UGrigory Pavlovich Pyatigorsky |

Gregor Piatigorsky

UGrigory Pyatigorsky - ongowokuzalwa eYekaterinoslav (manje eyiDnepropetrovsk). Njengoba kamuva efakaza encwadini yakhe yesikhumbuzo, umndeni wakhe wawuneholo elincane kakhulu, kodwa akazange alambe. Okugqama kakhulu kuye kwasebuntwaneni kwaba ukuhamba njalo noyise benqamula amaqele eduze kwase-Dnieper, evakashela isitolo sezincwadi sikamkhulu wakhe futhi efunda ngokungahleliwe izincwadi ezigcinwe lapho, nokuhlala egumbini elingaphansi nabazali bakhe, umfowabo nodadewabo ngesikhathi somzabalazo waseYekaterinoslav. . Ubaba kaGregory wayengumdlali wevayolini futhi, ngokwemvelo, waqala ukufundisa indodana yakhe ukudlala ivayolini. Ubaba akazange akhohlwe ukunikeza indodana yakhe izifundo upiyano. Umndeni wakwaPyatigorsky wawuvame ukuya emidlalweni yomculo namakhonsathi endaweni yaseshashalazini yendawo, futhi yilapho uGrisha omncane ebona khona futhi ezwa umculi we-cellist okokuqala ngqa. Indlela adlale ngayo yahlaba umxhwele kakhulu enganeni kangangokuthi yagula ngokoqobo ngaleli thuluzi.

Wathola izingodo ezimbili; Ngafaka enkulu phakathi kwemilenze yami njenge-cello, kuyilapho encane kwakufanele imele umnsalo. Ngisho ne-violin yakhe wazama ukuyifaka iqonde phezulu ukuze ibe yinto efana ne-cello. Ebona konke lokhu, ubaba wathengela umfana oneminyaka eyisikhombisa i-cello encane futhi wamema uYampolsky othile njengothisha. Ngemva kokuhamba Yampolsky, umqondisi wesikole somculo wendawo waba uthisha Grisha. Umfana wenza intuthuko ephawulekayo, futhi ehlobo, lapho abadlali abavela emadolobheni ahlukene aseRussia befika edolobheni ngesikhathi samakhonsathi e-symphony, uyise waphendukela kumculi wokuqala we-orchestra ehlangene, umfundi woprofesa odumile we-Moscow Conservatory Y. Klengel, uMnu. Kinkulkin ngesicelo - ukulalela indodana yakhe. U-Kinkulkin ulalele ukusebenza kukaGrisha kwemisebenzi eminingi, ethinta iminwe yakhe etafuleni futhi egcina ukubonakala kwetshe ebusweni bakhe. Khona-ke, lapho uGrisha ebeka i-cello eceleni, wathi: “Lalela ngokucophelela, mfana wami. Tshela uyihlo ukuthi ngikweluleka kakhulu ukuthi ukhethe umsebenzi ofanelana nawe kangcono. Beka i-cello eceleni. Awunalo ikhono lokuyidlala.” Ekuqaleni, uGrisha wayejabule: ungakwazi ukuqeda izivivinyo zansuku zonke futhi uchithe isikhathi esiningi udlala ibhola nabangani. Kodwa ngemva kwesonto, waqala ukulangazelela ukubheka ngasemseleni owawunesizungu umi ekhoneni. Ubaba wakubona lokhu futhi wayala umfana ukuba aqhubeke nezifundo zakhe.

Amazwi ambalwa mayelana uyise Grigory, Pavel Pyatigorsky. Ebusheni bakhe, wanqoba izithiyo eziningi ukuze angene eMoscow Conservatory, lapho aba khona umfundi womsunguli odumile wesikole se-violin yaseRussia, uLeopold Auer. UPawulu wamelana nesifiso sikayise, umkhulu uGregory, sokumenza umthengisi wezincwadi (uyise kaPaul waze wayilahla nefa indodana yakhe ehlubukayo). Ngakho uGrigory wazuza njengefa ukulangazelela kwakhe izinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo nokuphikelela esifisweni sakhe sokuba umculi kuyise.

