Reinhold Moritsevich Glière |

Reinhold Gliere

Gliere. I-Prelude (i-orchestra edlalwa ngu-T. Beecham)

Gliere! Amarose ayisikhombisa asePheresiya ami, Ama-odalisque ayisikhombisa ezivande zami, Ubuthakathi nkosi ye-Musikia, Uphenduke waba ama-nightingale ayisikhombisa. UVyach. Ivanov

Lapho kwenzeka iNguquko Enkulu Yango-October Yezenhlalakahle, uGliere, owayengumqambi, uthisha, nomqhubi owaziwayo ngaleso sikhathi, wahileleka ngokushesha emsebenzini wokwakha isiko lomculo laseSoviet. Ummeleli omncane wesikole sabaqambi baseRussia, umfundi kaS. Taneyev, A. Arensky, M. Ippolitov-Ivanov, ngemisebenzi yakhe eguquguqukayo, wenza ukuxhumana okuphilayo phakathi komculo wamaSoviet namasiko acebe kakhulu kanye nesipiliyoni sobuciko sakudala. . UGlier wabhala ngaye ngokwakhe: “Angizange ngibe ngoweziyingi noma esikoleni,” kodwa umsebenzi wakhe ukhumbuza amagama kaM. Glinka, A. Borodin, A. Glazunov ngenxa yokufana kombono wezwe, okuyinto ibonakala ikhanya ku-Glier, ivumelana, iphelele. “Ngikubheka njengecala ukudlulisa umoya wami odangele emculweni,” kusho umqambi.

Ifa le-Gliere lokudala libanzi futhi liyahlukahluka: ama-opera angu-5, ama-ballet angu-6, ama-symphonies angu-3, ​​amakhonsathi wezinsimbi angu-4, umculo webhendi yethusi, we-orchestra yezinsimbi zomculo, ama-ensemble asekamelweni, izinsimbi zomculo, upiyano nezingoma zezingane, umculo wetiyetha. kanye nesinema.

Eqala ukufunda umculo ngokumelene nentando yabazali bakhe, u-Reinhold ngokuzikhandla wabonisa ukuthi unelungelo lobuciko bakhe obuthandayo futhi ngemva kweminyaka eminingana yokufunda eKiev Musical College ngo-1894 wangena eMoscow Conservatory ekilasini le-violin, wabe eseqamba. “… Akekho owake wangisebenzela kanzima kangaka ekilasini njengo-Gliere,” uTaneyev wabhalela u-Arensky. Futhi hhayi nje ekilasini. UGliere wafunda izincwadi zababhali baseRussia, izincwadi zefilosofi, ezengqondo, umlando, futhi wayenesithakazelo ezintweni ezitholwe yisayensi. Enganelisekile ngezifundo, wafundela umculo we-classic eyedwa, waya kusihlwa zomculo, lapho ahlangana khona no-S. Rachmaninov, A. Goldenweiser nezinye izibalo zomculo waseRussia. “Ngazalelwa eKyiv, eMoscow ngabona ukukhanya okungokomoya nokukhanya kwenhliziyo…” kubhala uGliere ngalesi sikhathi sokuphila kwakhe.

Umsebenzi onjalo ocindezelwe ngokweqile wawungashiyi isikhathi sokuzijabulisa, futhi uGliere akazange alwele ukuwenza. “Ngangibonakala njengohlobo oluthile lwe-cracker... ngingakwazi ukubuthana ndawana thize endaweni yokudlela, endaweni yokucima ukoma, ngidle ukudla okulula …” Wayezisola ukuchitha isikhathi ekuzijabuliseni okunjalo, wayekholelwa ukuthi umuntu kufanele alwele ukuphelela, okufezwa ukusebenza kanzima, ngakho-ke udinga "kuzoqina futhi kube yinsimbi. Kodwa-ke, i-Glier yayingeyona "i-cracker". Wayenenhliziyo enomusa, enomphefumulo omnandi, wezinkondlo.

UGliere waphothula i-Conservatoire ngo-1900 ngeNdondo Yegolide, ngaleso sikhathi engumbhali wezingoma zegumbi eziningana kanye ne-First Symphony. Eminyakeni eyalandela, ubhala kakhulu futhi ngezinhlobo ezahlukene. Umphumela obaluleke kakhulu yi-Third Symphony "Ilya Muromets" (1911), uL. Stokowski abhalela umbhali: "Ngicabanga ukuthi ngale symphony udale isikhumbuzo sesiko lamaSlavic - umculo oveza amandla aseRussia. abantu.” Ngemva nje kokuphothula esikoleni samabanga aphansi, uGliere waqala ukufundisa. Kusukela ngo-1900, wafundisa ikilasi lokuvumelana kanye ne-encyclopedia (lelo kwakuyigama lenkambo enwetshiwe ekuhlaziyeni amafomu, okuhlanganisa i-polyphony kanye nomlando womculo) esikoleni somculo sodade baseGnessin; phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo zika-1902 no-1903. walungiselela u-Seryozha Prokofiev ukuze angeniswe ku-conservatory, wafunda no-N. Myaskovsky.

