Mikhail Izrailevich Vaiman |

Mikhail Vaiman

Ezindabeni ze-Oistrakh no-Kogan, abameleli abavelele kakhulu besikole se-violin yaseSoviet, sengeza indaba kaMikhail Vayman. Emsebenzini wokusebenza weVaiman, kwavezwa omunye umugqa obaluleke kakhulu wokusebenza kweSoviet, onokubaluleka okuyisisekelo kwemibono nobuhle.

U-Vayman uthweswe iziqu eLeningrad School of violinists, owakhiqiza abadlali abakhulu njengoBoris Gutnikov, uMark Komissarov, uDina Shneiderman, u-Emil Kamillarov waseBulgaria nabanye. Ngokusho kwezinhloso zakhe zokudala, u-Vayman uyisibalo esithakazelisa kakhulu somcwaningi. Lona umdlali wevayolini ohamba ngobuciko bezimiso zokuziphatha eziphezulu. Ngokubuza ufuna ukungena encazelweni ejulile yomculo awenzayo, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuze athole inothi elakhayo kuwo. E-Wyman, umcabango endimeni yomculo uhlangana “nomculi wenhliziyo”; ubuciko bakhe bungokomzwelo, buhambisana nezwi, bugcwele amazwi efilosofi ehlakaniphile, eyinkimbinkimbi yesimiso sokuziphatha komuntu. Akukona nje ukuqondana ukuthi ukuvela kukaWymann njengomdlali kwasuka ku-Bach kuya kuFrank noBeethoven, kanye noBeethoven wenkathi yokugcina. Lena i-credo yakhe eqaphelayo, esetshenzwa futhi yazuzwa ngokuhlupheka ngenxa yokucabanga okude ngemigomo nezinhloso zobuciko. Uphikisa ngokuthi ubuciko budinga “inhliziyo ehlanzekile” nokuthi ukuhlanzeka kwemicabango kuyisimo esibalulekile sobuciko bomdlalo obuphefumulelwe ngempela. Imvelo yemvelo, - kusho u-Wyman, lapho ekhuluma naye ngomculo, - iyakwazi ukudala izithombe ezingavamile kuphela. Ubuntu bomculi bushiya uphawu olungacimeki kukho konke akwenzayo.

Kodwa-ke, "ukuhlanzeka", "ukuphakama" kungahluka. Angasho, ngokwesibonelo, isigaba se-aestheticized over-life. Ku-Wyman, le mibono ixhunywe ngokuphelele nomqondo omuhle wobuhle neqiniso, nesintu, ngaphandle kwalokho ubuciko bufile. U-Wyman ubheka ubuciko ngokombono wokuziphatha futhi ubona lokhu njengomsebenzi oyinhloko weciko. Okungenani kukho konke, u-Wyman uhlatshwa umxhwele “i-violinism”, engafudunyezwa inhliziyo nomphefumulo.

Ezifisweni zakhe, uVayman ngezindlela eziningi usondelene no-Oistrakh weminyaka yakamuva, kanye nabadlali bevayolini bakwamanye amazwe - kuMenuhin. Ukholelwa ngokujulile emandleni okufundisa obuciko futhi akaguquki emisebenzini ethwala ukubonakaliswa okubandayo, ukungabaza, ukuhlekisa, ukubola, ukungabi nalutho. Ujwayelene nakakhulu ne-rationalism, i-constructivist abstractions. Kuye, ubuciko buyindlela yolwazi lwefilosofi lweqiniso ngokudalulwa kwe-psychology yomuntu wesimanje. Ukuqonda, ukuqonda ngokucophelela ukwenzeka kobuciko kusekela indlela yakhe yokudala.

I-orientation yokudala ka-Wyman iholela eqinisweni lokuthi, ngokuba nomyalo omuhle kakhulu wamafomu amakhulu ekhonsathi, uya ngokuya ethambekela ekusondeleni, okuyindlela yakhe yokugqamisa ama-nuances acashile wemizwa, imithunzi emincane yemizwa. Ngakho-ke isifiso sendlela yokudlala ememezelayo, uhlobo "lwenkulumo" yokuphimisa ngamasu anemininingwane ye-stroke.

