Rodion Konstantinovich Shchedrin |

Rodion Shchedrin

O, yiba umgcini wethu, umsindisi, umculo! Ungasishiyi! vusa imiphefumulo yethu ye-mercantile kaningi! hlaba kakhudlwana ngemisindo yakho ezinzwa zethu ezithule! Dlulisa, bahlukanise futhi ubaxoshe, noma ngabe umzuzwana nje, lobu bugovu obusabekayo obuzama ukuthatha umhlaba wethu! N. Gogol. Kusuka esihlokweni esithi “Ukudweba, ukudweba nomculo”

Entwasahlobo ka-1984, kwelinye lamakhonsathi e-II International Music Festival eMoscow, i-premiere ye "Self-portrait" - ukuhluka kwe-orchestra enkulu ye-symphony kaR. Shchedrin yenziwa. Ingoma entsha yomculi, osanda kuwela umngcele wosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa leminyaka engamashumi amahlanu, yashisa abanye ngesitatimende esihlabayo esingokomzwelo, abanye bejatshuliswe ubuze bobuntatheli bendikimba, ukugxila ekugcineni kwemicabango mayelana nekusasa lakhe. Kuyiqiniso ngempela ukuthi kuthiwa: “umdwebi umahluleli wakhe ophakeme.” Kulesi sakhiwo esiyingxenye eyodwa, esilingana ngokubaluleka nokuqukethwe kwe-symphony, umhlaba wesikhathi sethu uvela nge-prism yobuntu bomculi, owethulwe eduze, futhi ngawo waziwa kukho konke ukuhlukahluka kwawo kanye nokuphikisana - ngokusebenza. kanye nezimo zokuzindla, ekucabangeni, ukuzijula ​​kwezingoma, ezikhathini zenjabulo noma ukuqhuma okudabukisayo okugcwele ukungabaza. Ku-"Self-portrait", futhi kungokwemvelo, izintambo zidonswa ndawonye kusukela emisebenzini eminingi eyabhalwa ngaphambilini ngu-Shchedrin. Njengokungathi ngokombono wenyoni, indlela yakhe yokudala neyomuntu ibonakala - kusukela esikhathini esidlule kuya esikhathini esizayo. Indlela "yesithandwa sekusasa"? Noma “umfel’ ukholo”? Esimweni sethu, kungaba okungalungile ukusho okukodwa noma okunye. Kuseduze neqiniso ukusho: indlela yesibindi "kumuntu wokuqala" ...

U-Shchedrin wazalelwa emndenini womculi. Ubaba, uKonstantin Mikhailovich, wayengumfundisi odumile wesazi somculo. Umculo wawudlalwa njalo endlini kaShchedrins. Kwakuwukwenza umculo obukhoma okwakuyisizinda sokuzalela okwadala kancane kancane izinkanuko nokuthandwa komqambi wakusasa. Ukuziqhenya komndeni kwakuyi-trio yepiyano, lapho uKonstantin Mikhailovich nabafowabo bahlanganyela khona. Iminyaka yobusha yaqondana novivinyo olukhulu olwawela emahlombe abo bonke abantu baseSoviet. Kwaze kwaba kabili umfana wabalekela ngaphambili waphindiselwa kabili emzini wabazali bakhe. Kamuva u-Shchedrin uzokhumbula impi izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, ubuhlungu abuzwayo buyonanela emculweni wakhe - ku-Second Symphony (1965), amakhwaya ezibongweni zika-A. Tvardovsky - ekhumbula umfowethu ongabuyanga. kusukela empini (1968), ku-"Poetoria" (e-st. A. Voznesensky, 1968) - ikhonsathi yokuqala yembongi, ehambisana nezwi lesifazane, ikhwaya exubile kanye ne-symphony orchestra ...

