanyatheliswa - i-Great Fantastic Caprice endikimbeni yokuqala kanye ne-Sonata Allegro (ebhalwe nomfowabo uJozef, umdlali wopiyano. ), eyathola imvume kaBerlioz.

Kusukela ngo-1848, Venyavsky waqala izinkambo ezijulile eYurophu naseRussia, okwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe. Udlala kanye noF. Liszt, A. Rubinstein, A. Nikish, K. Davydov, G. Ernst, I. Joachim, S. Taneyev nabanye, okubangela injabulo evamile ngomdlalo wakhe ovuthayo. Ngokungangabazeki u-Wieniawski wayengumdlali wevayolini ongcono kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe. Akekho owayengaqhudelana naye ngokushuba kwemizwelo nangezinga lomdlalo, ubuhle bomsindo, ubuhle obukhangayo. Kwakuyilezi zimfanelo ezabonakaliswa ezingomeni zakhe, ezinquma ububanzi bezindlela zazo ezivezayo, izithombe, izinsimbi ezimibalabala.

Ithonya elinezithelo ekuthuthukisweni komsebenzi kaVenyavsky laba khona lapho ehlala eRussia, lapho ayecula yedwa enkantolo (1860-72), uprofesa wokuqala wekilasi levayolini eSt. Petersburg Conservatory (1862-68). Lapha waba umngane noTchaikovsky, u-Anton noNikolai Rubinstein, A. Esipova, C. Cui nabanye, lapha wadala inani elikhulu lezingoma. Ngo-1872-74. Ukuvakasha kukaVenyavsky eMelika kanye no-A. Rubinstein, bese efundisa eBrussels Conservatory. Phakathi nohambo lwaseRussia ngo-1879, uVenyavsky wagula kakhulu. Ngesicelo sika-N. Rubinstein, u-N. von Meck wambeka endlini yakhe. Naphezu kokwelashwa ngokucophelela, uVenyavsky wafa ngaphambi kokuba afinyelele eminyakeni engu-45 ubudala. Inhliziyo yakhe yacekelwa phansi umsebenzi wekhonsathi ongabekezeleleki.

Umsebenzi ka-Wieniawski uxhumeke ngokuphelele ne-violin, njengoba kunjalo nomsebenzi we-Chopin ngepiyano. Wenza ivayolini ikhulume ngolimi olusha olunemibala, wembula amathuba ayo e-timbre, ubuhle, ukuhlobisa okuthakazelisayo. Amasu amaningi achazayo atholwe nguye akha isisekelo sendlela ye-violin yekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Sekukonke, Venyavsky udale imisebenzi engaba ngu-40, ezinye zazo zahlala zingashicilelwe. Amakhonsathi akhe amabili e-violin adumile esiteji. Owokuqala ungowohlobo lwekhonsathi “enkulu” ye-virtuoso-romantic, evela kumakhonsathi ka-N. Paganini. I-virtuoso eneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili yadala ngesikhathi sokuhlala kwakhe no-Liszt e-Weimar futhi yaveza kuyo ukucabangela kobusha, ukuphakanyiswa kwemizwa. Isithombe esiyinhloko seqhawe lezothando elingaphezi, elinqoba zonke izithiyo, lisuka ekungqubuzaneni okumangalisayo nezwe lidlulele ekucabangeni okuphakeme liye ekucwilisweni ekugelezeni kwamaholide empilo.

Ikhonsathi yesibili iyiseyili ye-lyric-romantic. Zonke izingxenye zihlanganiswe yindikimba yomculo eyodwa - itimu yothando, iphupho lobuhle, elithola ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwe-symphonic ekhonsathini kusuka endaweni ekude, ekhangayo, ephikisana nokudideka okukhulu kwemizwa, ukujabula kwemikhosi, ukunqoba isiqalo esikhanyayo.

Kuzo zonke izinhlobo u-Wieniawski aphendukela kuzo, umculi kazwelonke wasePoland waba nomthelela. Ngokwemvelo, ukunambitheka kwesintu kuzwakala ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezikhule ngemidanso yesi-Polish. Ama-mazurka ka-Wieniawski ayizigcawu ezicacile ezivela empilweni yabantu. Bahlukaniswa ngomculo omnandi, isigqi esinwebekayo, ukusetshenziswa kwamasu okudlala ama-violinist abantu. Ama-polonaise amabili ka-Wieniawski ayizingcezu zekhonsathi ze-virtuoso ezidalwe ngaphansi kwethonya lika-Chopin no-Lipinski (okunikezelwe kubo i-Polonaise Yokuqala). Bapenda izithombe zodwendwe olunesizotha, ubumnandi bemikhosi. Uma ithalente lezingoma zomculi wasePoland libonakaliswe kuma-mazurkas, khona-ke kuma-polonaises - isikali kanye nesimo sengqondo esihambisana nesitayela sakhe sokwenza. Indawo eqinile ku-repertoire yama-violinists yayithathwe yimidlalo efana ne-"Legend", i-Scherzo-tarantella, ingqikithi yoqobo enokuhlukahluka, "i-Russian Carnival", i-Fantasia ngezindikimba ze-opera "Faust" kaCh. Gounod, njll.

Izingoma ze-Venyavsky azizange zibe nomthelela kuphela emisebenzini edalwe ngabadlali be-violin, isibonelo, u-E. Yzai, owayengumfundi wakhe, noma u-F. Kreisler, kodwa ngokuvamile izingoma eziningi ze-violin repertoire, kwanele ukukhomba imisebenzi kaTchaikovsky. , N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Glazunov. I-virtuoso yasePoland idale "isithombe sevayolini" esikhethekile, esiheha ngobuhlakani bekhonsathi, umusa, ukuthokoza kwemizwa yothando, nobuzwe bangempela.