U-Wyman angahlukaniswa kusiphi isigaba sesitayela? Ungubani yena, "okudala", ngokusho kwencazelo yakhe yeBach noBeethoven, noma "yothando"? Yiqiniso, i-romantic mayelana nombono wothando kakhulu womculo nesimo sengqondo ngakho. Ezothando usesho lwakhe lokufuna okuhle okuphakeme, isevisi yakhe yobumnandi emculweni.

UMikhail Vayman wazalwa ngo-December 3, 1926 edolobheni lase-Ukraine le-Novy Bug. Lapho eneminyaka engu-XNUMX ubudala, umndeni wathuthela e-Odessa, lapho i-violinist yesikhathi esizayo yachitha khona ebuntwaneni bakhe. Uyise wayengowenani labaculi abanekhono abahlukahlukene, ababebaningi ngaleso sikhathi ezifundazweni; wayeqhuba, edlala ivayolini, efundisa ivayolini, futhi efundisa izifundo zetiyetha e-Odessa Music School. Umama wayengenayo imfundo yomculo, kodwa, exhunywe eduze nemvelo yomculo ngomyeni wakhe, wayefisa ngentshiseko ukuthi indodana yakhe nayo ibe umculi.

Ukuxhumana kokuqala kukaMikhail osemncane ngomculo kwenzeka ku-New Bug, lapho uyise ehola i-orchestra yezinsimbi zomoya eNdlini Yamasiko yedolobha. Umfana wayehamba noyise njalo, waba umlutha wokudlala icilongo futhi wahlanganyela kumakhonsathi amaningana. Kodwa unina waphikisa, ekholelwa ukuthi kuyingozi ngengane ukudlala insimbi efuthwayo. Ukuthuthela e-Odessa kwaqeda le nto yokuzilibazisa.

Lapho uMisha eneminyaka engu-8 ubudala, walethwa ku-P. Stolyarsky; ukujwayelana kwaphela ngokubhaliswa kukaWyman esikoleni somculo sikathisha wezingane omangalisayo. Isikole sikaVaiman sasifundiswa ikakhulukazi umsizi kaStolyarsky uL. Lembergsky, kodwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaprofesa ngokwakhe, owayehlola njalo ukuthi umfundi onethalente wayekhula kanjani. Lokhu kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-1941.

Ngo-July 22, 1941, uyise kaVayman wabuthelwa empini, futhi ngo-1942 wafela empini. Umama ubesele yedwa nendodana yakhe eneminyaka engu-15. Bathola izindaba zokushona kukayise lapho sebevele bekude ne-Odessa - eTashkent.

I-conservatory eyasuswa eLeningrad yazinza eTashkent, futhi uVayman wabhaliswa esikoleni seminyaka eyishumi ngaphansi kwayo, ekilasini likaProfesa Y. Eidlin. Ebhalisa ngokushesha ebangeni lesi-8, ngo-1944 uWyman waphothula esikoleni esiphakeme futhi waphasa ngokushesha ukuhlolwa kwe-conservatory. Ku-conservatory, wabuye wafunda no-Eidlin, uthisha ojulile, onekhono, futhi ozimisele ngokungajwayelekile. Ukufaneleka kwakhe ukwakheka ku-Wyman kwezimfanelo zomcabango womculi.

Ngisho nangesikhathi sezifundo zesikole, baqala ukukhuluma ngo-Wyman njengomdlali wevayolini othembisayo onayo yonke imininingwane yokuthuthuka abe umculi ohamba yedwa wekhonsathi. Ngo-1943, wathunyelwa ukubuyekeza abafundi abanamakhono esikoleni somculo eMoscow. Kwakuwumsebenzi ophawulekayo owenziwa ngesikhathi impi ishisa.

Ngo-1944 i-Leningrad Conservatory yabuyela edolobheni lakubo. Ku-Wyman, inkathi yokuphila yaseLeningrad yaqala. Uba ngufakazi wokuvuselelwa ngokushesha kwesiko lakudala ledolobha, amasiko alo, uthatha ngokulangazela konke okwenziwa yilesi siko ngokwalo - ubunzima balo obukhethekile, obugcwele ubuhle bangaphakathi, imfundo ephakeme, i-penchant yokuvumelana nokuphelela. amafomu, ubuhlakani obuphezulu. Lezi zimfanelo zizenza zizizwe ngokucacile ekusebenzeni kwakhe.