Ngo-1945, ibhungu elineminyaka eyishumi nambili labelwa eSikoleni Samakhwaya esisanda kuvulwa - manje asesibo. AV Sveshnikova. Ngaphezu kokufunda izifundo zethiyori, mhlawumbe ukucula kwakuwumsebenzi oyinhloko wabafundi bakulesi sikole. Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, uShchedrin wayethi: “Ngathola izikhathi zokuqala zokukhuthazwa ekuphileni kwami ​​lapho ngicula ekwayeni. Futhi-ke, izingoma zami zokuqala zazingezakwaya…” Isinyathelo esilandelayo kwakuyi-Moscow Conservatory, lapho u-Shchedrin afunda khona kanyekanye emazingeni amabili - ekuqambeni no-Y. Shaporin nasekilasini lopiyano no-Y. Flier. Unyaka ngaphambi kokuthweswa iziqu, wabhala i-First Piano Concerto (1954). Le opus yakudala yakhangwa ngemvelaphi yayo kanye nesimo somzwelo esijabulisayo. Umlobi oneminyaka engamashumi amabili nambili ubudala wazama ukufaka ama-ditty motifs angu-2 engxenyeni yekhonsathi-pop - i-Siberian "Balalaika is buzzing" kanye nedumela elithi "Semyonovna", ethuthukisa ngokuphumelelayo ochungechungeni lokuhlukahluka. Icala licishe lihluke: Ikhonsathi yokuqala ka-Shchedrin ayizange izwakale nje kuphela ohlelweni lwe-plenum yabaqambi abalandelayo, kodwa futhi yaba yisisekelo sokwamukela umfundi owenza unyaka wesi-4 ... ku-Union of Composers. Ngemva kokuvikela idiploma yakhe ezicini ezimbili ezikhethekile, umculi osemusha wazithuthukisa esikoleni esiphakeme.

Ekuqaleni kohambo lwakhe, Shchedrin wazama izindawo ezahlukene. Lawa bekuyi-ballet ka-P. Ershov The Little Humpbacked Horse (1955) kanye ne-First Symphony (1958), i-Chamber Suite yamaviolin angu-20, ihabhu, i-accordion kanye nama-double bas angu-2 (1961) kanye ne-opera Not Only Love (1961), i-satirical resort cantata “Bureaucratiada” (1963) kanye ne-Concerto ye-orchestra “Naughty ditties” (1963), umculo wemidlalo yedrama namafilimu. Imashi ejabulisayo evela efilimini ethi “Vysota” yabe isidayisa kakhulu umculo… I-opera esekelwe endabeni ka-S. Antonov “U-Anti uLusha” igqama kulolu chungechunge, isiphetho sayo esasingelula. Ephendukela emlandweni, oshiswe yishwa, ezithombeni zabesifazane abalula abampofu abalahlwe isizungu, umqambi, ngokusho kokuvuma kwakhe, wagxila ngamabomu ekwakhiweni kwe-opera "ezolile", ngokuphambene "nemidlalo eyisikhumbuzo enokwengeziwe okukhulu" ihlelwe ngaleso sikhathi, ekuqaleni kwawo-60s. , izibhengezo, njll." Namuhla akunakwenzeka ukuzisola ngokuthi ngesikhathi sayo i-opera ayizange yaziswa futhi ayizange iqondwe ngisho nangabachwepheshe. Ukugxekwa kuphawule isici esisodwa kuphela - amahlaya, indida. Kodwa empeleni, i-opera Not Only Love iyisibonelo esigqamile futhi mhlawumbe isibonelo sokuqala emculweni waseSoviet wento eyathola kamuva incazelo engokomfanekiso ye "prose yesigodi". Hhayi-ke, indlela esandulela isikhathi ihlale inameva.