V. Grigoriev

I-Venyavsky iyisibalo esikhanya kakhulu kwezobuciko be-virtuoso-romantic engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Wagcina amasiko alobu buciko kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe. “Khumbulani, nobabili,” esho esokhukhweni lokufa ku-Nikolai Rubinstein noLeopold Auer, “I-Carnival yaseVenice iyafa nami.”

Ngempela, kanye noVenyavsky, umkhuba wonke owakhiwe ekusebenzeni kwe-violin yomhlaba, eyingqayizivele, yokuqala, eyakhiwe yi-Paganini genius, yayiphela, ibuyele esikhathini esidlule, "i-Venetian Carnival" lapho umculi ofayo akhuluma khona.

Babhala ngoVenyavsky: “Umnsalo wakhe omangalisayo ukhanga kakhulu, imisindo yevayolini yakhe inomphumela omangalisayo emphefumulweni kangangokuthi umuntu akakwazi ukuzwa ngokwanele ngalo mculi. Emdlalweni weVenyavsky, "lowo mlilo ongcwele uyabila, okukukhanga ungathandi, noma ujabulisa zonke izinzwa zakho, noma ukuphulula izindlebe zakho ngobumnene."

"Ngendlela yakhe yokusebenza, ehlanganisa umlilo, intshiseko yePole nobuhle nokunambitha komFulentshi, ibonise ubuntu bangempela, imvelo ethakazelisayo yobuciko. Ukudlala kwakhe kwabamba izinhliziyo zabalaleli, futhi, ngokwezinga elingavamile, wayenekhono lokudonsa izethameli kusukela ekuqaleni kokuvela kwakhe.

Phakathi nezimpi phakathi kweRomantics namaClassicists, evikela intsha, evuthiwe yobuciko bothando, u-Odoevsky wabhala: “Umbhali walesi sihloko angazibiza ngokufanelekile ngokuthi isazi-mlando sokugxeka. Wamelana nezingxabano eziningi ngobuciko, abuthanda ngentshiseko, futhi manje endabeni yobuciko obufanayo unikeza izwi lakhe futhi, eshiya lonke ubandlululo, weluleka bonke abaculi bethu abasha ukuba bashiye lesi sikole esidala saseKreutzer naseRodeva, esifanelekile esikoleni sethu. ikhulu leminyaka lokufundisa abaculi abaphakathi kuphela be-orchestra. Baqoqa inkokhiso efanelekile kusukela ekhulwini labo - futhi lokho kwanele. Manje sesinama-virtuosos ethu, anesilinganiso esibanzi, anamavesi ahlakaniphile, ahlabelela ngothando, anemiphumela ehlukahlukene. Vumela ababuyekezi bethu bakubize njengowaka. Umphakathi nabantu abazi ubuciko bazohlonipha ukwahlulela kwabo okubi ngokumamatheka okuyindida.

Amaphupho, ukuthuthukiswa okungaqondakali, imiphumela emihle nehlukahlukene, imizwa evuthayo - lezi izimfanelo ezihlukanisa ukusebenza kwezothando, futhi ngalezi zimfanelo kwakuphikisana nemithetho eqinile yesikole sakudala. U-Odoevsky ubhala ngokuqhubekayo: Kubonakala sengathi inyoni ekhululekile inyukele esibhakabhakeni futhi yelulele amaphiko ayo amibalabala emoyeni.

Ubuciko bama-romantics bashisa izinhliziyo ngelangabi layo, futhi baphakamisa imiphefumulo ngogqozi. Ngisho nomkhathi wawuhaywa. Umdlali wevayolini waseNorway u-Ole Bull, ngesikhathi eseRoma, “wathuthukisa eColosseum ngesicelo sabaculi abathile, phakathi kwabo okwakukhona noThorvaldsen noFernley abadumile . . . imisindo yomculi ophefumulelwe yezwakala, futhi izithunzi zamaRoma amakhulu zazibonakala, zilalele izingoma zakhe zasenyakatho.

U-Wieniawski wayengowale nhlangano ngokuphelele, ehlanganyela zonke izimfanelo zayo ezinhle, kodwa futhi nohlangothi oluthile olulodwa. Ngisho nabadlali bevayolini abakhulu besikole samaPagani ngezinye izikhathi babedela ukujula komculo ukuze bathole umphumela, futhi ubuhle babo obuhle babaheha kakhulu. Ubuhle babahlaba umxhwele nabalaleli. Ukunethezeka, ukukhalipha kanye ne-bravura yezinsimbi kwakungeyona nje imfashini, kodwa futhi nesidingo.

Nokho, ukuphila kukaVenyavsky kwathatha izinkathi ezimbili. Wasinda kwezothando, okwakufudumeza yonke into eyayimzungezile ebusheni bakhe, futhi ngokuziqhenya walondoloza amasiko ayo lapho ubuciko bothando, ngezindlela ezibonakala ngayo engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX, besebuvele bufa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uVenyavsky wabhekana nethonya lemimoya ehlukahlukene yothando. Kuze kube maphakathi nokuphila kwakhe kokudala, ekahle kuye kwaba Paganini futhi Paganini kuphela. Elandela isibonelo sakhe, uVenyavsky wabhala "i-Russian Carnival", esebenzisa imiphumela efanayo ethi "Carnival of Venice" igcwele; Ama-harmonics kaPaganin kanye ne-pizzicato ahlobisa imicabango yakhe ye-violin - "Izinkumbulo zaseMoscow", "Red Sundress". Kufanele kwengezwe ukuthi ama-motifs kazwelonke asePoland ayehlala eqinile kwezobuciko buka-Wieniawski, futhi imfundo yakhe yaseParis yenza isiko lomculo lesiFulentshi lisondele kuye. I-instrumentalism kaVenyavsky yayiphawuleka ngokukhanya kwayo, umusa, nobuhle, okwamholela kude ne-Paganiniev's instrumentalism.