Ngo-1913, uGliere wamenywa njengoprofesa wokuqamba e-Kyiv Conservatory, futhi ngemva konyaka waba umqondisi wayo. Abaqambi abadumile base-Ukraine uL. Revutsky, B. Lyatoshinsky bafundiswa ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe. UGlner ukwazile ukuheha abaculi abanjengoF. Blumenfeld, G. Neuhaus, B. Yavorsky ukuthi basebenze endaweni yokugcinwa kwemidlalo. Ngaphezu kokutadisha nabaqambi, waqhuba i-orchestra yabafundi, i-opera eholayo, i-orchestral, amakilasi egumbi, wahlanganyela emakhonsathini we-RMS, wahlela izinkambo zabaculi abaningi abavelele e-Kyiv - S. Koussevitzky, J. Heifets, S. Rachmaninov, S. Prokofiev, A. Grechaninov. Ngo-1920, uGliere wathuthela eMoscow, lapho kwaze kwaba ngu-1941 afundisa ikilasi lokuqamba izingoma eMoscow Conservatory. Uqeqeshe abaqambi abaningi baseSoviet nezazi zomculo, okuhlanganisa u-AN Aleksandrov, B. Aleksandrov, A. Davidenko, L. Knipper, A. Khachaturian… kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yini oyibuzayo, uvela ukuthi ungumfundi we-Glier - kungaba oqondile, noma umzukulu.

eMoscow ngeminyaka yama-20s. Imisebenzi yokufundisa exubile ye-Glier iye yavela. Wahola inhlangano yamakhonsathi omphakathi, wasekela ikoloni lezingane, lapho ayefundisa khona abafundi ukucula ngekhwaya, ukudlala nabo esiteji, noma bamane baxoxele izinganekwane, bethuthukisa upiyano. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iminyaka eminingana, uGliere waqondisa imibuthano yabafundi bekhwaya eNyuvesi YamaKhomanisi Yabantu Abasebenzayo YaseMpumalanga, okwamlethela imibono eminingi ecacile njengomqambi.

Igalelo likaGliere ekwakhiweni komculo wochwepheshe emazweni aseSoviet—i-Ukraine, i-Azerbaijan, ne-Uzbekistan—libaluleke ngokukhethekile. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, wabonisa isithakazelo emculweni wesintu wezizwe ezihlukahlukene: “lezi zithombe namagama kimi kwakuyindlela engokwemvelo yokubonisa imicabango nemizwa yami ngobuciko.” Owokuqala kwaba ukujwayelana kwakhe nomculo wase-Ukraine, awufunda iminyaka eminingi. Umphumela walokhu kwaba umdwebo symphonic The Cossacks (1921), symphonic inkondlo Zapovit (1941), ballet Taras Bulba (1952).

Ngo-1923, u-Gliere wathola isimemo esivela ku-People's Commissariat of Education ye-AzSSR ukuba eze e-Baku futhi abhale i-opera ngendikimba kazwelonke. Umphumela wokudala walolu hambo kwaba i-opera ethi "Shahsenem", eyadlalwa e-Azerbaijan Opera ne-Ballet Theatre ngo-1927. Ucwaningo lwezinganekwane zase-Uzbek ngesikhathi kulungiselelwa iminyaka eyishumi yobuciko be-Uzbek eTashkent kwaholela ekudalweni kwe-overture "Iholide laseFerghana. ” (1940) futhi ngokubambisana T. Sadykov operas “Leyli futhi Majnun” (1940) kanye “Gyulsara” (1949). Ngokusebenza kule misebenzi, uGliere waqiniseka ngokwengeziwe ngesidingo sokulondoloza ubusuka bamasiko esizwe, ukufuna izindlela zokuwahlanganisa. Lo mbono ufakwe ku- "Solemn Overture" (1937), eyakhiwe emiculo yesiRashiya, isi-Ukraine, isi-Azerbaijani, isi-Uzbek, kuma-overtures athi "On Slavic Folk Themes" kanye "Nobungani Bezizwe" (1941).

Okubalulekile ukufaneleka kukaGliere ekwakhiweni kwe-ballet yaseSoviet. Isenzakalo esivelele kwezobuciko baseSoviet kwakuyi-ballet "Red Poppy". ("Imbali Ebomvu"), eyadlalwa e-Bolshoi Theatre ngo-1927. Kwakuyi-ballet yokuqala yaseSoviet endikimbeni yesimanje, ekhuluma ngobungane phakathi kwabantu baseSoviet nabaseShayina. Omunye umsebenzi ophawulekayo kulolu hlobo kwakuyi-ballet "I-Bronze Horseman" esekelwe enkondlweni ka-A. Pushkin, eyadlalwa ngo-1949 eLeningrad. I-"Hymn to the Great City", ephetha le ballet, yabe isithandwa kakhulu.