UGrigory noyise baya eMoscow, lapho osemusha wangena Conservatory futhi waba umfundi Gubarev, bese Von Glenn (lokugcina kwaba umfundi cellists abadumile Karl Davydov futhi Brandukov). Isimo sezezimali somndeni asizange sivumele ukusekela uGregory (nakuba, ebona impumelelo yakhe, umqondisi we-Conservatory wamkhulula emalini yokufunda). Ngakho-ke, umfana oneminyaka eyishumi nambili kwadingeka athole imali eyengeziwe kumathilomu aseMoscow, edlala kuma-ensembles amancane. Ngendlela, ngesikhathi esifanayo, wakwazi ngisho nokuthumela imali kubazali bakhe eYekaterinoslav. Ehlobo, i-orchestra ne-Grisha yahamba ngaphandle kweMoscow futhi yavakashela izifundazwe. Kodwa ekwindla, amakilasi kwadingeka aqale kabusha; ngaphandle kwalokho, uGrisha naye wafunda esikoleni esibanzi e-Conservatory.

Ngandlela-thile, odumile wopiyano nomqambi, uProfessor Keneman wamema uGrigory ukuba abambe iqhaza ekhonsathini ye-FI Chaliapin (uGrigory kwakufanele enze izinombolo eziyedwa phakathi kokusebenza kukaChaliapin). UGrisha ongenalwazi, efuna ukudonsa izethameli, wadlala ngokugqamile nangokucacile kangangokuthi izethameli zafuna i-cello solo, ecasula umculi odumile, okubonakala kwakhe esiteji kubambezelekile.

Lapho kugqashuka iNguquko ka-October, uGregory wayeneminyaka engu-14 kuphela ubudala. Wabamba iqhaza emncintiswaneni wesikhundla se-soloist ye-Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra. Ngemva kokudlala kwakhe i-Concerto for Cello kanye ne-Dvorak Orchestra, ijaji, eliholwa umqhubi omkhulu wetiyetha u-V. Suk, lamema uGrigory ukuba athathe isikhundla somphelezeli we-cello we-Bolshoi Theatre. Futhi uGregory wakwazi ngokushesha i-repertoire eyinkimbinkimbi yemidlalo yaseshashalazini, edlala izingxenye eziyedwa kuma-ballet nama-opera.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uGrigory wathola ikhadi lokudla kwezingane! Abaculi be-orchestra, futhi phakathi kwabo uGrigory, bahlele ama-ensembles aphuma namakhonsathi. UGrigory nozakwabo benza phambi kwezikhanyiso ze-Art Theatre: Stanislavsky, Nemirovich-Danchenko, Kachalov noMoskvin; babamba iqhaza kumakhonsathi axubile lapho uMayakovsky noYesenin benza khona. Ehlangene no-Isai Dobrovein kanye noFishberg-Mishakov, wenza njengabathathu; kwenzeka ukuthi adlale kuma-duets no-Igumnov, uGoldenweiser. Wabamba iqhaza emdlalweni wokuqala waseRussia weRavel Trio. Ngokushesha, osemusha, owayedlala ingxenye ehamba phambili ye-cello, wayengasabonwa njengohlobo lwengane ehlakaniphile: wayeyilungu eligcwele leqembu lokudala. Lapho umqhubi uGregor Fitelberg efika ezocula okokuqala kaRichard Strauss uDon Quixote eRussia, wathi i-cello solo kulo msebenzi yayinzima kakhulu, ngakho wamema ngokukhethekile uMnu. Giskin.

UGrigory ngokuthobeka wavumela umculi oyedwa owayemenyiwe futhi wahlala phansi ku-cello console yesibili. Kodwa-ke abaculi bavele babhikisha. "I-cellist yethu ingadlala le ngxenye njenganoma ubani omunye!" bathi. UGrigory wayehlezi endaweni yakhe yokuqala futhi wacula yedwa ngendlela yokuthi uFitelberg wamgona, futhi i-orchestra yayidlala izidumbu!