Engxenyeni yesibili yokuphila kwakhe, mhlawumbe ngaphandle kwethonya labazalwane baseRubinstein, uVenyavsky owayesondelene kakhulu naye, kwafika isikhathi sothando lukaMendelssohn. Uhlala edlala imisebenzi yenkosi yaseLeipzig futhi, ehlanganisa i-Concerto Yesibili, iqondiswa ngokucacile yikhonsathi yakhe ye-violin.

Izwe lika-Wieniawski yidolobha lasendulo lasePoland laseLublin. Wazalwa ngoJulayi 10, 1835 emndenini kadokotela Tadeusz Wieniawski, owayehlukaniswa ngemfundo nomculo. Umama we-violinist esizayo, uRegina Venyavskaya, wayengumdlali wopiyano omuhle kakhulu.

Ukuqeqeshwa kwevayolin kwaqala ngineminyaka engu-6 nomdlali wevayolini wendawo uJan Gornzel. Isithakazelo kule nsimbi kanye nesifiso sokufunda kuso savela kumfana ngenxa yomdlalo awuzwa ngomdlali wevayolini waseHungary uMiska Gauser, owanikeza amakhonsathi ngo-1841 eLublin.

Ngemva kokuba uGornzel, owabeka isisekelo samakhono kaWieniawski evayolini, lo mfana wanikelwa kuStanisław Serwaczynski. Lo thisha waba nenhlanhla yokuba uthisha wabadlali bevayolini ababili abakhulu bekhulu lesi-XNUMX - uWieniawski noJoachim: ngesikhathi uSerwaczynski ehlala ePest, uJosef Joachim waqala ukufunda naye.

Impumelelo kaHenryk encane yayimangalisa kangangokuthi uyise wanquma ukumbonisa umculi we-violinist waseCzech uPanofka owanikeza amakhonsathi eWarsaw. Wajabula ngethalente lomntwana futhi wameluleka ukuba amyise eParis kuthisha odumile uLambert Massard (1811-1892). Ekwindla ka-1843, uHenryk waya eParis nonina. Ngo-November 8, wangeniswa ezinhlwini zabafundi baseParis Conservatory, ngokuphambene nomthetho-sisekelo wayo, owawuvumela ukwamukelwa kwezingane kusukela eminyakeni engu-12. UVenyavsky ngaleso sikhathi wayeneminyaka engu-8 kuphela!

Umalume wakhe, umfowabo kanina, umshayi wepiyano odumile wasePoland u-Eduard Wolf, owayedumile emibuthanweni yomculo yenhloko-dolobha yaseFrance, wabamba iqhaza elimangalisayo esiphethweni somfana. Ngesicelo sikaWolf, uMassard, ngemva kokulalela umshayi wevayolini osemusha, wamyisa ekilasini lakhe.

U-I. Reise, umbhali womlando kaVenyavsky, uthi uMassard, emangazwe amakhono omfana nokuzwa kwakhe, wanquma ukuhlola okungavamile - wamphoqa ukuba afunde ikhonsathi kaRudolf Kreutzer ngendlebe, ngaphandle kokuthinta i-violin.

Ngo-1846 uVenyavsky wathweswa iziqu ngokunqoba e-Conservatory, ethola umklomelo wokuqala emncintiswaneni wokuthweswa iziqu kanye nendondo enkulu yegolide. Njengoba uVenyavsky wayengumnikazi wezifundo zaseRussia, umnqobi osemusha wathola ivayolin yeGuarneri del Gesu eqoqweni leTsar yaseRussia.

Ukuphela Conservatory kwaba brilliant kangangokuthi Paris waqala ukukhuluma Venyavsky. Omama bomdlali wevayolini banikeza izinkontileka zokuvakasha kwamakhonsathi. I-Venyavskys izungezwe ukuhlonipha abafuduki basePoland, banoMickiewicz endlini yabo; U-Gioacchino Rossini uncoma ithalente lika-Henryk.

Ngesikhathi uHenryk ephothula e-conservatory, umama wakhe waletha indodana yakhe yesibili eParis - uJozef, umdlali wopiyano we-virtuoso wesikhathi esizayo. Ngakho-ke, ama-Wieniawski ahlala enhloko-dolobha yaseFrance iminyaka emi-2, futhi uHenryk waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe noMasar.

Ngo-February 12, 1848, abazalwane baseVenyavsky benza ikhonsathi yokuvalelisa eParis futhi baya eRussia. Ema isikhashana eLublin, uHenryk waya eSt. Lapha, ngoMashi 31, Ephreli 18, 4 no-16, kwenzeka amakhonsathi akhe yedwa, abe yimpumelelo yokunqoba.

UVenyavsky waletha uhlelo lwakhe lwe-conservatory eSt. Ikhonsathi yeshumi nesikhombisa kaViotti yathatha indawo evelele kuyo. UMasard wafundisa abafundi bakhe esikoleni samabanga aphansi saseFrance. Uma sibheka isibuyekezo saseSt. Petersburg, lo mculi osemusha wadlala i-Viotti Concerto ngokunganaki, eyihlomisa “ngemihlobiso eyengeziwe.” Indlela enjalo "yokuvuselela" ama-classics yayingeyona into ehlukile ngaleso sikhathi, ama-virtuosos amaningi awona ngalokhu. Nokho, akazange ahlangane nokuzwelana abalandeli esikoleni classical. “Kungacatshangwa ukuthi,” kubhala umbuyekezi, “uVenyavsky akakaqondi isimo esizolile nesiqinile salo msebenzi.”

Vele, intsha yomculi nayo yathinta uthando lobuhle. Kodwa-ke, wabe esevele eshaya nje kuphela ngamasu, kodwa futhi nemizwelo yomlilo. “Le ngane ihlakaniphe ngokungangabazeki,” kusho uVieuxtan, owayekhona ekhonsathini yakhe, “ngoba eminyakeni yakhe akwenzeki ukuthi adlale ngomuzwa ovuthayo, futhi nakakhulu ngokuqonda okunjalo nangohlelo olucatshangelwe ngokujulile. . Ingxenye yemishini yomdlalo wakhe izoshintsha, kodwa ngisho namanje udlala ngendlela engakaze idlale noyedwa wethu eminyakeni yakhe.