Ngo-1966, umqambi uzoqala umsebenzi ku-opera yakhe yesibili. Futhi lo msebenzi, ohlanganisa ukudalwa kwe-libretto yakhe (lapha isipho semibhalo sikaShchedrin sazibonakalisa), sathatha iminyaka eyishumi. "Imiphefumulo Efile", izigcawu ze-opera ngemuva kuka-N. Gogol - yile ndlela lo mbono omkhulu owakhiwa ngayo. Futhi ngaphandle kwemibandela yaziswa umphakathi womculo njengentsha. Isifiso somqambi “sokufunda iphrozi kaGogol ngomculo, ukuchaza umlingiswa wesizwe ngomculo, nokugcizelela ukugqama okungapheli, ubungqabavu kanye nokuguquguquka kolimi lwethu lwendabuko ngomculo” sasibonakala ekwehlukeni okumangalisayo phakathi kwezwe elisabekayo abathengisi bemiphefumulo efile, zonke lezi Chichikovs, Sobeviches, Plyushkins, amabhokisi, manilovs, owabhaxabulwa ngonya ku-opera, kanye nezwe "lemiphefumulo ephilayo", impilo yabantu. Enye yezindikimba ze-opera isekelwe embhalweni wengoma efanayo ethi "Iqhwa alimhlophe", okukhulunywa ngalo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ngumlobi enkondlweni. Ngokuthembela kumafomu e-opera asungulwe ngokomlando, u-Shchedrin uwacabangisisa kabusha ngesibindi, uwaguqule ngokwesisekelo esihlukile, sesimanje ngempela. Ilungelo lokusungula izinto ezintsha linikezwa izici eziyisisekelo zobuntu bomdwebi, okusekelwe ngokuqinile olwazini olunzulu lwamasiko abacebe kakhulu futhi abayingqayizivele ekuzuzeni kwayo isiko lasekhaya, ngegazi, ukuzibandakanya kwezizwe kwezobuciko besintu - izinkondlo zayo, ama-melos, amafomu ahlukahlukene. “Ubuciko besintu buvusa isifiso sokwenza kabusha iphunga labo elingenakuqhathaniswa, ukuze ngandlela thize “buhlobanise” nengcebo yabo, ukudlulisa imizwa obuyibangelayo engakwazi ukwakhiwa ngamagama,” kusho umqambi. Futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, umculo wakhe.

Le nqubo "yokudala kabusha abantu" yajula kancane kancane emsebenzini wakhe - kusukela kusitayela esihle sezinganekwane ku-ballet yokuqala ethi "Ihhashi Elineqhubu" kuya kuphalethi elimibalabala le-Mischievous Chastushkas, uhlelo olunokhahlo olumangalisayo lwe-"Rings" (1968) , evusa ukulula okuqinile kanye nevolumu yezingoma ze-Znamenny; kusukela ekufanekisweni komculo wesithombe sohlobo olugqamile, isithombe esiqinile somlingisi oyinhloko we-opera "Akukhona Kuphela Uthando" kuya emlandweni wezingoma mayelana nothando lwabantu abavamile be-Ilyich, mayelana nesimo sabo sengqondo esijulile "kumhlaba wonke emhlabeni. bonke abantu abadlule emhlabeni "ku-oratorio "Lenin in the Heart folk" (1969) - okungcono kakhulu, sivumelana nombono kaM. Tarakanov," ukubonakaliswa komculo wetimu yeLeninist, eyavela ngobusuku bangaphambi weminyaka eyi-100 kwazalwa umholi. Kusukela esicongweni sokudala isithombe saseRussia, okwakuyi-opera "Imiphefumulo Efile", eyahlelwa nguB. Pokrovsky ngo-1977 esiteji se-Bolshoi Theatre, i-arch iphonswa ku-"The Sealed Angel" - umculo wamakhwaya ngo-9. izingxenye ngokusho kukaN. Leskov (1988). Njengoba umqambi ephawula esichasiselweni, wakhangwa indaba yomdwebi wezithonjana uSevastyan, “owanyathelisa isithonjana sasendulo esiyisimangaliso esingcoliswe abanamandla balo mhlaba, okokuqala, umqondo wokungonakali kobuhle bobuciko, imilingo, amandla obuciko aphakamisayo.” "Ingelosi Ethunjiwe", kanye nonyaka odalelwe i-orchestra ye-symphony "Stikhira" (1987), esekelwe ku-Znamenny chant, zinikezelwe kumkhosi weminyaka eyi-1000 wokubhapathizwa kweRussia.

Umculo kaLeskov ngokunengqondo waqhubeka nokubikezela nokuthandwa kwemibhalo ka-Shchedrin, egcizelela ukuqondisa kwakhe okunezimiso: “... Angibaqondi abaqambi bethu abaphendukela ezincwadini ezihunyushiwe. Sinengcebo engenakubalwa - izincwadi ezibhalwe ngesiRashiya. Kulolu chungechunge, indawo ekhethekile inikezwa uPushkin ("omunye wonkulunkulu bami") - ngaphezu kwamakhwaya amabili okuqala, ngo-1981 izinkondlo zomculo "Ukubulawa kukaPugachev" zadalwa embhalweni we-prose ovela "Umlando we I-Pugachev Rebellion kanye ne "Strophes of "Eugene Onegin".