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, uGrigory waba yilungu le-quartet yezintambo ehlelwe nguLev Zeitlin, okusebenza kwayo kwaba yimpumelelo ephawulekayo. I-People Commissar of Education uLunacharsky uphakamise ukuthi i-quartet iqanjwe ngoLenin. "Kungani uBeethoven?" Kubuza uGregory emangele. Ukusebenza kwe-quartet kwaphumelela kangangokuthi wamenywa e-Kremlin: kwakudingeka ukwenza i-Quartet ye-Grieg ye-Lenin. Ngemva kokuphela kwekhonsathi, uLenin wabonga abahlanganyeli futhi wacela uGrigory ukuba ahlale.

U-Lenin wabuza ukuthi ngabe i-cello yayilungile, futhi wathola impendulo - "ngakho-ke." Waphawula ukuthi izinsimbi zomculo ezinhle zisezandleni zezifundiswa ezicebile futhi kufanele zingene ezandleni zalabo baculi ingcebo yabo isethalenteni labo kuphela ... “Ingabe kuyiqiniso,” kubuza uLenin, “ukuthi ubhikishele umhlangano mayelana negama leqembu I-quartet? .. Nami, futhi, ngikholelwa ukuthi igama likaBeethoven lingafanelana ne-quartet kangcono kunegama likaLenin. UBeethoven uyinto yaphakade…”

Iqoqo, nokho, laqanjwa ngokuthi “I-First State String Quartet”.

Esaqaphela isidingo sokusebenza nomeluleki onokuhlangenwe nakho, uGrigory waqala ukuthatha izifundo ku-maestro odumile uBrandukov. Kodwa-ke, washeshe wabona ukuthi izifundo zangasese azanele - wakhangwa ukutadisha endaweni yokugcina izingane. Ukutadisha umculo ngokucophelela ngaleso sikhathi kwakungenzeka kuphela ngaphandle kweSoviet Russia: oprofesa abaningi be-Conservatory nothisha bashiya izwe. Kodwa-ke, i-People's Commissar Lunacharsky yenqaba isicelo sokuvunyelwa ukuya phesheya: i-People's Commissar of Education ikholelwa ukuthi uGrigory, njengomculi oyedwa we-orchestra futhi njengelungu le-quartet, wayebalulekile. Khona-ke ehlobo lika-1921, uGrigory wajoyina iqembu labacula ngabodwa baseBolshoi Theatre, ababehambele ekhonsathini e-Ukraine. Benza e-Kyiv, base benikeza amakhonsathi amaningi emadolobheni amancane. EVolochisk, eduze nomngcele wasePoland, bangena ezingxoxweni nabashushumbisi, abababonisa indlela yokuwela umngcele. Ebusuku, abaculi babesondela ebhulohweni elincane eliwela uMfula iZbruch, futhi abaqondisi babayala: “Balekani.” Lapho kuqhuma isibhamu esiyisixwayiso nhlangothi zombili zebhuloho, uGrigory, ebambe i-cello ekhanda lakhe, wagxumela emfuleni esuka ebhulohweni. Walandelwa umdlali wevayolini uMishakov nabanye. Umfula wawungashoni ngokwanele kangangokuthi ababaleki basheshe bafika endaweni yasePoland. “Hhayi-ke, sesiwelile umngcele,” kusho uMishakov, ethuthumela. “Akugcinanga lapho,” kuphikisa uGregory, “amabhuloho ethu siwashise unomphela.”

Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi, lapho uPiatigorsky efika e-United States ezonikeza amakhonsathi, watshela izintatheli ngokuphila kwakhe eRussia nendlela asuka ngayo eRussia. Ngemva kokuhlanganisa ulwazi mayelana nobuntwana bakhe ku-Dnieper kanye nokugxumela emfuleni osemngceleni wasePoland, intatheli yachaza ngokudumile i-cello kaGrigory yokubhukuda ukuwela i-Dnieper. Ngenza isihloko sesihloko sakhe saba isihloko sale ncwadi.