Ezinhlelweni zeVenyavsky, izethameli azijabulisi kuphela umdlalo, kodwa futhi nemisebenzi yakhe. Le nsizwa ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlobonhlobo nemidlalo - ezothando, i-nocturne, njll.

Besuka eSt. Petersburg, umama nendodana baya eFinland, eRevel, eRiga, bese besuka lapho baye eWarsaw, lapho umdlali wevayolini elindelwe ukunqoba okusha. Nokho, amaphupho Venyavsky ukuqhubeka nemfundo yakhe, manje ekubunjweni. Abazali bacela imvume kuziphathimandla zaseRussia ukuba baye eParis futhi, futhi ngo-1849 umama namadodana baya eFrance. Endleleni, eDresden, uHenryk udlala phambi komdlali wevayolini odumile wasePoland uKarol Lipinski. "Wayeyithanda kakhulu i-Genek," u-Venyavskaya ubhalela umyeni wakhe. “Saze sadlala ne-Mozart Quartet, okungukuthi, uLipinski noGenek babedlala ivayolini, futhi mina noYuzik sasidlala izingxenye ze-cello ne-viola ophiyaneni. Kwakumnandi, kodwa kukhona nezimanga. USolwazi uLipinski ucele uGenek ukuthi adlale ivayolini yokuqala. Ucabanga ukuthi umfana unamahloni? Uhole iquartet sengathi uwazi kahle amaphuzu. U-Lipinski usinikeze incwadi yokuncoma eya ku-Liszt.

E-Paris, u-Wieniawski wafunda ukuqamba unyaka noHippolyte Collet. Izincwadi zikanina zithi ukhuthele emsebenzini wakhe e-Kreutzer futhi uhlose ukubhala izifundo zakhe. Ufunda kakhulu: izintandokazi zakhe nguHugo, uBalzac, uGeorge Sand noStendhal.

Kodwa manje ukuqeqeshwa sekuphelile. Esivivinyweni sokugcina, u-Wieniawski ubonisa impumelelo yakhe njengomqambi - "Village Mazurka" kanye ne-Fantasia ngezindikimba ezivela ku-opera ethi "The Prophet" kaMeyerbeer. Futhi - umklomelo wokuqala! "U-Hector Berlioz uye waba umuntu othanda ikhono lamadodana ethu," u-Venyavskaya ubhalela umyeni wakhe.

Ngaphambi kokuthi u-Henrik avule i-virtuoso yekhonsathi yomgwaqo ebanzi. Muncane, muhle, uyathandeka, unomlingisi ovulekile ojabule oheha izinhliziyo kuye, futhi umdlalo wakhe uheha abalaleli. Encwadini ethi “The Magic Violin” ka-E. Chekalsky, ethinta inoveli ye-tabloid, kunikezwe imininingwane eminingi enoshukela yezigigaba zomculi osemusha uDon Juan.

1851-1853 uVenyavsky wavakashela eRussia, enza uhambo olukhulu ngaleso sikhathi emadolobheni amakhulu engxenyeni yaseYurophu yezwe. Ngaphandle kweSt. Petersburg neMoscow, yena nomfowabo bavakashela iKyiv, Kharkov, Odessa, Poltava, Voronezh, Kursk, Tula, Penza, Orel, Tambov, Saratov, Simbirsk, benikeza amakhonsathi angaba ngamakhulu amabili eminyakeni emibili.

Incwadi ye-violinist yaseRussia edumile u-V. Bezekirsky ichaza isiqephu esinelukuluku esivela ekuphileni kukaVenyavsky, esibonisa isimo sakhe esingalawuleki, unomona omkhulu ngempumelelo yakhe emkhakheni wobuciko. Lesi siqephu siyathakazelisa futhi ngoba sibonisa indlela uVenyavsky ayeziphatha ngokudelela ngayo izikhundla lapho ukuziqhenya kwakhe njengengcweti kulinyazwa.

Ngolunye usuku ngo-1852, uVenyavsky wenza ikhonsathi eMoscow noWilma Neruda, omunye wama-violin virtuosos adumile aseCzech. “Lobu busuku, obuthakazelisa kakhulu kwezomculo, bube nehlazo elikhulu elinemiphumela edabukisayo. UVenyavsky wadlala engxenyeni yokuqala, futhi, ngokuqinisekile, ngempumelelo enkulu, okwesibili - uNeruda, futhi lapho eseqedile, uVieuxtan, owayesehholo, wamlethela isixha. Izilaleli, njengokungathi zisebenzisa lesi sikhathi esikahle, zanikeza i-virtuoso emangalisayo umsindo onomsindo. Lokhu kwamlimaza kakhulu uVenyavsky kangangokuthi waphinde wavela esiteji nge-violin futhi wamemezela ngokuzwakalayo ukuthi ufuna ukufakazela ukuphakama kwakhe phezu kukaNeruda. Izilaleli zazigcwele phama esiteji, phakathi kwazo kukhona nojenene wezempi owayenganqeni ukukhulumela phezulu. Ejabule uVenyavsky, efuna ukuqala ukudlala, wambambatha ujenene ehlombe ngomnsalo wakhe futhi wamcela ukuba ayeke ukukhuluma. Ngosuku olulandelayo, uVenyavsky wathola umyalo ovela kuMbusi-Jikelele Zakrevsky ukuba ahambe eMoscow ngehora le-24.

Ekuqaleni kwempilo yakhe, u-1853 ugqamile, ecebile ngamakhonsathi (eMoscow, Karlsbad, Marienbad, Aachen, Leipzig, lapho uVenyavsky amangala izethameli ngekhonsathi esanda kuqedwa ye-fis-moll) nokuqamba imisebenzi. UHenryk ubonakala egxile kakhulu ekusunguleni. I-polonaise yokuqala, "Izinkumbulo zaseMoscow", i-violin eyedwa, ama-mazurka amaningana, i-elegiac adagio. I-romance engenamagama kanye ne-Rondo yonke ibuyele emuva ku-1853. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi okuningi okungenhla kwabhalwa ngaphambili futhi manje sekuthole ukuqedwa kokugcina.