Sibonga izingoma zomculo ezisekelwe ku-Chekhov - "I-Seagull" (1979) kanye nethi "Lady with a Dog" (1985), kanye nezigcawu zezingoma ezibhalwe ngaphambilini ezisekelwe inoveli ka-L. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina" (1971), i igalari yalabo abafakwe esiteji se-ballet yayicetshiswe kakhulu amaqhawekazi aseRussia. Umbhali-munye weqiniso wale misebenzi yobuciko yobuciko besimanje be-choreographic kwakunguMaya Plisetskaya, i-ballerina evelele yesikhathi sethu. Lo mphakathi - wokudala nowabantu - usungaphezu kweminyaka engama-30 ubudala. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umculo kaShchedrin ukhuluma ngani, ngayinye yezingoma zakhe inecala lokusesha okusebenzayo futhi iveza izici zobuntu obukhanyayo. Umqambi uzwa ngokujulile ukuhamba kwesikhathi, ebona ngokuzwela ukuguquguquka kwempilo yanamuhla. Ubona umhlaba ngevolumu, ebamba futhi ethwebula ezithombeni zobuciko kokubili into ethile nayo yonke i-panorama. Kungenzeka yini ukuthi lokhu kube isizathu sokuma kwakhe okuyisisekelo endleleni ephawulekayo ye-montage, eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukucacisa ngokucacile umehluko wezithombe kanye nezimo ezingokomzwelo? Ngokusekelwe kule ndlela eguquguqukayo, u-Shchedrin ulwela ukufinyeza, ukufingqa (“ukufaka ulwazi lwekhodi kumlaleli”) wokwethulwa kokuqukethwe, ukuze kube nobuhlobo obuseduze phakathi kwezingxenye zayo ngaphandle kokuxhumanisa izixhumanisi. Ngakho, i-Symphony yesiBili ingumjikelezo wama-preludes angu-25, i-ballet "I-Seagull" yakhelwe phezu kwesimiso esifanayo; I-Third Piano Concerto, njengeminye imisebenzi eminingana, iqukethe itimu nochungechunge lwezinguquko zayo ngokuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene. I-polyphony ephilayo yomhlaba ozungezile ibonakala ekuqaguleni komqambi kwe-polyphony - kokubili njengomgomo wokuhlela izinto zomculo, indlela yokubhala, kanye nohlobo lokucabanga. "I-Polyphony iyindlela yokuphila, empilweni yethu, ubukhona besimanje sebuphenduke i-polyphonic." Lo mbono womqambi uqinisekiswa ngokoqobo. Ngenkathi esebenza ku-Dead Souls, ngasikhathi sinye wenza ama-ballet uCarmen Suite no-Anna Karenina, iThird Piano Concerto, i-Polyphonic Notebook yama-preludes angamashumi amabili nanhlanu, ivolumu yesibili yama-preludes nama-fugues angama-24, i-Poetoria, nezinye izingoma. ehambisana nokusebenza kukaShchedrin esiteji sekhonsathi njengomdlali wezingoma zakhe - umculi wopiyano, futhi kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-80s. futhi njenge-ogani, umsebenzi wakhe uhlanganiswe ngokuvumelana nezenzo zomphakathi ezisebenzayo.

Indlela kaShchedrin njengomqambi ihlale inqoba; nsuku zonke, ukunqotshwa kwenkani kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ezisezandleni eziqinile zenkosi eziphenduka imigqa yomculo; ukunqoba inertia, ngisho nokuchema kombono womlaleli; ekugcineni, ukuzinqoba, ngokunembile, ukuphinda lokho osekutholakele, okutholakele, okuhloliwe. Ungakhumbuli kanjani lapha u-V. Mayakovsky, owake waphawula mayelana nabadlali be-chess: "Ukunyakaza okukhazimulayo akukwazi ukuphindaphindiwe esimweni esithile emdlalweni olandelayo. Ukungalindelekile komnyakazo kuphela owisa isitha.