Ingqophamlando ephawulekayo ekuphileni kukaWyman ngu-1945. Umfundi osemusha waseLeningrad Conservatory uthunyelwa eMoscow emqhudelwaneni wokuqala wangemva kwempi we-All-Union wabaculi abaculayo futhi uzuza idiploma enezindondo lapho. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ukudlala kwakhe kokuqala kwenzeka eHholo Elikhulu Leningrad Philharmonic nge orchestra. Wenza i-Concerto kaSteinberg. Ngemva kokuphela kwekhonsathi, u-Yuri Yuriev, Umculi Wabantu wase-USSR, wafika ekamelweni lokugqoka. “Nsizwa. esho ethinta. - namuhla isiqalo sakho - khumbula kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakho, ngoba leli yikhasi lesihloko sempilo yakho yobuciko. “Ngiyakhumbula,” kusho uWyman. - Ngisawakhumbula la mazwi njengamazwi okuvalelisa omlingisi omkhulu, ohlale enikela ngobuciko. Yeka ukuthi bekungaba kuhle kanjani ukube sonke besithwala okungenani nengxenye yokuvutha kwakhe ezinhliziyweni zethu!”

Esivivinyweni sokufanelekela uMqhudelwano Wezizwe Ngezizwe ka-J. Kubelik ePrague, owawuseMoscow, izilaleli ezishisekayo azizange zimvumele uVayman ukuba aphume esiteji isikhathi eside. Kwakuyimpumelelo yangempela. Kodwa-ke, emqhudelwaneni, u-Wyman wadlala kancane ngempumelelo futhi akazange aphumelele indawo ayengathembela kuyo ngemva kokusebenza eMoscow. Umphumela ongcono ngokungenakuqhathaniswa - umklomelo wesibili - watholwa u-Weimann eLeipzig, lapho athunyelwa khona ngo-1950 ku-J.-S. Bach. Ijaji lincome ukuchaza kwakhe imisebenzi ka-Bach njengokuvelele ekucabangeni nangesitayela.

U-Wyman uyigcina ngokucophelela indondo yegolide eyatholwa eMqhudelwaneni weNdlovukazi yase-Belgian u-Elisabeth e-Brussels ngo-1951. Bekuwumdlalo wakhe wokugcina nogqamile wokuncintisana. Iphephandaba lomculo womhlaba lakhuluma ngaye noKogan, owathola umklomelo wokuqala. Futhi, njengango-1937, ukunqoba kwabadlali be-violin bethu kwabhekwa njengokunqoba kwaso sonke isikole se-violin saseSoviet.

Ngemva komncintiswano, impilo kaWyman iba yinto evamile kumculi wekhonsathi. Izikhathi eziningi uhamba ezungeze iHungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Federal Republic of Germany kanye neGerman Democratic Republic (wayeseGerman Democratic Republic izikhathi eziyi-19!); amakhonsathi e-Finland. Norway, Denmark, Austria, Belgium, Israel, Japan, England. Yonke indawo impumelelo enkulu, ukunconywa okufanele ngobuciko bakhe obuhlakaniphile nobuhloniphekile. Maduze uWyman uzohlonishwa e-United States, osekusayinwe nayo inkontileka yohambo lwakhe.

Ngo-1966, umculi ovelele waseSoviet waklonyeliswa ngesihloko esithi Umculi Ohlonishwayo we-RSFSR.