Ngo-1858, uVenyavsky wasondelana no-Anton Rubinstein. Amakhonsathi abo eParis aba yimpumelelo enkulu. Kulolu hlelo, phakathi kwezingcezu ezivamile ze-virtuoso kukhona i-Beethoven Concerto kanye ne-Kreutzer Sonata. Ngobusuku begumbi uVenyavsky wenza i-quartet kaRubinstein, enye ye-sonatas ka-Bach kanye ne-trio kaMendelssohn. Noma kunjalo, indlela yakhe yokudlala ihlala i-virtuoso ikakhulukazi. Emdlalweni othi The Carnival of Venice, okunye ukubukezwa kwango-1858 kuthi, “wathuthukisa nokuzethemba namahlaya alethwa emfashinini abanduleli bakhe.”

Unyaka ka-1859 waba inguquko ekuphileni komuntu siqu Venyavsky. Kwaphawulwa izehlakalo ezimbili - umshado ka-Isabella Osborne-Hampton, isihlobo somqambi wesiNgisi nendodakazi yeNkosi uThomas Hampton, kanye nesimemo sokuya eSt. igatsha laseSt. Petersburg le-Russian Musical Society.

Umshado kaVenyavsky wenziwa eParis ngo-August 1860. Umshado wawukhona uBerlioz noRossini. Ngesicelo sabazali bomakoti, uVenyavsky waqinisekisa impilo yakhe ngesamba esihle sama-franc angama-200. “Iminikelo emikhulu okwakudingeka ikhokhwe minyaka yonke enkampanini yomshuwalense kamuva yaba umthombo wezinkinga zezezimali eziqhubekayo kuVenyavsky futhi esinye sezizathu ezaholela ekufeni kwakhe kungazelelwe,” kunezela umbhali womlando wokuphila waseSoviet womdlali wevayolini u-I. Yampolsky.

Ngemva komshado Venyavsky wathatha Isabella ezweni lakubo. Isikhathi esithile bahlala eLublin, base bethuthela eWarsaw, lapho baba abangane abakhulu noMoniuszko.

UVenyavsky wafika eSt. Petersburg phakathi nenkathi yokwanda okusheshayo ekuphileni komphakathi. Ngo-1859, kwavulwa i-Russian Musical Society (RMO), ngo-1861 kwaqala izinguquko ezacekela phansi indlela yangaphambili ye-serfdom eRussia. Naphezu kwakho konke ukungathembeki kwabo, lezi zinguquko zashintsha kakhulu iqiniso laseRussia. Iminyaka yawo-60 yaphawulwa ukuthuthuka okunamandla kwemibono ekhululayo, yentando yeningi, okwabangela ukulangazelela ubuzwe kanye namaqiniso emkhakheni wezobuciko. Imibono yokukhanyiselwa ngentando yeningi yaphazamisa izingqondo ezingcono kakhulu, futhi isimo esishisekayo sikaVenyavsky, yiqiniso, asikwazanga ukuhlala singenandaba nalokho okwakwenzeka nxazonke. Kanye no-Anton Rubinstein, uVenyavsky wabamba iqhaza eliqondile nelisebenzayo enhlanganweni ye-Conservatory yaseRussia. Ekwindla ka-1860, amakilasi omculo avulwa ohlelweni lwe-RMO - umanduleli we-conservatory. “Amabutho omculo angcono kakhulu angaleso sikhathi, ayeseSt. Petersburg,” uRubinstein wabhala kamuva, “anikela ngomsebenzi wawo nesikhathi sokukhokha okusesilinganisweni, uma nje ebeka isisekelo sesizathu esihle kakhulu: Leshetitsky, Nissen-Saloman, UVenyavsky nabanye bakuthatha kwenzeka ... emakilasini ethu omculo eMikhailovsky Palace kuphela i-ruble yesiliva ngesifundo ngasinye.

E-Conservatory evulekile, uVenyavsky waba uprofesa wakhe wokuqala ekilasini le-violin ne-chamber ensemble. Waba nesithakazelo ekufundiseni. Intsha eningi enekhono yafunda ekilasini lakhe - K. Putilov, D. Panov, V. Salin, kamuva owaba abadlali abavelele kanye nezibalo zomculo. UDmitry Panov, umfundisi we-conservatory, wahola i-Quartet yaseRussia (iPanov, Leonov, Egorov, Kuznetsov); UKonstantin Putilov wayengumculi wekhonsathi ovelele, uVasily Salin wafundisa eKharkov, eMoscow naseChisinau, futhi wayehlanganyela emisebenzini yasekamelweni. P. Krasnokutsky, kamuva umsizi ka-Auer, waqala ukufunda noVenyavsky; I. U-Altani washiya ikilasi likaVenyavsky, nakuba aziwa kangcono njengomqhubi, hhayi umdlali we-violinist. Ngokuvamile, i-Venyavsky iqashe abantu abangu-12.

Ngokusobala, uVenyavsky wayengenalo uhlelo lokufundisa oluthuthukisiwe futhi wayengeyena uthisha ngomqondo oqinile wegama, nakuba uhlelo olwabhalwa nguye, olugcinwe ku-State Historical Archive eLeningrad, lubonisa ukuthi wayefuna ukufundisa abafundi bakhe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. repertoire equkethe inani elikhulu lemisebenzi yakudala. “Kuye nasekilasini, umdwebi omkhulu, onamawala, othatheka, ngaphandle kokuzithiba, ngaphandle kokuhleleka, waba nomphumela,” kubhala uV. Bessel, ekhumbula iminyaka yokufunda kwakhe. Kodwa, “akunakusho ukuthi amazwi kanye nomboniso ngokwawo, okungukuthi, ukusebenza esigabeni sezigaba ezinzima, kanye nezinkomba ezifanele zezindlela zokusebenza, konke lokhu, kuthathwe ndawonye, ​​kwakunenani eliphezulu. ” Ekilasini, uVenyavsky wahlala engumculi, umdwebi owathatha abafundi bakhe futhi wabathonya ngokudlala kwakhe kanye nemvelo yobuciko.