Eminye imicimbi yenzeke ngendlela ephawulekayo. Onogada basemngceleni wasePoland bacabange ukuthi abaculi abeqa umngcele bangamanxusa e-GPU futhi bafuna ukuthi badlale okuthile. Abafuduki bemanzi badlale ingoma ka-Kreisler ethi “Beautiful Rosemary” (esikhundleni sokwethula imibhalo abadlali ababengenawo). Babe sebethunyelwa ehhovisi lomphathi, kodwa endleleni bakwazi ukubalekela onogada bagibela isitimela esiya eLvov. Ukusuka lapho, uGregory waya eWarsaw, lapho ahlangana khona nomqhubi weFitelberg, owahlangana noPyatigorsky phakathi nokucula kokuqala kukaStrauss kaDon Quixote eMoscow. Ngemva kwalokho, uGrigory waba umsizi cello accompanist ku Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra. Ngokushesha wathuthela eJalimane futhi ekugcineni wafinyelela umgomo wakhe: waqala ukufunda noprofesa abadumile u-Becker no-Klengel e-Leipzig naseBerlin Conservatories. Kodwa maye, wayenomuzwa wokuthi akekho noma omunye owayengamfundisa okuthile okubalulekile. Ukuze azondle futhi akhokhele izifundo zakhe, wajoyina i-instrumental trio eyayidlala endaweni yokudlela yaseRussia eBerlin. Le cafe yayivame ukuvakashelwa abaculi, ikakhulukazi, umculi weselula odumile u-Emmanuil Feuerman kanye nombhidisi ongaziwa kangako uWilhelm Furtwängler. Ngemva kokuzwa i-cellist uPyatigorsky edlala, uFurtwängler, ngokweseluleko sikaFeuerman, wanika uGrigory isikhundla sokuba ngumphelezeli we-cello ku-Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. UGregory wavuma, futhi lokho kwaba ukuphela kwezifundo zakhe.

Ngokuvamile, uGregory kwakudingeka adlale yedwa, ephelezelwa yiPhilharmonic Orchestra. Wake wadlala indima eyedwa kuDon Quixote phambi kombhali, uRichard Strauss, futhi lo wamemezela obala: “Ekugcineni, ngimzwile uDon Quixote wami ngendlela engangihlosile ngayo!”

Ngemva kokusebenza e-Berlin Philharmonic kwaze kwaba ngu-1929, uGregory wanquma ukushiya umsebenzi wakhe we-orchestra ukuze enze umsebenzi wakhe yedwa. Kulo nyaka uye e-USA okokuqala futhi wacula ne-Philadelphia Orchestra, eqondiswa uLeopold Stokowski. Ubuye wacula yedwa neNew York Philharmonic ngaphansi kukaWillem Mengelberg. Ukusebenza kukaPyatigorsky eYurophu nase-USA kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu. Abakwa-impresarios abammemile bababaza ijubane uGrigory amlungiselela ngalo izinto ezintsha. Kanye nemisebenzi yama-classics, uPyatigorsky ngokuzithandela wathatha ukusebenza kwama-opuses ngabaqambi besimanje. Kwakukhona izimo lapho ababhali bemnika imisebenzi eluhlaza, eqeda ngokushesha (abaqambi, njengomthetho, bathola i-oda ngosuku oluthile, ukwakheka ngezinye izikhathi kunezelwa ngaphambi kokusebenza, ngesikhathi sokuzilolonga), futhi kwakudingeka enze i-solo. ingxenye ye-cello ngokuya ngesikolo se-orchestra. Ngakho-ke, ekhonsathini ye-Castelnuovo-Tedesco cello (1935), izingxenye zazihlelwe ngokunganaki kangangokuthi ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphindaphinda yayihlanganisa ukuvumelanisa kwazo ngabadlali kanye nokwethulwa kokulungiswa kumanothi. Umqhubi - futhi lena kwakuyi-Toscanini enkulu - yayinganelisekile kakhulu.