Nomaphi lapho u-Wyman enza khona, umdlalo wakhe uhlolwa ngemfudumalo eyisimangaliso. Uthinta izinhliziyo, ujabulela izimfanelo zakhe ezicacile, nakuba ubuciko bakhe bobuchwepheshe buboniswa njalo ekubuyekezweni. “Ukudlala kukaMikhail Vayman kusukela esilinganisweni sokuqala se-Bach Concerto kuya ekugcineni kwe-bow emsebenzini ka-Tchaikovsky we-bravura bekunwebeka, kuqinile, futhi kugqamile, ngenxa yalokho ehamba phambili kubashayi bevayolini abadume umhlaba wonke. Okuthile okuhle kakhulu kwezwakala esikweni elicolisisiwe lokusebenza kwakhe. I-violinist yaseSoviet ayiyona nje i-virtuoso ehlakaniphile, kodwa futhi ingumculi ohlakaniphe kakhulu, ozwelayo ... "

“Ngokusobala, into ebaluleke kakhulu emdlalweni kaWyman imfudumalo, ubuhle, uthando. Okunye ukunyakaza komnsalo kuveza imizwa eminingi,” kuphawula iphephandaba i-“Kansan Uutiset” (eFinland).

E-Berlin, ngo-1961, u-Wymann wenza amakhonsathi ka-Bach, u-Beethoven no-Tchaikovsky no-Kurt Sanderling esitendini somqhubi. “Le khonsathi, esebe umcimbi wangempela, iqinisekise ukuthi ubungane bomqhubi ohlonishwayo u-Kurt Sanderling nomculi waseSoviet oneminyaka engu-33 busekelwe ezimisweni ezijulile zobuntu nezobuciko.”

Ezweni laseSibelius ngo-April 1965, u-Vayman wenza ikhonsathi yomqambi omkhulu waseFinland futhi wajabulisa ngisho namaFinns ama-phlegmatic ngokudlala kwakhe. “UMikhail Vayman uzibonakalise eyingcweti ekudlaleni kwakhe iSibelius Concerto. Waqala sengathi ukude, ecabanga, elandela ngokucophelela izinguquko. Amazwi e-adagio azwakala ehloniphekile ngaphansi komnsalo wakhe. Emaphethelweni, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwejubane elilinganiselwe, wadlala ngobunzima i-“fon aben” (ngokuzidla.— ngokuzidla.— XNUMX:XNUMX; LR), njengoba uSibelius eveza umbono wakhe wokuthi le ngxenye kufanele yenziwe kanjani. Emakhasini okugcina, u-Wyman wayenezinsiza ezingokomoya nezobuchwepheshe ze-virtuoso enkulu. Wawaphonsa emlilweni, eshiya, nokho, i-marginal ethile (amanothi aseceleni, kulokhu, okusala kugodliwe) njengendawo yokulondoloza. Akalokothi eqe umugqa wokugcina. Uyi-virtuoso kuze kube sekufeni kokugcina,” kubhala u-Eric Tavastschera ephephandabeni i-Helsingen Sanomat ngo-April 2, 1965.

Futhi okunye ukubuyekezwa abagxeki Finnish ziyefana: "Omunye virtuosos yokuqala ngesikhathi sakhe", "Master Omkhulu", "Ukuhlanzeka nokungabi nasici kwesu", "Originality kanye nokuvuthwa incazelo" - lezi ukuhlolwa ukusebenza Sibelius. namakhonsathi kaTchaikovsky, uVayman kanye neLeningradskaya Orchestra philharmonics ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-A. Jansons bavakashela eFinland ngo-1965.

UWyman ungumcabangi womculo. Iminyaka eminingi ubelokhu ematasa nenkinga yokuchazwa kwesimanje kwemisebenzi kaBach. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ngokuphikelela okufanayo, washintshela ekuxazululeni inkinga yefa likaBeethoven.

Ngobunzima, wasuka endleleni yothando yokwenza izingoma zika-Bach. Ebuyela kwezangempela ze-sonatas, wafuna incazelo eyinhloko kuzo, esusa i-patina yamasiko amadala ayeshiye umkhondo wokuqonda kwabo lo mculo. Futhi umculo kaBach ngaphansi komnsalo we-Weimann wakhuluma ngendlela entsha. Yakhuluma, ngoba amaligi angadingekile alahliwe, futhi kwavela ukucaciswa kwesimemezelo sesitayela sika-Bach. “I-Melodic recitation” – yilena ndlela u-Wyman enza ngayo ama-sonata nama-partitas ka-Bach. Ethuthukisa amasu ahlukahlukene we-recitative-declamatory technique, wenza idrama yale misebenzi.