Ngaphezu pedagogy, Venyavsky wenza eminye imisebenzi eminingi eRussia. Ubecula yedwa kwi-orchestra e-Imperial Opera ne-Ballet Theatres, ecula yedwa enkantolo, futhi esebenza njengomqhubi. Kodwa-ke, ikakhulukazi uVenyavsky wayengumculi wekhonsathi, wanikeza amakhonsathi amaningi e-solo, adlalwa kuma-ensembles, ahola i-quartet ye-RMS.

I-quartet yadlala ngo-1860-1862 namalungu alandelayo: Venyavsky, Pikkel, Weikman, Schubert; kusukela ngo-1863, uKarl Schubert wathathelwa indawo yi-cellist yaseRussia evelele Karl Yulievich Davydov. Ngesikhathi esifushane, i-quartet yegatsha laseSt. Imvelo yakhe yothando yayishisa kakhulu futhi izimisele ukuba igcinwe ngaphakathi kohlaka oluqinile lokusebenza kwe-ensemble. Noma kunjalo, umsebenzi oqhubekayo ku-quartet wahlela naye, wenza ukusebenza kwakhe kwavuthwa futhi kujulile.

Kodwa-ke, hhayi kuphela i-quartet, kodwa yonke indawo yokuphila komculo waseRussia, ukuxhumana nabaculi abanjengo-A. Rubinstein, K. Davydov, M. Balakirev, M. Mussorgsky, N. Rimsky-Korsakov, kwaba nomthelela omuhle kuVenyavsky njengoba umculi ngezindlela eziningi. Umsebenzi ka-Wienyavsky ubonisa ukuthi intshiseko yakhe emiphumeleni ye-technical bravura yehle kangakanani futhi ukulangazelela kwakhe isosha kwakhula.

I-repertoire yakhe yekhonsathi nayo yashintsha, lapho indawo enkulu yayigcwele ama-classics - i-Chaconne, i-solo sonatas kanye ne-partitas ka-Bach, ikhonsathi ye-violin, i-sonatas nama-quartet ka-Beethoven. Ku-sonatas kaBeethoven, wakhetha u-Kreutzer. Mhlawumbe, wayesondelene naye ekugqameni kwakhe ekhonsathini. U-Venyavsky wadlala ngokuphindaphindiwe i-Kreutzer Sonata no-A. Rubinstein, futhi ngesikhathi sokugcina eRussia, wake wadlala no-S. Taneyev. Waqamba ama-cadenza akhe ekhonsathi ka-Beethoven's Violin.

Ukuhumusha kukaVenyavsky kwama-classics kufakazela ukujula kwamakhono akhe obuciko. Ngo-1860, lapho efika okokuqala eRussia, umuntu wayengafunda ekuhlaziyeni amakhonsathi akhe: “Uma sahlulela ngokuqinile, ngaphandle kokuthatheka ngobuhlakani, akunakwenzeka ukuba singaqapheli ukuthi ukuzola okwengeziwe, uvalo oluncane ekudlaleni kungaba khona. ukungezwa okuwusizo ekupheleleni” ( Sikhuluma ngokudlalwa kwekhonsathi kaMendelssohn). Eminyakeni emine kamuva, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwakhe kwelinye lamaquartets okugcina ka-Beethoven yisazi esicashile njengo-IS Turgenev kunomlingisi ohluke ngokuphelele. NgoJanuwari 14, 1864, uTurgenev wabhalela uPauline Viardot: “Namuhla ngizwe i-Beethoven Quartet, Op. 127 (posthume), edlalwa ngokuphelela nguVenyavsky noDavydov. Yayihluke kakhulu kwekaMorin noChevillard. U-Wieniawski ukhule ngendlela engavamile kusukela ngagcina ukumuzwa; udlale ingoma kaBach ethi Chaconne yevayolini eyedwa ngendlela yokuthi wakwazi ukulalela ngisho nangemva kukaJoachim ongenakuqhathaniswa.

Ukuphila komuntu siqu kaVenyavsky kwashintsha kancane ngisho nangemva komshado wakhe. Akazange ehlise umoya. Itafula lokugembula elisaluhlaza kanye nabesifazane bamqhweba kubo.

U-Auer ushiye isithombe esiphilayo sika-Wieniawski umdlali. Lapho eseWiesbaden wavakashela ikhasino. “Ngesikhathi ngingena ekhasino, ucabanga ukuthi ubani engambona ekude, uma kungeyena uHenryk Wieniawski, oza kimi ngemuva kwelinye lamatafula okugembula, omude, onezinwele ezinde ezimnyama i-la Liszt namehlo amakhulu amnyama avezayo ... wangitshela ukuthi ngesonto eledlule wayedlale eCaen, ukuthi wayevela eSt. Petersburg noNikolai Rubinstein, nokuthi ngesikhathi engiqaphela, wayematasa. umsebenzi kwelinye lamatafula okugembula, wasebenzisa “uhlelo” olunembile kangangokuthi wayenethemba lokucekela phansi ibhange lekhasino laseWiesbaden ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Yena no-Nikolai Rubinstein bajoyina izihloko zabo ndawonye, ​​​​futhi njengoba u-Nikolai enomlingisi olinganiselayo, manje uqhubeka nomdlalo yedwa. U-Venyavsky wangichazela yonke imininingwane yalolu "hlelo" olungaqondakali, oluthi, ngokusho kwakhe, lusebenza ngaphandle kokwehluleka. Selokhu bafika,” wangitshela, “cishe emasontweni amabili edlule, ngamunye wabo utshale ama-franc angu-1000 ebhizinisini elivamile, futhi kusukela ngosuku lokuqala nje libalethela inzuzo engama-franc angu-500 nsuku zonke.”