UGregory wabonisa intshisekelo enkulu emisebenzini yababhali abakhohliwe noma abangabhalwanga ngokwanele. Ngakho, wavula indlela yokudlalwa kwe-“Schelomo” kaBloch ngokuyethula emphakathini okokuqala ngqa (kanye neBerlin Philharmonic Orchestra). Ube ngumculi wokuqala wemisebenzi eminingi kaWebern, uHindemith (1941), uWalton (1957). Ngokubonga ukwesekwa komculo wesimanje, abaningi babo banikela kuye imisebenzi yabo. Lapho uPiatigorsky eba umngane noProkofiev, owayehlala phesheya ngaleso sikhathi, lo wakamuva wambhalela i-Cello Concerto (1933), eyenziwa nguGrigory neBoston Philharmonic Orchestra eqhutshwa uSergei Koussevitzky (naye ongowokuzalwa eRussia). Ngemva kokucula, u-Pyatigorsky wadonsela ukunaka komqambi kwezinye izinto ezimbi engxenyeni ye-cello, ngokusobala ehlobene neqiniso lokuthi u-Prokofiev wayengazi kahle amathuba aleli thuluzi. Umqambi wathembisa ukulungisa futhi aqedele solo ingxenye cello, kodwa kakade eRussia, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi wayezobuyela ezweni lakubo. Ku-Union, u-Prokofiev ubuyekeze ngokuphelele i-Concerto, wayiguqula ibe yi-Concert Symphony, i-opus 125. Umbhali wanikezela lo msebenzi ku-Mstislav Rostropovich.

UPyatigorsky wacela u-Igor Stravinsky ukuba amhlelele i-suite enesihloko esithi "Petrushka", futhi lo msebenzi wenkosi, onesihloko esithi "I-Italian Suite for Cello and Piano", yanikezelwa kuPyatigorsky.

Ngemizamo kaGrigory Pyatigorsky, i-ensemble yekamelo yadalwa ngokuhlanganyela kwamakhosi avelele: umdlali wepiyano u-Arthur Rubinstein, u-violinist u-Yasha Heifetz kanye no-violist uWilliam Primroz. Le quartet yayidume kakhulu futhi yaqopha amarekhodi adlala isikhathi eside angaba ngu-30. UPiatigorsky naye wayethanda ukudlala umculo njengengxenye “yeqembu labathathu basekhaya” nabangane bakhe bakudala eJalimane: umdlali wopiyano uVladimir Horowitz kanye nomshayi wevayolini uNathan Milstein.

Ngo-1942, uPyatigorsky waba yisakhamuzi sase-US (ngaphambi kwalokho, wayebhekwa njengombaleki waseRussia futhi ehlala kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-passport ye-Nansen, ngezinye izikhathi eyadala ukuphazamiseka, ikakhulukazi lapho esuka kwelinye izwe iye kwelinye).

Ngo-1947, uPiatigorsky wazidlala ngokwakhe efilimu iCarnegie Hall. Esiteji sehholo lekhonsathi elidumile, wenza i-"Swan" kaSaint-Saens, ehambisana namahabhu. Ukhumbule ukuthi ukuqoshwa kwangaphambili kwalesi siqeshana kuhlanganisa nomdlalo wakhe ohambisana nomshayi wehabhu oyedwa kuphela. Kusethi yefilimu, ababhali befilimu babeka abashayi bamahabhu abacishe babe ishumi nambili esiteji ngemuva komdlali weselula, okusolakala ukuthi wayedlala ngazwi linye ...