Lapho izilaleli zaseMoscow zethulwa okokuqala kwethi The Musical Offering (1983), ukusabela emculweni omusha kaShchedrin kwakufana nebhomu. Ingxabano ayizange iphele isikhathi eside. Umqambi, emsebenzini wakhe, elwela ukufinyeleleka okukhulu, isisho se-aphoristic ("isitayela se-telegraphic"), kungazelelwe kwabonakala sengathi usedlulele kwelinye izinga lobuciko. Ukwakheka kwakhe okukodwa kokunyakaza kwesitho, imitshingo emi-3, ama-bassoon angu-3 nama-trombones angu-3 kuthatha... ngaphezu kwamahora angu-2. Yena, ngokwenhloso yombhali, akayona into engaphezu kwengxoxo. Futhi hhayi ingxoxo eyisiphithiphithi esiba nayo ngezinye izikhathi, singalalelani, sijahe ukuveza umbono wethu siqu, kodwa ingxoxo lapho wonke umuntu ekwazi ukusho ngosizi lwakhe, injabulo, izinkinga, izambulo ... "Ngikholelwa ukuthi ngokuphuthuma impilo yethu, lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu. Yima ucabange.” Masikhumbule ukuthi "Umnikelo Womculo" wabhalwa ngobusuku bangaphambi kokugubha iminyaka engu-300 yokuzalwa kuka-JS Bach (i-"Echo Sonata" ye-violin solo - 1984 nayo inikezelwe kulolu suku).

Ingabe umqambi uzishintshile izimiso zakhe zokudala? Kunalokho, ngokuphambene nalokho: ngesipiliyoni sakhe seminyaka eminingi emikhakheni nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, wajulisa ayekunqobile. Ngisho esemncane, akazange afune ukumangala, akazange agqoke izingubo zabanye abantu, "akazange agijime eziteshini ephethe ipotimende ngemuva kwezitimela ezisuka, kodwa wathuthukiswa ngendlela ... ebekwe yi-genetics, ukuthambekela, abakuthandayo nabangakuthandi.” By the way, ngemva kokuthi "Umnikelo Womculo" ingxenye ye-tempos ehamba kancane, i-tempo of reflection, emculweni kaShchedrin yanda kakhulu. Kodwa azikho izikhala ezingenalutho kuyo. Njengangaphambili, kudala insimu enencazelo ephezulu kanye nokungezwani kwemizwelo ukuze kubonwe. Futhi isabela emisebeni eqinile yesikhathi. Namuhla, abaculi abaningi bakhathazekile ngokuncipha okucacile kobuciko beqiniso, ukutshekela ekuzijabuliseni, ukwenza kube lula, kanye nokufinyeleleka okuvamile, okufakazela ukuwohloka kokuziphatha nobuhle babantu. Kulesi simo "sokungaqhubeki kwesiko", umdali wezindinganiso zobuciko uba umshumayeli wabo ngesikhathi esifanayo. Kulokhu, okuhlangenwe nakho kukaShchedrin nomsebenzi wakhe kuyizibonelo ezicacile zokuhlobana kwezikhathi, "izingoma ezihlukene", nokuqhubeka kwamasiko.

Njengoba wazi kahle ukuthi ubuningi bemibono nemibono kuyisisekelo esidingekayo sempilo nokuxhumana ezweni lanamuhla, ungumsekeli osebenzayo wezingxoxo. Ifundisa kakhulu imihlangano yakhe nezilaleli eziningi, nentsha, ikakhulukazi enabalandeli abanohlonze bomculo we-rock - yasakazwa ku-Central Television. Isibonelo senkhulumomphendvulwano yamazwe ngamazwe eyasungulwa ngomunye wakithi kwaba ngeyokuqala emlandweni womkhosi wobudlelwane bamasiko eSoviet-America womculo wamaSoviet eBoston ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi: “Ukwenza umculo ndawonye”, eyaveza i-panorama ebanzi nenemibalabala yomsebenzi weSoviet. Abaqambi (1988).

Engxoxweni nabantu abanemibono ehlukene, Rodion Shchedrin uhlale enombono wakhe siqu. Ezenzweni nasezenzweni - ukukholelwa kwabo ngokobuciko kanye nobuntu ngaphansi kophawu lwento esemqoka: “Awukwazi ukuphilela inamuhla kuphela. Sidinga ukwakhiwa kwamasiko ekusasa, ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo.”

A. Grigorieva