Lapho u-Wyman ecabanga ngokudala ngokwengeziwe inkinga ye-ethos emculweni, kwaba yilapho ezizwa eqiniseka ngokwengeziwe ngesidingo sokuza emculweni ka-Beethoven. Umsebenzi waqala ekhonsathini ye-violin kanye nomjikelezo we-sonatas. Kuzo zombili izinhlobo, u-Wyman wayefuna ngokuyinhloko ukuveza isimiso sokuziphatha. Wayengenandaba kangako nobuqhawe kanye nedrama njengasezifisweni eziphakeme ngokubabazekayo zomoya kaBeethoven. UWyman uthi: “Enkathini yethu yokungabaza nokugxeka, ukubhuqa nokubhuqa, isintu osekunesikhathi eside sikhathele, umculi kumelwe abize ngobuciko bakhe kokunye—ukuba nokholo ekuphakameni kwemicabango yomuntu, ekutheni kungenzeka ubuhle, ngokuqaphela isidingo somsebenzi wokuziphatha, futhi kukho konke lokhu kuyimpendulo ephelele kakhulu emculweni kaBeethoven, kanye nenkathi yokugcina yokudala.

Emjikelezweni we-sonatas, wahamba kusukela ekugcineni, okweshumi, futhi njengokungathi "usakaze" umkhathi wayo kuwo wonke ama-sonatas. Kunjalo nasekhonsathini, lapho ingqikithi yesibili yengxenye yokuqala nengxenye yesibili yaba isikhungo, iphakanyisiwe futhi yahlanzwa, yethulwa njengohlobo lwesigaba esingokomoya esikahle.

Esixazululweni esijulile sefilosofi nesimilo somjikelezo we-sonatas ka-Beethoven, isixazululo esisha ngempela, u-Wyman wasizwa kakhulu ukusebenzisana kwakhe nomshayi wepiyano ophawulekayo u-Maria Karandasheva. Ku-sonatas, abaculi ababili abavelele abanomqondo ofanayo bahlangana ukuze benze isenzo esihlangene, futhi intando kaKarandasheva, ukuqina nokuqina, ukuhlanganisa nengokomoya elimangalisayo lokusebenza kukaWyman, linikeze imiphumela emihle kakhulu. Izinsuku ezintathu zakusihlwa ngo-October 23, 28 no-November 3, 1965, eHholo LaseGlinka eLeningrad, le “ndaba ephathelene neNdoda” yembuleka phambi kwezilaleli.

Isigaba sesibili futhi esingabalulekile kangako sezithakazelo zika-Waiman yisimanjemanje, futhi ikakhulukazi iSoviet. Ngisho nasebusheni bakhe, wanikela ngamandla amaningi ekwenzeni imisebenzi emisha yabaqambi baseSoviet. Ngekhonsathi ka-M. Steinberg ngo-1945, indlela yakhe yobuciko yaqala. Lokhu kwalandelwa i-Lobkowski Concerto, eyenziwa ngo-1946; engxenyeni yokuqala yama-50s, u-Vaiman wahlela futhi wenza i-Concerto yomqambi waseGeorgia u-A. Machavariani; engxenyeni yesibili yama-30s - Ikhonsathi ka-B. Kluzner. Wayengumdlali wokuqala weShostakovich Concerto phakathi kwamaviolin aseSoviet ngemuva kuka-Oistrakh. U-Vaiman waba nelungelo lokwenza le Concerto ngobusuku obunikezelwe kumqambi weminyaka engu-50 ngo-1956 eMoscow.

U-Vaiman uphatha imisebenzi yabaqambi baseSoviet ngokunaka nokunakekelwa okukhethekile. Eminyakeni yamuva, njengoba nje eMoscow kuya Oistrakh futhi Kogan, kanjalo e Leningrad, cishe bonke abaqambi ukudala umculo violin baphendukela Vaiman. Eminyakeni eyishumi yobuciko beLeningrad eMoscow ngoDisemba 1965, u-Vaiman wadlala kahle i-Concerto ka-B. Arapov, "eLeningrad Spring" ngo-April 1966 - i-Concerto ka-V. Salmanov. Manje usebenza kumakhonsathi ka-V. Basner no-B. Tishchenko.