Amagama ambalwa mayelana nefilimu ngokwayo. Ngikhuthaza kakhulu abafundi ukuthi bafune le khasethi endala ezitolo eziqashisa ngevidiyo (Ibhalwe nguKarl Kamb, Iqondiswe ngu-Edgar G. Ulmer) njengoba iyidokhumenti eyingqayizivele yabaculi abacula kakhulu e-United States abenza ngeminyaka yama-XNUMX kanye ne-XNUMXs. Ifilimu inesakhiwo (uma ufisa, ungayishaya indiva): lokhu kungumlando wezinsuku zikaNora othile, impilo yakhe yonke ehlangene noCarnegie Hall. Eseyintombazane, ukhona ekuvulweni kwehholo futhi ubona u-Tchaikovsky eqhuba i-orchestra ngesikhathi sokudlala Ikhonsathi yakhe Yokuqala Yepiyano. UNora ubesebenza eCarnegie Hall impilo yakhe yonke (okokuqala njengomhlanzi, kamuva njengomphathi) futhi usehholo ngesikhathi sokudlalwa kwabadlali abadumile. U-Arthur Rubinstein, u-Yasha Heifets, uGrigory Pyatigorsky, abaculi uJean Pierce, uLily Pons, u-Ezio Pinza no-Rize Stevens bayavela esikrinini; Ama-orchestra adlalwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaWalter Damrosch, u-Artur Rodzinsky, uBruno Walter noLeopold Stokowski. Ngamafuphi nje, ubona futhi uzwa abaculi abavelele becula umculo omnandi...

U-Pyatigorsky, ngaphezu kokwenza imisebenzi, ubuye waqamba imisebenzi ye-cello (Umdanso, i-Scherzo, Ukuhlukahluka Kwendikimba YePaganini, i-Suite for 2 Cellos kanye nePiano, njll.) Abagxeki baphawule ukuthi uhlanganisa ubuhle bemvelo nomuzwa wesitayela ocolisisiwe kanye isisho. Ngempela, ukuphelela kobuchwepheshe akuzange kube ukuphela ngokwako kuye. Umsindo odlidlizayo we-cello kaPyatigorsky wawunenombolo engenamkhawulo yamathunzi, ukuvezwa kwawo okubanzi nobukhulu bobukhosi kwakha ukuxhumana okukhethekile phakathi komculi nezethameli. Lezi zimfanelo zabonakala kahle kakhulu ekuculweni komculo wothando. Ngaleyo minyaka, i-cellist eyodwa kuphela eyayingaqhathaniswa noPiatigorsky: kwakuyiPablo Casals enkulu. Kodwa phakathi nempi wanqanyulwa ezilalelini, ehlala njengendlovukazi eningizimu yeFrance, futhi ngesikhathi sangemva kwempi wayevame ukuhlala endaweni efanayo, ePrades, lapho ayehlela khona imikhosi yomculo.

UGrigory Pyatigorsky naye wayenguthisha omangalisayo, ohlanganisa ukwenza imisebenzi nokufundisa okusebenzayo. Kusukela ngo-1941 kuya ku-1949 wabamba umnyango we-cello eCurtis Institute e-Philadelphia, futhi wahola umnyango womculo we-chamber eTanglewood. Kusukela ngo-1957 kuya ku-1962 wafundisa e-Boston University, futhi kusukela ngo-1962 kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe wasebenza e-University of Southern California. Ngo-1962, uPyatigorsky waphinde wagcina eMoscow (wamenywa ejajini lomncintiswano weTchaikovsky. Ngo-1966, waphinde waya eMoscow ngesikhundla esifanayo). Ngo-1962, i-New York Cello Society yasungula uMklomelo wePiatigorsky wokuhlonipha uGregory, onikezwa minyaka yonke kumdlali osemusha onethalente kakhulu. UPyatigorsky waklonyeliswa ngesihloko sokuba udokotela ohlonishwayo wesayensi ovela emanyuvesi amaningana; ngaphezu kwalokho, wanikezwa ubulungu kuLegion of Honor. Uphinde wamenywa kaningi eWhite House ukuthi abambe iqhaza emakhonsathini.

UGrigory Pyatigorsky washona ngo-August 6, 1976, futhi wangcwatshwa e-Los Angeles. Kukhona okurekhodiwe okuningi kwakudala komhlaba okwenziwe nguPyatigorsky noma ama-ensembles ngokubamba iqhaza kwakhe cishe kuyo yonke imitapo yolwazi yase-United States.

Sinjalo isiphetho somfana owagxuma ngesikhathi esuka ebhulohweni waya eMfuleni iZbruch, lapho umngcele weSoviet-Polish wadlula khona.

Yuri Serper