Engxenyeni yesibili yama-30s. U-Gliere uqale waphendukela ohlotsheni lwekhonsathi. Emakhonsathini akhe ehabhu (1938), i-cello (1946), uphondo (1951), amathuba omculo we-soloist ahunyushwa kabanzi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ubuhle nomdlandla wemikhosi otholakala kulolu hlobo uyagcinwa. Kodwa umsebenzi wobuciko wangempela yi-Concerto for voice (coloratura soprano) kanye ne-orchestra (1943) - umsebenzi womqambi oqotho futhi othakazelisayo. Isici sokusebenza kwekhonsathi ngokuvamile sasingokwemvelo ku-Gliere, owanikela ngamakhonsathi amashumi eminyaka njengomqhubi nomdlali wopiyano. Ukusebenza kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe (okokugcina kwenzeka ezinsukwini ezingu-24 ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe), kuyilapho u-Glier ekhetha ukuya ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zezwe, ebona lokhu njengomsebenzi obalulekile wokufundisa. “… Umqambi unesibopho sokufunda kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe, athuthukise amakhono akhe, athuthukise futhi anothise umbono wakhe womhlaba, aye phambili naphambili.” Lawa mazwi uGlier wabhala ekupheleni komsebenzi wakhe. Bayiqondisa impilo yakhe.

O. Averyanova

Ukwakhiwa:

ama-opera - opera-oratorio Earth and Sky (emva kuka-J. Byron, 1900), uShahsenem (1923-25, wadlala ngo-1927 ngesiRashiya, isi-Baku; uhlelo lwesi-2 ngo-1934, ngesi-Azerbaijani, i-Azerbaijan Opera Theatre kanye ne-ballet, i-Baku), u-Leyli no-Majnun (osekelwe enkondlweni ka-A. Navoi, umbhali-kanye T. Sadykov, 1940, Uzbek Opera and Ballet Theatre, Tashkent), Gyulsara (co-author T. Sadykov, kusiteji 1949, ibid), Rachel ( ngemva H. Maupassant, inguqulo yokugcina 1947, abaculi be-Opera neDramatic Theatre eqanjwe ngo-K. Stanislavsky, eMoscow); idrama yomculo - I-Gulsara (umbhalo ka-K. Yashen no-M. Mukhamedov, umculo owenziwe ngu-T. Jalilov, oqoshiwe ngu-T. Sadykov, ocutshungulwe futhi wahlelwa ngu-G., okuthunyelwe. 1936, Tashkent); amabhalethi – Chrysis (1912, International Theatre, Moscow), Cleopatra (Egyptian Nights, ngemva AS Pushkin, 1926, Musical Studio of the Art Theatre, Moscow), Red Poppy (kusukela 1957 - Red Flower, post. 1927, Bolshoi Theatre , eMoscow; 2nd ed., post. 1949, Leningrad Opera and Ballet Theatre), Osomahlaya (Indodakazi Yabantu, esekelwe emdlalweni othi “Fuente Ovehuna” kaLope de Vega, 1931, Bolshoi Theatre, eMoscow; 2nd ed. ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi Indodakazi ka Castile, 1955, Stanislavsky kanye Nemirovich-Danchenko Musical Theatre, eMoscow), The Bronze Horseman (ngokusekelwe inkondlo AS Pushkin, 1949, Leningrad Opera kanye Ballet Theatre; USSR State Pr., 1950), Taras Bulba (ngokusekelwe inoveli nguNV Gogol, op. 1951-52); i-cantata Inkazimulo Ebutho LeSoviet (1953); ye-orchestra - 3 ama-symphonies (1899-1900; 2nd - 1907; 3rd - Ilya Muromets, 1909-11); izinkondlo ze-symphonic – Sirens (1908; Glinkinskaya pr., 1908), Zapovit (esikhumbuzweni TG Shevchenko, 1939-41); izingqimba - Ukweqa okuhloniphekile (Ngonyaka wama-20 ka-Okthoba, 1937), iholide likaFergana (1940), i-Overture on Slavic folk themes (1941), Ubungane bezizwe (1941), Ukunqoba (1944-45); uphawu. isithombe Cossacks (1921); amakhonsathi ne-orchestra - ihabhu (1938), ngezwi (1943; State Prospect of the USSR, 1946), for wc. (1947), ngophondo (1951); okwebhande lethusi - Ngeholide le-Comintern (fantasy, 1924), Mashi we-Red Army (1924), iminyaka engu-25 ye-Red Army (i-overture, 1943); kwe-orc. nar. amathuluzi - Fantasy Symphony (1943); insimbi yegumbi orc. ukukhiqizwa - 3 sextets (1898, 1904, 1905 - Glinkinskaya pr., 1905); Ama-quartets angu-4 (1899, 1905, 1928, 1946 - No 4, USSR State Pr., 1948); okwepiyano - 150 imidlalo, kuhlanganisa. Imidlalo yezingane eyi-12 yobunzima obuphakathi (1907), imidlalo yentsha engama-24 (izincwadi ezi-4, 1908), imidlalo eyi-8 elula (1909), njll.; okwevayolini, kuhl. 12 duets for 2 skr. (1909); kwe cello - ngaphezu kwemidlalo engama-70, kuhlanganisa. Amakhasi angu-12 avela ku-albhamu (1910); ezothando nezingoma - KULUNGILE. 150; umculo wemidlalo yeshashalazi namafilimu.