URubinstein noVenyavsky badonsele u-Auer “emsebenzini” wabo futhi. "Isistimu" yabo bobabili abangani yasebenza ngokugqamile izinsuku ezimbalwa, futhi abangane babephila impilo enganaki futhi ejabulisayo. “Ngaqala ukuthola isabelo sami semali engenayo futhi ngangicabanga ukushiya isikhundla sami e-Düsseldorf ukuze ngithole umsebenzi ophelele eWiesbaden noma e-Baden-Baden ukuze “ngisebenze” amahora ambalwa ngosuku ngokohlelo oludumile “lwesistimu” … ngolunye usuku uRubinstein wabonakala, elahlekelwa yonke imali.

– Sizokwenzani manje? Ngibuzile. - Ingabe? waphendula, “ukwenzani? “Sizodla isidlo sasemini!”

U-Venyavsky wahlala eRussia kwaze kwaba ngu-1872. Iminyaka engu-4 ngaphambi kwalokho, okungukuthi, ngo-1868, washiya i-conservatory, enikeza i-Auer. Cishe, wayengafuni ukuhlala ngemva kokuba u-Anton Rubinstein emshiyile, owasula njengomqondisi ngo-1867 ngenxa yokungavumelani nenani loprofesa. U-Venyavsky wayengumngane omkhulu kaRubinstein futhi, ngokusobala, isimo esakhula e-Conservatory ngemva kokuhamba kuka-Anton Grigorievich sasingamukeleki kuye. Ngokuqondene nokuhamba kwakhe eRussia ngo-1872, kulokhu, mhlawumbe, ukungqubuzana kwakhe nombusi waseWarsaw, umcindezeli onolaka wombuso wasePoland, u-Count FF Berg, wadlala indima.

Ngesinye isikhathi, ekhonsathini yasenkantolo, u-Wieniawski wathola isimemo esivela eBerg sokuba amvakashele eWarsaw ukuze enze ikhonsathi. Nokho, lapho efika kumbusi, wamxosha ehhovisi, ethi akanaso isikhathi samakhonsathi. Ehamba, uVenyavsky waphendukela ku-adjutant:

“Ake ungitshele, ingabe i-viceroy ihlale inesizotha ezivakashini?” - Ngempela! Kusho umsizi okhaliphile. “Akukho okunye engingakwenza ngaphandle kokukuhalalisela,” kusho umdlali wevayolini, evalelisa kumsizi.

Lapho u-adjunta ebika amazwi ka-Wieniawski kuBerg, wathukuthela wagana unwabu futhi wayala ukuba lo mculi onenkani akhishwe eWarsaw ngo-24 ngehora ngokuthuka isikhulu esiphezulu se-tsarist. U-Wieniawski ubonwe yiwo wonke umculo we-Warsaw nezimbali. Kodwa isigameko sombusi saba nomthelela esikhundleni sakhe enkantolo yaseRussia. Ngakho, ngentando yezimo Venyavsky kwadingeka ashiye izwe lapho wanika 12 yeminyaka engcono yokudala yokuphila kwakhe.

Impilo ehlelekile, iwayini, umdlalo wamakhadi, abesifazane babukela phansi impilo ka-Wieniawski kusenesikhathi. Isifo senhliziyo esibi saqala eRussia. Okubi nakakhulu kuye kwakuwuhambo oluya e-United States ngo-1872 no-Anton Rubinstein, lapho banikeza amakhonsathi angu-244 ngezinsuku ezingu-215. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Venyavsky waqhubeka ephila zasendle. Waqala ukuthandana nomculi uPaola Lucca. “Phakathi kwesigqi esingalawuleki samakhonsathi nemidlalo, umdlali wevayolini wayethola isikhathi sokugembula. Kwaba sengathi ushisa ukuphila kwakhe ngamabomu, engayilondolozi impilo yakhe ebuthakathaka kakade.

Ukushisa, ulaka, ukuthatheka ngentshiseko, ingabe uVenyavsky wayekwazi ukuzisindisa? Phela, washisa kukho konke - kwezobuciko, othandweni, empilweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayengenabo ubuhlobo obuseduze obungokomoya nomkakhe. I-bourgeois encane, ehloniphekile, yazala izingane ezine, kodwa ayikwazanga, futhi yayingafuni ukuba phezulu kunezwe lomndeni wakubo. Wayekhathalela ukudla okumnandi kuphela komyeni wakhe. Wamnika ukudla naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uVenyavsky, owayekhuluphala futhi egula ngenhliziyo, wayeyingozi yokufa. Izithakazelo zobuciko zomyeni wakhe zahlala zingajwayelekile kuye. Ngakho, emndenini, akukho lutho olwalumgcina, akukho lutho olumnika ukwaneliseka. U-Isabella wayengekho kuye lokho uJosephine Aeder ayeku-Viet Nam, noma uMaria Malibran-Garcia kuCharles Bériot.

Ngo-1874 wabuyela eYurophu egula kakhulu. Ekwindla yonyaka ofanayo, wamenywa e-Brussels Conservatory ukuba athathe isikhundla sokuba uprofesa we-violin esikhundleni seViettan osethathe umhlalaphansi. Venyavsky wavuma. Phakathi kwabanye abafundi, Eugene Ysaye wafunda naye. Nokho, lapho, ngemva kokululama ekuguleni kwakhe, uVietang efisa ukubuyela endaweni yokugcinwa kwezilwane ngo-1877, uWieniawski ngokuzithandela waya ukumhlangabeza. Iminyaka yohambo oluqhubekayo isifikile futhi, futhi lokhu kunempilo ebhujiswe ngokuphelele!