U-Wyman unguthisha othakaselayo futhi odala kakhulu. Unguthisha wezobuciko. Lokhu ngokuvamile kusho ukunganaki uhlangothi lobuchwepheshe lokuqeqeshwa. Kulokhu, uhlangothi olulodwa olunjalo alufakwa. Kuthisha wakhe u-Eidlin, uthole isimo sengqondo sokuhlaziya mayelana nobuchwepheshe. Unemibono ecatshangelwe kahle, ehlelekile engxenyeni ngayinye yobungcweti bevayolini, uyazibona ngokunembile izimbangela zobunzima bomfundi futhi uyazi ukuthi angaqeda kanjani ukushiyeka. Kodwa konke lokhu kungaphansi kwendlela yobuciko. Wenza abafundi “babe izimbongi”, ubahola besuka emisebenzini yezandla baye emikhakheni ephakeme kakhulu yobuciko. Ngamunye wabafundi bakhe, ngisho nalabo abanamakhono avamile, uthola izimfanelo zomculi.

“Abadlali beviolin abavela emazweni amaningi bafunda futhi bafunda naye: uSipika Leino noKiiri baseFinland, uPaole Heikelman waseDenmark, uTeiko Maehashi noMatsuko Ushioda baseJapan (laba bakamuva bawina isicoco soMqhudelwano waseBrussels ngo-1963 kanye noMqhudelwano waseMoscow Tchaikovsky owawuse. 1966 d.), Stoyan Kalchev waseBulgaria, Henrika Cszionek wasePoland, Vyacheslav Kuusik waseCzechoslovakia, Laszlo Kote kanye no-Androsh waseHungary. Abafundi baseSoviet baseWyman baphumelele idiploma yoMncintiswano we-All-Russian uLev Oskotsky, owawina uMqhudelwano wePaganini e-Italy (1965) uPhilip Hirshhorn, owawina uMqhudelwano Wamazwe Ngamazwe weTchaikovsky ngo-1966 uZinovy ​​​​Vinnikov.

Umsebenzi wokufundisa ka-Weimann omkhulu futhi onezithelo awukwazi ukubukwa ngaphandle kwezifundo zakhe e-Weimar. Iminyaka eminingi, endaweni okwakuhlala kuyo i-Liszt, izingqungquthela zomculo zamazwe ngamazwe bezilokhu ziba khona njalo ngoJulayi. Uhulumeni we-GDR umema abaculi abakhulu-othisha abavela emazweni ahlukene kubo. Abashayi bevayolini, abadlali bamaselula, abadlali bopiyano kanye nabaculi bokunye okukhethekile beza lapha. Iminyaka eyisikhombisa ilandelana, uVayman, okuwukuphela kwakhe umdlali wevayolini e-USSR, wamenywa ukuba ahole ikilasi levayolini.

Amakilasi aqhutshwa ngendlela yezifundo ezivulekile, phambi kwezilaleli zabantu abangu-70-80. Ngaphezu kokufundisa, u-Wymann unikeza amakhonsathi njalo ngonyaka e-Weimar ngohlelo oluhlukahlukene. Kunjengokungathi, bawumfanekiso wobuciko wesemina. Ehlobo lika-1964, u-Wyman wenza ama-sonatas amathathu e-violin eyedwa nguBach lapha, eveza ukuqonda kwakhe ngomculo walo mqambi kuwo; ngo-1965 wadlala i-Beethoven Concertos.

Ngokwenza okuvelele nokufundisa imisebenzi ngo-1965, u-Wyman waklonyeliswa ngesihloko sokuba yilungu lephalamende elihloniphekile le-F. Liszt Higher Musical Academy. UVayman ungumculi wesine ukuthola lesi sihloko: owokuqala kwakungu-Franz Liszt, futhi ngaphambi nje kukaVayman, uZoltan Kodály.

Umlando wokudala ka-Wyman awukaqedwa nakancane. Izimfuno zakhe kuye, imisebenzi azibekela yona, isebenza njengesiqinisekiso sokuthi uzothethelela isikhundla esiphakeme asinikezwe e-Weimar.

L. Raaben, 1967

Esithombeni: umqhubi - E. Mravinsky, umculi oyedwa - M. Vayman, 1967