Novemba 11, 1878 Venyavsky wanikeza ekhonsathini eBerlin. U-Joachim ulethe lonke ikilasi lakhe ekhonsathini yakhe. Amandla abevele emkhohlisa, waphoqeleka ukuthi adlale ehlezi. Maphakathi nekhonsathi, ukufuthelana kwamphoqa ukuba ayeke ukudlala. Khona-ke, ukuze asindise isimo, u-Joachim wangena esiteji futhi waphetha kusihlwa ngokudlala i-Chaconne ka-Bach nezinye izingcezu ezimbalwa.

Ukungavikeleki kwezezimali, isidingo sokukhokhela umshwalense kwaphoqa uVenyavsky ukuthi aqhubeke nokunikeza amakhonsathi. Ekupheleni kuka-1878, ngesimemo sikaNikolai Rubinstein, waya eMoscow. Ngisho nangalesi sikhathi, umdlalo wakhe uheha izethameli. Mayelana nekhonsathi, eyaba ngo-December 15, 1878, babhala: “Izilaleli, njengoba kwakubonakala kithi, umculi ngokwakhe, bakhohlwa yonke into futhi bayiswa ezweni elinomlingo.” Kwakuphakathi nalokhu kuvakasha lapho uVenyavsky adlala khona iKreutzer Sonata noTaneyev ngo-December 17.

Ikhonsathi ayiphumelelanga. Futhi, njengaseBerlin, umculi waphoqeleka ukuba aphazamise ukusebenza ngemuva kwengxenye yokuqala ye-sonata. U-Arno Gilf, uthisha osemusha eMoscow Conservatory, waqeda ukumdlalela.

Ngo-December 22, Venyavsky kwakufanele abambe iqhaza ekhonsathini esiza abantulayo esivuna isikhwama sokusiza abafelokazi nezintandane abaculi. Ekuqaleni wayefuna ukudlala i-Beethoven Concerto, kodwa esikhundleni sayo wafaka uMendelssohn Concerto. Kodwa-ke, enomuzwa wokuthi akasakwazi ukudlala isiqephu esikhulu, wanquma ukuzihlanganisa nezingcezu ezimbili - I-Beethoven's Romance ku-F enkulu kanye ne-The Legend of his own composition. Kodwa naye wehluleka ukufeza le nhloso - ngemuva kokuthi uRomance eshiye isiteji.

Kulesi sifundazwe, Venyavsky wahamba ekuqaleni kuka-1879 eningizimu yeRussia. Lwaqala kanjalo uhambo lwakhe lokugcina lwekhonsathi. Uzakwethu kwakungumculi odumile waseFrance u-Desiree Artaud. Bafika e-Odessa, lapho, ngemva kwemidlalo emibili (February 9 no-11), Venyavsky wagula. Kwakungekho mbuzo wokuqhubeka nokuvakasha. Walala esibhedlela cishe izinyanga ezimbili, ngobunzima wanika (April 14) elinye ikhonsathi futhi wabuyela eMoscow. NgoNovemba 20, 1879, lesi sifo saphinde sadlula i-Wieniawski. Walaliswa esibhedlela saseMariinsky, kodwa ngenxa yokuphikelela kwesazi esidumile saseRussia u-NF von Meck, ngo-February 14, 1880, wadluliselwa endlini yakhe, lapho anikezwa khona ukunakwa nokunakekelwa okukhethekile. Abangane bomdlali wevayolini bahlela ikhonsathi eSt. Petersburg, imali eyatholwa ngayo ukukhokhela umshwalense futhi yanikeza umkhaya wakwaWieniawski imali yomshuwalense. Ikhonsathi ibihanjelwe ngu-AG no-NG Rubinstein, K. Davydov, L. Auer, umfowabo womdlali wevayolini u-Józef Wieniawski nabanye abaculi abakhulu.

Ngo-March 31, 1880, Venyavsky wafa. U-P. Tchaikovsky von Meck wabhala: “Silahlekelwe umshayi we-violini ongenakuqhathaniswa, nomqambi onekhono kakhulu. Kulokhu, ngibheka u-Wieniawski njengesiphiwo esicebile kakhulu. Inganekwane yakhe ekhangayo kanye nezinye izingxenye zekhonsathi yama-c-minor kufakazela ithalente lokudala elibucayi.

Ngo-April 3, kwaba nenkonzo yesikhumbuzo eMoscow. Ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-N. Rubinstein, i-orchestra, ikwaya kanye nabacula ngabodwana baseBolshoi Theatre benza i-Mozart's Requiem. Khona-ke ibhokisi elinomlotha we-Wieniawski layiswa eWarsaw.

Umngcwabo wafika eWarsaw ngomhlaka-8 Ephreli. Umuzi wawuzilile. “Esontweni elikhulu laseSt. Cross, eligxunyekwe ngokuphelele ngendwangu yokuzila, emotweni ethwala izidumbu ephakeme, ezungezwe amalambu esiliva namakhandlela avuthayo, kubekwe ibhokisi lomngcwabo, elifakwe ivelvet elinsomi futhi lihlotshiswe ngokucebile ngezimbali. Kwakulele inqwaba yamagoda ezimbali phezu kwebhokisi nasezitebhisini zemoto yezidumbu. Maphakathi nebhokisi kwakulele ivayolini yomculi omkhulu, konke kugcwele izimbali neveli lokulila. Abaculi be-opera yasePoland, abafundi be-conservatory kanye namalungu omphakathi womculo badlala i-Requiem ka-Moniuszko. Ngaphandle kwe-"Ave, Maria" kaCherubini, kwenziwa kuphela imisebenzi yabaqambi basePoland. Umshayi wevayolini osemusha, onekhono u-G. Bartsevich wenza ngobuciko ngempela Inganekwane yenkondlo yaseVenyavsky, ehambisana nezitho.

Ngakho inhloko-dolobha yasePoland yabona umculi ohambweni lwakhe lokugcina. Wangcwatshwa, ngokuvumelana nesifiso sakhe, ayesizwakalisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, emathuneni asePovoznkovsky.

L. Raaben